Federal Register/Vol. 79, No. 247/Wednesday, December 24

Federal Register / Vol. 79, No. 247 / Wednesday, December 24, 2014 / Notices 77477

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam under number: (703) 308–8015; email address: AGENCY the registration review program. This [email protected]. assessment examines the use of [EPA–HQ–OPP–2014–0737; FRL–9920–77] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: clothianidin, imidacloprid, and I. General Information Benefits of Neonicotinoid Seed thiamethoxam seed treatments in terms Treatment to Soybean Production; of the extent of use and the pests A. Does this action apply to me? targeted in order to characterize overall Reopening of Comment Period This action is directed to the public benefits to soybean production in general, and may be of interest to a AGENCY: Environmental Protection nationwide. EPA is hereby reopening wide range of stakeholders including Agency (EPA). the comment period for 30 days, to environmental, human health, farm ACTION: Notice; reopening of comment January 24, 2015. worker, and agricultural advocates; the period. To submit comments, or access the chemical industry; pesticide users; and docket, please follow the detailed members of the public interested in the SUMMARY: EPA issued a notice in the instructions provided under ADDRESSES sale, distribution, or use of pesticides. Federal Register of October 22, 2014, in the Federal Register document of Since others also may be interested, the concerning the assessment the Agency October 22, 2014. If you have questions, Agency has not attempted to describe all conducted as part of its ongoing re- consult the person listed under FOR the specific entities that may be affected evaluation of clothianidin, FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam under by this action. If you have any questions the registration review program. This Authority: 7 U.S.C. 136 et seq. regarding the applicability of this action assessment examines the use of Dated: December 17, 2014. to a particular entity, consult the clothianidin, imidacloprid, and Richard P. Keigwin, Jr., pesticide specific contact person listed thiamethoxam seed treatments in terms Director, Pesticide Re-Evaluation Division, under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION of the extent of use and the pests Office of Pesticide Programs. CONTACT. targeted in order to characterize overall [FR Doc. 2014–30089 Filed 12–23–14; 8:45 am] B. How can I get copies of this document benefits to soybean production BILLING CODE 6560–50–P and other related information? nationwide. In response to requests, the EPA is reopening the public comment The docket for this action, identified period of EPA’s analysis of Benefits of ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION by docket identification (ID) number Neonicotinoid Seed Treatments to AGENCY EPA–HQ–OPP–2014–0817, is available Soybean Production. This document at http://www.regulations.gov or at the reopens the comment period for 30 days [EPA–HQ–OPP–2014–0817; FRL–9919–30] Office of Pesticide Programs Regulatory to January 23, 2015. Public Docket (OPP Docket) in the Environmental Protection Agency DATES: Comments, identified by docket Registration Review Final and Interim Docket Center (EPA/DC), West William identification (ID) number EPA–HQ– Decisions; Notice of Availability Jefferson Clinton Bldg., Rm. 3334, 1301 OPP–2014–0737, must be received on or AGENCY: Environmental Protection Constitution Ave. NW., Washington, DC before January 23, 2015. Agency (EPA). 20460–0001. The Public Reading Room ADDRESSES: Follow the detailed ACTION: Notice. is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., instructions provided under ADDRESSES Monday through Friday, excluding legal in the Federal Register document of SUMMARY: This notice announces the holidays. The telephone number for the October 22, 2014 (79 FR 63118) (FRL– availability of EPA’s final/interim Public Reading Room is (202) 566–1744, 9917–55). registration review decisions. and the telephone number for the OPP FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For Registration review is EPA’s periodic Docket is (703) 305–5805. Please review pesticide specific information, contact: review of pesticide registrations to the visitor instructions and additional Carissa Cyran, Pesticide Re-Evaluation ensure that each pesticide continues to information about the docket available Division (7508P), Office of Pesticide satisfy the statutory standard for at http://www.epa.gov/dockets. Programs, Environmental Protection registration, that is, that the pesticide Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., can perform its intended function II. What action is the Agency taking? Washington, DC 20460–0001; telephone without causing unreasonable adverse Pursuant to 40 CFR 155.58(c), this number: (703) 347–8781; email address: effects on human health or the notice announces the availability of [email protected]. environment. Through this program, EPA’s final/interim registration review For general information on the EPA is ensuring that each pesticide’s decision for 4-CPA & salts (Case 2115), registration review program, contact: registration is based on current Acetaminophen (Case 7610), Allethrins Richard Dumas, Pesticide Re-Evaluation scientific and other knowledge, (Case 0473), Clofentezine (Case 7602), Division (7508P), Office of Pesticide including its effects on human health Cyromazine (Case 7439), Fosthiazate Programs, Environmental Protection and the environment. (Case 7604), Hexythiazox (Case 7404), Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For Lactofen (Case 7210), Macleaya Extract Washington, DC 20460–0001; telephone pesticide specific information, contact: (Case 7024), Trinexapac-ethyl (Case number: (703) 308–8015; email address: The Chemical Review Manager for the 7228), and Quizalofop (Case 7215). [email protected]. pesticide of interest identified in the Pursuant to 40 CFR 155.57, a SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This table in Unit II.A. registration review decision is the document reopens the public comment For general information on the Agency’s determination whether a period established in the Federal registration review program, contact: pesticide meets, or does not meet, the Register document of October, 22, 2014. Richard Dumas, Pesticide Re-Evaluation standard for registration in FIFRA. EPA In that document, the Agency Division (7508P), Office of Pesticide has considered for 4-CPA & salts (Case announced that it had conducted an Programs, Environmental Protection 2115), Acetaminophen (Case 7610), assessment as part of its ongoing re- Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Allethrins (Case 0473), Clofentezine evaluation of clothianidin, Washington, DC 20460–0001; telephone (Case 7602), Cyromazine (Case 7439),

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Fosthiazate (Case 7604), Hexythiazox (Case 7024), Trinexapac-ethyl (Case Cyromazine, Fosthiazate, Hexythiazox, (Case 7404), Lactofen (Case 7210), 7228), and Quizalofop (Case 7215), the Lactofen, Macleaya Extract, Trinexapac- Macleaya Extract (Case 7024), Final/Interim Decision documents in ethyl, and Quizalofop also includes Trinexapac-ethyl (Case 7228), and the docket describe the Agency’s other relevant documents related to the Quizalofop (Case 7215) in light of the rationale for issuing a registration registration review of this case. The FIFRA standard for registration. For 4- review final/interim decision for each of proposed final/interim registration CPA & salts (Case 2115), Allethrins these pesticides. review decisions were posted to the (Case 0473). Clofentezine (Case 7602), In addition to the final/interim docket and the public was invited to Cyromazine (Case 7439), Fosthiazate registration review decision document, submit any comments or new (Case 7604), Hexythiazox (Case 7404), the registration review docket for 4-CPA information. Lactofen (Case 7210), Macleaya Extract & salts, Acetaminophen, Clofentezine,

REGISTRATION REVIEW FINAL AND INTERIM DECISIONS

Registration review case name and No. Pesticide docket ID No. Chemical review manager, telephone number, email address

4-CPA (Case 2115) ...... EPA–HQ–OPP–2014–0544 Miguel Zavala, 703–347–0504, [email protected]. Acetaminophen (Case 7610) ...... EPA–HQ–OPP–2012–0145 Bonnie Adler, 703–308–8523, [email protected]. Allethrins (Case 0473) ...... EPA–HQ–OPP–2010–0022 Marianne Mannix, 703–347–0275, [email protected]. Clofentezine (Case 7602) ...... EPA–HQ–OPP–2006–0240 Wilhelmena Livingston, 703–308–8025, [email protected]. Cyromazine (Case 7439) ...... EPA HQ–OPP–2006–0108 James Parker, 703–306–0469, [email protected]. Fosthiazate (Case 7604) ...... EPA–HQ–OPP–2009–0267 James Parker, 703–306–0469, [email protected]. Hexythiazox (Case 7404) ...... EPA–HQ–OPP–2006–0114 Miguel Zavala, 703–347–0504, [email protected]. Lactofen (Case 7210) ...... EPA–HQ–OPP–2005–0287 Kelly Ballard, 703–305–8126, [email protected]. Macleaya Extract (Case 7024) ...... EPA–HQ–OPP–2011–0172 Susan Bartow, 703–603–0065, [email protected]. Trinexapac-ethyl (Case 7228) ...... EPA–HQ–OPP–2008–0657 Brittany Pruitt, 703–347–0289, [email protected]. Quizalofop (Case 7215) ...... EPA–HQ–OPP–2007–1089 Khue Nguyen, 703–347–0248, [email protected].

EPA addresses the comments or Acetaminophen (Final Registration Allethrins (Interim Decision). The information received during the 60-day Review Decision). Acetaminophen (also registration review docket for the comment period in the discussion for known as the active ingredient in allethrin stereoisomers (EPA–HQ–OPP– each pesticide listed in this document. Tylenol) is registered for use as a 20 1 0–0022) opened in a notice During the 60-day comment period, no vertebrate pesticide to control the published in the Federal Register of public comments were received for invasive brown tree snake in Guam. The March 30, 2010 (75 FR 16117) (FRL– fosthiazate or 4–CPA, while cyromazine, snakes ingest baited mice, which are 8814–4). The allethrin stereoisomers hexythiazox and macleaya extract each lethal to the snake. There are no include bioallethrin, esbiol, esbiothrin, received a single comment from the registered food/feed uses for and pynamin forte. All allethrins Center for Biological Diversity which acetaminophen, and no tolerances have registrations, with the exception of three did not affect the Agency’s interim been established. The Agency products (71910–2, 71910–3, and decisions. conducted an ecological risk and 71910–4) were cancelled effective endangered species assessment for December 2016. The only remaining 4–CPA (Interim Decision). The acetaminophen, and concluded, based registered uses of allethrins are registration review docket for 4–CPA on the limited opportunities for non- impregnated mats for control of flying (EPA–HQ–OPP–2014–0544) opened in a target species to be exposed, that there pests such as mosquitoes. notice published in the Federal Register are no risks of concern for native, non- There are no occupational, food or of September 24, 2014 (79 FR 57084) target organisms associated with the feed uses of allethrins. EPA conducted (FRL–9916–39). 4–CPA is a plant pesticidal use of acetaminophen. draft assessments for human health risks growth regulator registered for use Furthermore, the Agency made a ‘‘no and ecological risks for the purposes of exclusively as a soaking agent for mung effects’’ determination for all federally registration review. No risks of concern bean sprouts in greenhouse operations listed species and a ‘‘no adverse were identified in the human health risk to prevent root formation. EPA modification of critical habitat’’ assessment. The ecological risk conducted a qualitative assessment for determination. A human health risk assessment indicated that there was no both human health and environmental assessment was not conducted due to reasonable expectation for the fate and ecological risks. No risks of acetaminophen’s well-studied remaining registered uses of allethrins concern were identified and the Agency pharmaceutical use and the extremely stereoisomers to cause direct or indirect has made a ‘‘no effect’’ determination limited opportunities for human adverse effects to threatened and for federally listed endangered and exposure from its pesticidal use on endangered species. A ‘‘no effect’’ threatened (listed) species as well as a Guam. In addition, EPA recently has determination was made for all federally ‘‘no habitat modification’’ determination determined that acetaminophen is listed species as well as a ‘‘no habitat for all designated critical habitat. In this exempt from requirements of the modification’’ determination made for Interim Registration Review Decision, endocrine disruptor screening program. all designated critical habitat. The EPA is not making human health or The Agency proposed in June of 2014 allethrins stereoisomers have not been environmental safety findings that risk mitigation measures were not evaluated under the EDSP. Therefore, associated with the Endocrine Disrupter needed, and several comments were the Agency’s final registration review Screening Program (EDSP) for 4–CPA. received in support of that decision. decision is dependent upon the result of Before completing this Registration This notice finalizes the Agency’s the evaluation of potential endocrine Review, the Agency will make an EDSP registration review decision on disrupter risk. Pending the outcome of FFDCA section 408(p) determination. acetaminophen. this action, EPA is issuing an interim

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registration review decision for for cyromazine. EPA conducted a Hexythiazox (Interim Decision). The allethrins. human health occupational risk registration review docket for Clofentezine (Interim Decision). The assessment and did not identify any hexythiazox (EPA–HQ–OPP–2006– registration review docket for risks of concern. The ecological risk 0114) opened in a notice published in clofentezine (EPA–HQ–OPP–2006– assessment identified potential risks to the Federal Register of February 2, 2007 0240) opened in a notice published in several taxa including birds, mammals, (72 FR 5050) (FRL–8113–1). the Federal Register of March 2007 (72 and bees. To mitigate potential Hexythiazox is an acaricide that acts FR 14548) (FRL–8118–3). Clofentezine ecological risks, the Agency will primarily as a mite growth inhibitor/ is an acaricide registered for use to increase the application interval for ovicide and is used to control mites. It control mites. It is a liquid formulation cyromazine use on potatoes; add label is registered for use on a variety of for use on almonds, apples, apricots, language for the onion seed treatment agricultural crops, turf, and various cherries, Christmas trees (except use; add precautionary label language to residential plants. The Agency California) and Christmas tree reduce risk to bees; and, increase the conducted a human health risk plantations, grapes (except New York), minimum droplet size for aerial assessment and did not identify any nectarines, ornamentals (greenhouse applications. These changes will reduce risks of concern. The ecological risk and outdoor), peaches, pears, estimated risks. The Agency did not assessment identified potential risks of persimmons, and walnuts. There are reach a conclusion of ‘‘no effect’’ to any concern to non-target terrestrial currently no registered residential uses listed species. Therefore, consultation invertebrates (e.g., bees) and chronic of clofentezine. The Agency conducted with the Fish and Wildlife Service risk to fish due to lack of data. The a human health risk assessment and did (FWS) on the potential risk of Agency is therefore requiring an honey not identify any risks of concern. The cyromazine to listed species will be bee larval toxicity study to determine ecological risk assessment determined necessary. Cyromazine has not been any reproductive effects to pollinators. that all outdoor uses of clofentezine can evaluated under EDSP. Therefore, the While chronic risk to fish and non-target potentially lead to direct adverse effects Agency’s final registration review invertebrates is uncertain due to data to listed and non-listed birds. As birds decision is dependent on the results of gaps, the potential risks are expected to serve as surrogates to reptiles and consultation under section 7 of the be low as hexythiazox is applied only terrestrial-phase amphibians, risk to Endangered Species Act (ESA) (16 once per year at a low rate and is not these taxa is also a possibility. The use U.S.C. 1536) with the FWS and the highly persistent in the environment. of clofentezine is not expected to pose evaluation of potential endocrine The risk assessment for hexythiazox did a risk to foraging (adult) bees; however, disruptor risk. Pending the outcome of not come to a conclusion of ‘‘no effect’’ there is a potential for risk to non-listed these actions, EPA is issuing an interim to listed species. Therefore, consultation and listed terrestrial arthropods because registration review decision for with FWS and the National Marine of adverse effects to reproduction and cyromazine. Fisheries Service (NMFS) (the Services) development. To address this on the potential risk of hexythiazox to uncertainty, the Agency is requiring a Fosthiazate (Interim Decision). The registration review docket for listed species will be necessary. chronic honey bee larval toxicity test to Hexythiazox has not been evaluated determine any reproductive effects to fosthiazate (EPA–HQ–OPP–2009–0267) opened in a notice published in the under the EDSP. Therefore, the pollinators. This interim decision does Agency’s final registration review not cover the EDSP component of the Federal Register of June 24, 2009 (74 FR 30077) (FRL–8422–4). Fosthiazate is an decision is dependent on the result of clofentezine registration review case. consultation under ESA section 7 with Additionally, the ecological risk organophosphate nematicide for use the Services,the evaluation of potential assessment for clofentezine did not only on tomatoes, via drip irrigation endocrine disruptor risk, as well as an come to a conclusion of ‘‘no effect’’ to under plastic. There are no residential assessment on the non-target exposure some listed species. Therefore, uses for fosthiazate. EPA conducted a to bees. Pending the outcome of these consultation with the Fish and Wildlife human health dietary and occupational actions, EPA is planning to issue a Service on the potential risk of risk assessment for fosthiazate and did registration review decision for clofentezine to some listed species will not identify any risks of concern. The hexythiazox. be necessary. The Agency’s final ecological risk assessment identified registration review decision for potential risks to several taxa including Lactofen (lnterim Decision). The clofentezine will occur after an EDSP birds, mammals, and soil-bound registration review docket for lactofen FFDCA Section 408(p) determination, terrestrial invertebrates. To mitigate (EPA–HQ–OPP–2005–0287) opened in a and after the result of the Section 7 potential ecological risks, the agency notice published in the Federal Register Endangered Species consultation with will modify the application directions of February 2, 2007 (72 FR 5050) (FRL– the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as for fosthiazate to increase the volume of 8113–1). Lactofen is a light dependent well as an assessment on the non-target water required for application. The peroxidizing herbicide (LDPH) with exposure to bees. Agency did not not reach a conclusion uses on conifer seedlings, cotton, kenaf. Cyromazine (Interim Decision). The of ‘‘no effect’’ to listed species. peanuts, soybean, and with State- registration review docket for Therefore, consultation with FWS on specific uses on fruiting vegetables, cyromazine (EPA–HQ–OPP–2006–0108) the potential risk of fosthiazate to listed okra, and snap beans. There are no opened in a notice published in the species will be necessary. Fosthiazate residential uses for lactofen. EPA Federal Register of March 28, 2007 (72 has not been evaluated under EDSP. conducted a human health occupational FR 14548) (FRL–8118–3). Cyromazine is Therefore, the Agency’s final risk assessment and did not identify any a triazine which acts as an insect growth registration review decision is risks of concern. The ecological risk regulator. Cyromazine is registered for dependent on the results of consultation assessment identified potential risks to use on several agricultural crops such as under ESA section 7 with FWS and the several different taxa. However, due to beans, peppers, and tomatoes; it is evaluation of potential endocrine the number of conservative assumptions registered for use on indoor disruptor risk. The EPA is issuing an included in the assessment, and ornamentals, and to control flies in interim registration review decision for additional use and usage information to manure. There are no residential uses fosthiazate. help characterize potential risks, the

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Agency is not proposing mitigation assessment. Based on low risk estimates, FWS on the potential risk of quizalofop changes at this time. The risk and the conservative nature of the risk to listed species will be necessary. assessment for lactofen did not come to assessment, the Agency does not Quizalofop has not been evaluated a conclusion of ‘‘no effect’’ to listed anticipate ecological risks of concern for under EDSP. Therefore, the Agency’s species. Therefore, consultation with assessed taxa from currently registered final registration review decision is FWS on the potential risk of lactofen to uses of trinexapac-ethyl. The Agency is dependent on the result of consultation listed species will be necessary. not proposing mitigation changes at this under ESA section 7 with FWS and the Lactofen has not been evaluated under time. However, the Agency is proposing evaluation of potential endocrine EDSP. Therefore, the Agency’s final that labels clarify the single-maximum disruptor risk. Pending the outcome of registration review decision is application rate for liquid turf end-use these actions, EPA is issuing an interim dependent on the results of consultation products. Two comments were received registration review decision for under ESA section 7 with FWS and the for the trinexapac-ethyl proposed quizalofop. evaluation of potential endocrine interim decision on the detail of the risk Pursuant to 40 CFR 155.58(c), the disrupter risk. Pending the outcome of assessment. These comments did not registration review case docket for 4- these actions, EPA is issuing an interim change the interim decision. The risk CPA (Case 2115), Allethrins (Case 0473), registration review decision for lactofen. assessment for trinexapac-ethyl did not Clofentezine (Case 7602), Cyromazine Macleaya Extract (Interim Decision). come to a conclusion of ‘‘no effect’’ to (Case 7439), Fosthiazate (Case 7604), The registration review docket for listed species. Therefore, consultation Hexythiazox (Case 7404), Lactofen (Case macleaya extract (EPA–HQ–OPP–2011– with the Services on the potential risk 7210), Macleaya Extract (Case 7024), 0172) opened in March 2011. Macleaya of trinexapac-ethyl to listed species will Trinexapac-ethyl (Case 7228), and extract is a plant extract of Macleaya be necessary. Trinexapac-ethyl has not Quizalofop (Case 7215) will remain cordata, and is registered for use only in been evaluated under EDSP. Therefore, open until all actions required in the enclosed commercial greenhouses, as an the Agency’s final registration review final/interim decision have been ornamental plant fungicide for the decision is dependent on the result of completed. control of foliar fungal diseases. There consultation under ESA section 7 with Background on the registration review are no registered food uses of macleaya FWS and the evaluation of potential program is provided at: http://www.epa. extract. EPA completed a qualitative endocrine disrupter risk. Pending the gov/oppsrrd1/registration_review. Links draft human health risk assessment for outcome of these actions, EPA is issuing to earlier documents related to the all macleaya extract uses. No risks of an interim registration review decision registration review of this pesticide are concern were identified. The Agency for trinexapac-ethyl. provided at: http://www2.epa.gov/ did not conduct a comprehensive Quizalofop (Interim Decision). The pesticide-reevaluation/individual- ecological risk assessment since the use pesticides-registration-review. pattern does not likely result in outdoor registration review docket for quizalofop exposures. However, the Agency (EPA–HQ–OPP–2007–1089) opened in Authority: 7 U.S.C. 136 et seq. completed a qualitative endangered 2007. Quizalofop is a selective post- Dated: December 16, 2014. emergence herbicide and appears as two species assessment for the greenhouse Richard P. Keigwin, Jr., use. No risks of concern were identified different isomers: quizalofop-ethyl and quizalofop-p-ethyl. Quizalofop-ethyl is a Director, Pesticide Re-Evaluation Division, and the Agency has made a ‘‘no effect’’ Office of Pesticide Programs. determination for federally listed 50/50 racemic mixture of R- and S- enantiomers and there are no active [FR Doc. 2014–30214 Filed 12–23–14; 8:45 am] species and designated critical habitat. BILLING CODE 6560–50–P Macleaya extract has not been evaluated pesticide registrations of this isomer. under the EDSP. Therefore, the Quizalofop-p-ethyl is the purified R- enantiomer and the pesticidally active Agency’s final registration review ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION isomer. For the Agency’s purposes, both decision is dependent upon the result of AGENCY the evaluation of potential endocrine isomers will be referred to collectively as quizalofop. Quizalofop is registered disruptor risk. The EPA is issuing an [EPA–HQ–OPP–2014–0814; FRL–9919–24] interim registration review decision for to control annual and perennial grasses macleaya extract. in various crops including Chinese Registration Review Proposed Interim Trinexapac-ethyl (Interim Decision) cabbage, cotton, garlic, grains, legumes, Decisions; Notice of Availability The registration review docket for mint, pineapple, soybean, sugar beets, trinexapac-ethyl (EPA–HQ–OPP–2008– and sunflower. Quizalofop is also used AGENCY: Environmental Protection 0657) opened in a notice published in in non-agricultural settings, such as Agency (EPA). the Federal Register of September 15, cottonwood and poplar plantations, ACTION: Notice. 2008 (73 FR 53244) (FRL–8381–3). fencerows, roadsides, and other Trinexapac-ethyl is a plant growth uncultivated areas. EPA conducted a SUMMARY: This notice announces the regulator registered for use by risk assessment for both human health availability of EPA’s proposed interim homeowners and professional and ecological risk. No risks of concern registration review decisions and opens applicators to manage growth of barley, were identified in the human health risk a public comment. Registration review grasses grown for seed, oats, sugarcane, assessment. The ecological risk is EPA’s periodic review of pesticide triticale, turf grass, and wheat. Turf assessment indicated potential risks to registrations to ensure that each grass uses include athletic fields and amphibians, freshwater fish, non-target pesticide continues to satisfy the parks, commercial and residential monocots, and terrestrial mammals. The statutory standard for registration, that lawns, golf courses, and sod farms. It is Agency will modify the application is, that the pesticide can perform its also registered for application around directions for quizalofop to reduce spray intended function without unreasonable flower beds, ornamental trees, and drift risk to non-target organisms. The adverse effects on human health or the shrubs. EPA conducted a human health screening-level endangered species environment. Through this program, risk assessment and did not identify any assessment did not come to a EPA is ensuring that each pesticide’s risks of concern. In addition, EPA conclusion of ‘‘no effect’’ to listed registration is based on current conducted an ecological risk species, therefore, consultation with scientific and other knowledge,

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