Numérique Et Médiations Sexuelles

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Numérique Et Médiations Sexuelles THÈSE DE DOCTORAT DE L'UNIVERSITE DE NANTES COMUE UNIVERSITÉ BRETAGNE LOIRE ECOLE DOCTORALE N° 603 Education, Langages, Interaction, Cognition, Clinique Spécialité : « Information et Communication » Par Frédéric (dit fred) PAILLER Les affects classifiés : numérique et médiations sexuelles Thèse présentée et soutenue à Nantes, le 13 décembre 2019 Unité de recherche : Centre Atlantique de Philosophie (EA7463) Rapporteur·rices avant soutenance : Jamil DAKHLIA, Professeur, Université Paris 3 - Sorbonne Nouvelle Virginie JULLIARD, Professeure, Celsa - Paris Sorbonne Composition du Jury : Présidente : Béatrice DAMIAN-GAILLARD, Professeure, IUT de Lannion Examinateur·rices : Antonio, A. CASILLI, Professeur, Telecom Paris Jamil DAKHLIA, Professeur, Université Paris 3 - Sorbonne Nouvelle Catherine DESCHAMPS, Professeure, ENSA Nancy Virginie JULLIARD, Professeure, Celsa - Paris Sorbonne Directeur de thèse : Philippe LE GUERN, Professeur, Université Rennes 2 Aux vies fragiles, à leurs puissances, et leur brillance. Remerciements et conditions matérielles de production Pour être chronologiquement exact, je dois d’abord signiier toute ma reconnais- sance à Barbara Michel, directrice d’une première thèse en sociologie dont je n’ai ja- mais déposé le manuscrit. Sa sagacité m’a aidé à constituer une série d’interrogations sans que je sois capable d’y répondre à l’époque. Il me devient alors possible d’exprimer une égale reconnaissance envers Philippe Le Guern, pour m’avoir invité à me réinscrire en sciences de l’information et de la communication, et accompagné dans le travail de couture entre mes premières interrogations et des problèmes plus contemporains. Je remercie également Antonio A. Casilli, Jamil Dakhlia, Béatrice Damian-Gaillard, Ca- therine Deschamps et Virginie Julliard, pour leurs travaux respectifs, dans un premier temps, puis pour le fait d’avoir accepté de lire et évaluer cete thèse et de la discuter lors de sa soutenance. Cete thèse, pas plus que la précédente, n’est le produit de conditions confortables de inancement au sein d’un établissement universitaire. Les ressources nécessaires à sa réalisation proviennent en partie d’une activité de chercheur indépendant, de contrats d’ingénierie d’étude et d’enseignements. Cete activité n’aurait pas sui sans l’héritage impromptu de Germain, ouvrier syndicaliste très économe, qui a décidé que, en dépit des logiques successorales, je devais disposer de moyens suisants pour accomplir ce travail. Il faut ajouter le fait que mes parents, après m’avoir forgé un habitus coriace de “ils de profs”, m’ont ofert, malgré mon grand âge, les moyens de rédiger les derniers chapitres sans devoir retourner travailler ; que tou·te·s trois soient ininiment loué·es ici. Par ailleurs, il faut aussi remercier Évelyne Ribert, directrice du CEM-IIAC, ainsi que Marie Glon, qui ont respectivement mis à ma disposition un lieu où commencer et terminer la rédaction de cete thèse, ainsi que Sébastien Magro et Emmanuelle Ségura, qui ont assuré, “pour la science”, catering et soutien 24/7. iii Remerciements et conditions matérielles de production La collecte des données, leur traitement et leur analyse, la rédaction et l’édition du manuscrit reposent entièrement sur l’usage de logiciels libres ; que les communautés qui les maintiennent soient célébrées pour leurs eforts. Les bibliothèques en ligne libgen et sci-hub ont constitué autant de briques supplémentaires pour asseoir l’auto- nomie inancière et documentaire de cete entreprise. Je remercie également les plate- formes culturevisuelle.org et hypotheses.org pour avoir successivement accueilli mon blog “politiques des afects” depuis 2011. Je désire maintenant témoigner de ma dete intellectuelle envers celles et ceux qui m’ont ofert l’occasion d’éprouver intuitions et arguments, à commencer par les membres de l’OMNSH, tout particulièrement Fanny Georges, avec qui j’ai pu échanger tant de fois à propos de mes premiers terrains. Ensuite, Laurence Allard qui a encouragé et fait écho à mes questionnements, ainsi que Paola Tubaro et Lise Mounier, qui m’ont ofert des savoir-faire qui me sont indispensables aujourd’hui. Il faut compter aussi les membres du comité de rédaction de la revue POLI, et plus particulièrement Maxime Cervulle, Marco Dell’Omodarme, Marion Dalibert, Franck Freitas Ekoué, Marion Co- ville, Nelly uemener, Maxime Boidy, Patrick Farges, Sarah Lécossais et Florian Vörös, qui ont discuté avec moi aussi bien des politiques afectives des médias que des normes sexuelles ou de genre. Je voudrais ensuite remercier les personnes qui, tantôt au sein de leurs séminaires tantôt ailleurs, m’ont écouté, lu ou commenté, notamment Marie Bergström et Manuel Boutet, Valérie Schäfer, † Louise Merzeau, Régis Schlagdenhauf- fen, les membres du séminaire du Centre Edgar Morin, ainsi que Bruno Vétel, Fatima Aziz, Jonathan Chibois, Gabriel Alcaras, Noémie Couillard, Pali Meursault, James P. Blaise et Clémence Moreau et, depuis la toute première heure de ce travail, Cécile Léo- nardi. Enin, il est techniquement diicile, mais essentiel, de remercier chacune des per- sonnes avec lesquelles j’ai échangé en ligne, depuis 2000, celles qui ont répondu au questionnaire en 2015, ainsi que celles qui m’ont conié quelques pans de leurs vies durant les interviews. Surtout, ce travail doit beaucoup aux collectifs et aux ami·es avec lesquel·les j’ai habité, travaillé et cuisiné ces vingt dernières années. iv Sommaire INTRODUCTION 1 Chapitre 1. RENDRE COMPTE DES SEXUALITÉS EN LIGNE 17 Chapitre 2. ANIMATION DE RÉSEAUX ET DISPOSITIF DE SEXUALITÉ 73 Chapitre 3. MÉDIATIONS SEXUELLES ET AFFECTS 137 Chapitre 4. MACHINES SEXUELLES D’ORIENTATION 185 Chapitre 5. SUBJECTIVATIONS SEXUELLES ET GRAB 257 CONCLUSION 301 Bibliographie 313 Annexes 337 v INTRODUCTION Cete étude a occupé vingt années de ma vie. Elle se concentre sur l’élaboration d’ou- tils susceptibles d’appréhender ce que j’avais découvert au tournant du millénaire, à sa- voir, un continuum de formes numériques documentant des pratiques et des représen- tations sexuelles variées. Elle s’est développée dans un contexte particulier, puisque, entamée en 1999 dans le cadre d’un DEA en sociologie, elle s’est poursuivie avec un premier travail doctoral non soutenu en sociologie, et a pris un nouveau départ en 2011 dans le cadre, cete fois-ci, des sciences de l’information et de la communication (SIC). En ce sens, cete étude voudrait être un point de dialogue entre les deux disciplines, ainsi qu’entre les diférents champs de recherche que j’y ai croisés, à commencer par les études sur le numérique et celles sur les sexualités. Ce déplacement disciplinaire comme ma présence continue sur le terrain n’ont pas été sans conséquences, dans la mesure où interroger, adapter et combiner des perspectives distinctes sur le terrain est devenu peu à peu central dans ma démarche et a ini par lui conférer une intention résolument panoramique. Pour construire ce panorama, il faut ajouter à la durée et à l’ancrage interdiscipli- naire de cete étude, les transformations historiques du terrain lui-même, à commen- cer par celles des technologies numériques et de leurs usages. En efet, les pages qui suivent couvrent une période allant des débuts du minitel rose à la in des années 1980, suit le passage de relai, en France, des services roses au web 1.0 des pages person- nelles, et s’intéresse ensuite au développement des plateformes 2.0, des grandes bases de données, de l’indexation systématique des contenus et des logiques de navigation liées aux sociabilités et à la recommandation (sans assurer, toutefois, une continuité d’observation). Le point de clôture technologique du terrain se situe dans le fait que, je n’ai pas enquêté sur les applications mobiles, ni sur les usages sexuels des réseaux sociaux numériques (RSN). Présenter le terrain d’abord par les objets numériques qui le composent n’est pas anodin. Cete évidence constitue l’un des problèmes principaux auxquels je me suis confronté. 1 INTRODUCTION La prégnance des objets numériques dans la déinition du terrain ne peut efacer pourtant la seconde dimension de cete étude, à savoir la diversité des sexualités per- ceptible grâce à un navigateur web. Par diversité sexuelle, il faut entendre deux choses ici : une diversité de formes médiatiques et une diversité des cultures sexuelles. Par- ler du caractère sexuel d’un média numérique peut porter à confusion, puisque l’on entendra en général dans cete formule la mention de son aspect pornographique. Si ce dernier fait entièrement partie du terrain, on y croise aussi des expressions de la sexualité plus pudiques ou simplement fondées sur d’autres logiques que l’aichage explicite du sexe, l’échange synchrone des chatrooms ou des webcams par exemple. Surtout, le web a été, depuis la in des années 1990, un moyen pour de nombreuses personnes de publier des documents et des contenus sur leur vie sexuelle, leurs pra- tiques, leurs orientations, leurs désirs, les rendant accessibles à des cercles restreints ou pas, à des usages eux-mêmes sexuels ou pas. Sur toute la période de cete étude, la déinition même de ce qui est sexuel et peut être exprimé sur le web a évolué, le désir de rencontrer, puis la mise en scène de la vie intime étant devenus des objets ordinaires ou presque de publication (de proils, de posts) pour les usagèr·es. C’est donc une certaine massiication des publications et des usages sexuels et amoureux d’internet qu’il s’agit d’observer en premier lieu. Pour diférentes raisons, j’ai tenté de suivre les transformations successives et de prendre en compte les déplacements des usagèr·es entre des services ou des types de technologies (des pages personnelles aux salons de discussion, en passant par les webcams…) et de respecter une diversité parmi les groupes socio-sexuels que je fréquentais et observais. Si cete diversité pouvait s’élaborer sur le terrain, non sans complications, enquêter sur des objets numériques et sexuels n’était pas une évidence. Deux hamps de reherhe qui se tiennent à distance L’interstice disciplinaire dans lequel se situe cete étude en voit un autre se proiler, celui de la relative étrangeté des objets techniques et des objets sexuels, au moment où les études sur le web démarraient en France.
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