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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 77-2465 MOORE, David Lee, 1944* DISTRIBUTIONS OF FRESH WATER ALGAE, EXCLUDING DIATOMACEAE, IN NORTHEASTERN OHIO WITH REFERENCE TO GLACIAL HISTORY. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1976 Botany Xerox University Microfilms,a™Arbor,Michigan 401 oe © 1976 DAVID LEE MOORE ALL RIGHTS RESERVED DISTRIBUTIONS OF FRESH WATER ALGAE, EXCLUDING DIATOMACEAE, IN NORTHEASTERN OHIO WITH REFERENCE TO GLACIAL HISTORY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By David L. Moore, B.A., B.S., M.S. 1976 Reading Committee Approved By Dr. Clarence E. Taft Dr. Emanuel D. Rudolph Dr. H. P. Hostetter Advisor Department of Botany DEDICATION To the memory of my father, Lawrence W. Moore, whose untimely death during the written portion of my General Examination made com­ pletion of this project questionable. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Grateful appreciation is expressed to Dr. Clarence Taft for his direction and encouragement during the several stages of this research. Appreciation is expressed as well to Dr. D.R. Whitney and the Statis­ tics Laboratory of the Department of Statistics, The Ohio State Uni­ versity for their help and suggestions, and to Dr. Jane Forsyth of Bowling Green State University for assistance in determination of geological features, and to Dr. Charles King of The Ohio Biological Survey for his suggestions from his field expertise. Funding for this research was provided in part by The Ohio Biological Survey and the Department of Botany, The Ohio State Uni­ versity. iii AUTOBIOGRAPHY I, David L. Moore, was 'born in Bellefontaine, Ohio on 16 Feb­ ruary, I9UU. The first two years of public school were spent at Rosewood School. After moving to - Pennsylvania in 1952, secondary schooling resumed at Scandia Elementary School. Junior and Senior High School were completed in Warren, Pennsylvania, graduating in 1 9 6 2 . In 1 9 6 7 I took my B.S. in Music at Eastern Nazarene College, Quincy, Massachusetts. After two years in the U.S. Army as Sgt. and an over­ seas tour of duty in Viet Nam, I completed the B.A. in Biology at Eastern Nazarene College, including two summers at The Adirondack Field Biology Station, Wilmington, New York. The M.S. in Botany was completed at The Ohio State University in 1973 under Dr. Ronald Stuckey. Two summers were spent at F.T. Stone Laboratory, Put-in-Bay, Ohio, followed by a summer of work at The University of Michigan Biological Station, Douglas Lake. In 197^ the Ph.D. in Phycology was completed at The Ohio State University under Dr. Clarence Taft. In September, 197^ j ^ will assume the position Assistant Professor of Biology at Utica College of Syracuse University, Utica, New York. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication — £[* Acknowledgements Autobiography List of Tables ^ List of Figures • Introduction ^ Methods 2 Results y Discussion gl* Conclusions Literature Cited tjb Part A: References utilized in ecological studies Part B: References utilized in taxonomic identification Appendix I Statistical Procedures Appendix II Species List 6 9 Appendix III Y Groupings 109 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. CROSSTABS for PA001 to FA859 with GLSTAT (glacial 9 status: 1. Unglaciated, 2. Illinoian glaciated, 3. Wisconsin glaciated). Table 2. CROSSTABS for PA001 to PA859 with GLSTAT (glacial 1^ status: Glaciated verses Unglaciated). Table 3* PEARSON CORR for PA001 to PA859 with pH. 17 Table U. Phylogenetic groupings of taxa based on greater than 22 expected probabilities of concurrence among the study sites. Table 5. Analysis of Variance for Y groupings: 28 Y22 Coelastrum microporum explained in detail. Table 6. Analysis of Variance for Y values. 30 Table 7» Format of data as punced on IBM cards 62 (standard 80 column width). vi LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Outline map of Ohio with study area indicated. k Figure 2. Summary of identified taxa. 8 Figure 3. Breakdown of Analysis of Variance for Y ^22* 36 Figure h. Breakdown of Analysis of Variance for V31. 37 Figure 5. Geologic map and cross section of Ohio. 38 Figure 6. Glacial deposits of Ohio 39 h8 Figure 7- Physiographic sections of Ohio. Figure 8. Ohio's soil regions. h9 vii INTRODUCTION General comments are scattered throughout the phycological literature regarding the occurrence of algae at particular locations with supportive ecological data. Many papers, particularly in recent years have elucidated nutrition (foods, mineral ions, and vitamins) and physiological ranges favoring or hindering the growth of algal taxa. The early papers of W. and G.S. West (1909) and K. Munster StrSm (192*0, "based on their extensive field collections and study, recounted on the general distributions of groups of algae and hypothe­ sized the parameters involved. W. and G.S. West (1909) noted the abundance of desmids in the British flora and concluded that (l) the rich desmid area corresponded very accurately with areas of old geological formations, with igneous rock outcrops, that is with pre- cambrian and older paleozoic rocks (together with intrusive igneous material), and (2) these were areas of greatest rainfall, resulting in wet, mossy hillsides with numerous bogs. Strcim (192*0 provided an overview of ideas dealing with the geographical distributions of freshwater algae and plankton. He designated four main groups or localities where freshwater algae grow: (l) wet or inundated rocks, (2) subaerial growing places, (3) freshwater localities in a stricter sense, and (if) snow or ice. The subaerial habitats In the tropics contained the greatest number 1 of species and quantities, particularly in the Myxophyceae. Temper­ ate zones are characterized hy fewer species. Other authors have discussed geographic distributions of algae based on field observations made by themselves and by others: Fritsch (1907, 1931), Fritsch and Rich (1907), Pevalek (1916), Hughes (19^2), Irene^-Marie (1939)? Butcher (19^6), and Rodhe (1 9 U8 ). Tryon and Hartman (1959) edited a series of papers on the ecology of algae, delivered at a symposium at the Pymatuning Laboratory of Field Biology, Jamestown, Pennsylvania. Both general and specific informa­ tion on factors affecting the distribution of algae were discussed. The periodicity of algae has been discussed by Transeau (1913)? Griffiths (1912), Delf (1915)? Strom (192*0, Hodgetts (1921, 1922), Brown (1 9 0 8 ), Comere (1906), Fritsch (1903? 1906, 1 9 0 7 ), Fritsch and Rich (1907, 1909)? Kofoid (1908), Pevalek (1916), Rabanus (1915)? and Lund (1971). This study was undertaken to determine whether or not a correla­ tion exists between the distribution of algal taxa and substrate based on patterns of glaciation. Patterns of distribution were correlated with a series of parameters: glacial status, glacial feature, pH, temperature, seasonal periodicity, habitat type, and land usage. Statistical tests on the data by means of computer pro­ grams was an attempt at more precise correlation. METHODS A region delimited by all or parts of twenty counties was selected as the study area (Fig. 1), which encompassed terrain characterized as Wisconsin glaciated, Illinoian glaciated, or un­ glaciated. Geologic data in Ohio Division of Geological Survey Bulletins (Forsyth, 1973 9 Root et atl, 1961, Totten, 1973 > White, 1 9 6 7 ) was supplimented by personal communication with Dr. Jane Forsyth of Bowling Green State University as an aid in interpretation and determination of substrate and its influence on surface water quality in the study area. Collections were made from October 1973 until November 1975* Collections were usually made every two weeks from late March until early November and at three week intervals from November to March. Several criteria were employed as an aid in determining sample sites: preliminary analysis and selections from topographic sheets, personal communication with area residents, and visual, recognizance when traveling by car through the study area. As a result, diverse habitat types such as ponds (less than four hectares), lakes (greater than four hectares), streams, ditches, seeps, swamps, and marshes were sampled.