Under Sulfur's Spell
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Enhanced Heterogeneous Uptake of Sulfur Dioxide on Mineral Particles Through Modification of Iron Speciation During Simulated Cloud Processing
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 12569–12585, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12569-2019 © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Enhanced heterogeneous uptake of sulfur dioxide on mineral particles through modification of iron speciation during simulated cloud processing Zhenzhen Wang1, Tao Wang1, Hongbo Fu1,2,3, Liwu Zhang1, Mingjin Tang4, Christian George5, Vicki H. Grassian6, and Jianmin Chen1 1Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China 2Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China 3Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China 4State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China 5University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626, Villeurbanne, France 6Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA Correspondence: Hongbo Fu ([email protected]) and Jianmin Chen ([email protected]) Received: 7 May 2019 – Discussion started: 5 June 2019 Revised: 7 August 2019 – Accepted: 5 September 2019 – Published: 9 October -
SO2 Removal by NH3 Gas Injection: Effects of Temperature and Moisture Content
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1994,33, 1231-1236 1231 SO2 Removal by NH3 Gas Injection: Effects of Temperature and Moisture Content Hsunling Bai' Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao- Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, R.O.C. Pratim Biswas and Tim C. Keener Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221 -0071 The removal of SO2 by NH3 gas injection at various temperatures and moisture contents has been studied experimentally. The product compositions of the NH3-SO2-HzO vapor reactions were also reported. A thermodynamic analysis was carried out to predict the SO2 removal as well as the product compositions. Both the experimental results and thermodynamic analysis indicated that SO2 removal and the product compositions are sensitive to the reaction temperature. Moisture content, once in large excess of the stoichiometric requirement, does not have a strong effect on the product compositions but plays an important role in the SO2 removal. Introduction conditions. Stromberger (1984) used X-ray diffraction and identified the product particles to be (NH&S04 Sulfur dioxide removal from flue gases is a goal of many crystals. air pollution engineers. Significant efforts in the develop- ment of new flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technologies Although a number of studies on the removal of SO2 are being made. Major processes related to FGD tech- from flue gases by NH3 injection have been conducted, nologies include water scrubbing, metal ion solutions, there is disagreement on the operating condition (such as catalytic oxidation, dry or semidry adsorption, wet lime temperature) that a high removal efficiency can be or limestone scrubbing, double alkali process, and ammonia obtained. -
Is Selenium a Metal, Non-Metal Or Metalloid?
Is Selenium a metal, non-metal or metalloid? Abstract Is selenium(Se) a metal, non-metal, or a metalloid? There are various public opinions circulating around it. Since a long time from now, there are a lot of voices discussing this. Even until now, there is still no consensus about it. So, in this project, we are trying to find out whether selenium is a non-metal, metal or metalloids base on its physical and chemical properties which could be studied in the secondary school combining with the other information from the internet. Principles and hypothesis Studied from the secondary school chemistry, the general properties of metals include being good conductors of heat and electricity, having high melting and boiling points. Non-metals generally have a lower melting point and boiling point than metals and they being poor conductors of heat and electricity, etc. And the physical properties of metalloids are having extremely high melting/ boiling point, and having fair electrical conductivity. On the other hand, the oxides of metal are generally basic whereas the oxide of non-metals and metalloids are generally acidic. We will define selenium’s chemical category based on the above properties. Besides, we would like to introduce the concept of displacement reaction in studying the chemical properties of the chalcogens(e.g. sulphur(S) and selenium(Se)), especially selenium such rarely mentioned element. We can assume selenium is a metal if selenium could displace a metal oxide or a metal could displace selenium (IV) oxide. If selenium is a non-metal, its oxide could be displaced by sulphur which is supposed to be more reactive than selenium in the chalcogen group. -
Focus on Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
The information presented here reflects EPA's modeling of the Clear Skies Act of 2002. The Agency is in the process of updating this information to reflect modifications included in the Clear Skies Act of 2003. The revised information will be posted on the Agency's Clear Skies Web site (www.epa.gov/clearskies) as soon as possible. Overview of the Human Health and Environmental Effects of Power Generation: Focus on Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) and Mercury (Hg) June 2002 Contents The Clear Skies Initiative is intended to reduce the health and environmental impacts of power generation. This document briefly summarizes the health and environmental effects of power generation, specifically those associated with sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and mercury (Hg). This document does not address the specific impacts of the Clear Skies Initiative. • Overview -- Emissions and transport • Fine Particles • Ozone (Smog) • Visibility • Acid Rain • Nitrogen Deposition • Mercury Photo Credits: 1: USDA; EPA; EPA; VTWeb.com 2: NADP 6: EPA 7: ?? 10: EPA 2 Electric Power Generation: Major Source of Emissions 2000 Sulfur Dioxide 2000 Nitrogen Oxides 1999 Mercury Fuel Combustion- Industrial Processing electric utilities Transportation Other stationary combustion * Miscellaneous * Other stationary combustion includes residential and commercial sources. • Power generation continues to be an important source of these major pollutants. • Power generation contributes 63% of SO2, 22% of NOX, and 37% of man-made mercury to the environment. 3 Overview of SO2, NOX, and Mercury Emissions, Transport, and Transformation • When emitted into the atmosphere, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and mercury undergo chemical reactions to form compounds that can travel long distances. -
Section 2. Hazards Identification OSHA/HCS Status : This Material Is Considered Hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200)
SAFETY DATA SHEET Nonflammable Gas Mixture: Carbon Monoxide / Nitric Oxide / Nitrogen / Sulfur Dioxide Section 1. Identification GHS product identifier : Nonflammable Gas Mixture: Carbon Monoxide / Nitric Oxide / Nitrogen / Sulfur Dioxide Other means of : Not available. identification Product type : Gas. Product use : Synthetic/Analytical chemistry. SDS # : 012833 Supplier's details : Airgas USA, LLC and its affiliates 259 North Radnor-Chester Road Suite 100 Radnor, PA 19087-5283 1-610-687-5253 24-hour telephone : 1-866-734-3438 Section 2. Hazards identification OSHA/HCS status : This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). Classification of the : GASES UNDER PRESSURE - Compressed gas substance or mixture EYE IRRITATION - Category 2A TOXIC TO REPRODUCTION - Category 1 GHS label elements Hazard pictograms : Signal word : Danger Hazard statements : Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated. Causes serious eye irritation. May damage fertility or the unborn child. May displace oxygen and cause rapid suffocation. Precautionary statements General : Read and follow all Safety Data Sheets (SDS’S) before use. Read label before use. Keep out of reach of children. If medical advice is needed, have product container or label at hand. Close valve after each use and when empty. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Do not open valve until connected to equipment prepared for use. Use a back flow preventative device in the piping. Use only equipment of compatible materials of construction. Prevention : Obtain special instructions before use. Wear protective gloves. Wear protective clothing. Wear eye or face protection. Wash thoroughly after handling. Response : IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice or attention. -
SDS # : 014869 Supplier's Details : Airgas USA, LLC and Its Affiliates 259 North Radnor-Chester Road Suite 100 Radnor, PA 19087-5283 1-610-687-5253
SAFETY DATA SHEET Nonflammable Gas Mixture: Nitric Oxide / Nitrogen / Sulfur Dioxide Section 1. Identification GHS product identifier : Nonflammable Gas Mixture: Nitric Oxide / Nitrogen / Sulfur Dioxide Other means of : Not available. identification Product type : Gas. Product use : Synthetic/Analytical chemistry. SDS # : 014869 Supplier's details : Airgas USA, LLC and its affiliates 259 North Radnor-Chester Road Suite 100 Radnor, PA 19087-5283 1-610-687-5253 24-hour telephone : 1-866-734-3438 Section 2. Hazards identification OSHA/HCS status : This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). Classification of the : GASES UNDER PRESSURE - Compressed gas substance or mixture GHS label elements Hazard pictograms : Signal word : Warning Hazard statements : Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated. May displace oxygen and cause rapid suffocation. Precautionary statements General : Read and follow all Safety Data Sheets (SDS’S) before use. Read label before use. Keep out of reach of children. If medical advice is needed, have product container or label at hand. Close valve after each use and when empty. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Do not open valve until connected to equipment prepared for use. Use a back flow preventative device in the piping. Use only equipment of compatible materials of construction. Prevention : Not applicable. Response : Not applicable. Storage : Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place. Disposal : Not applicable. Hazards not otherwise : In addition to any other important health or physical hazards, this product may displace classified oxygen and cause rapid suffocation. Section 3. Composition/information on ingredients Substance/mixture : Mixture Other means of : Not available. -
Recent Developments in Chalcogen Chemistry
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CHALCOGEN CHEMISTRY Tristram Chivers Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada WHERE IS CALGARY? Lecture 1: Background / Introduction Outline • Chalcogens (O, S, Se, Te, Po) • Elemental Forms: Allotropes • Uses • Trends in Atomic Properties • Spin-active Nuclei; NMR Spectra • Halides as Reagents • Cation Formation and Stabilisation • Anions: Structures • Solutions of Chalcogens in Ionic Liquids • Oxides and Imides: Multiple Bonding 3 Elemental Forms: Sulfur Allotropes Sulfur S6 S7 S8 S10 S12 S20 4 Elemental Forms: Selenium and Tellurium Allotropes Selenium • Grey form - thermodynamically stable: helical structure cf. plastic sulfur. R. Keller, et al., Phys. Rev. B. 1977, 4404. • Red form - cyclic Cyclo-Se8 (cyclo-Se7 and -Se6 also known). Tellurium • Silvery-white, metallic lustre; helical structure, cf. grey Se. • Cyclic allotropes only known entrapped in solid-state structures e.g. Ru(Ten)Cl3 (n = 6, 8, 9) M. Ruck, Chem. Eur. J. 2011, 17, 6382 5 Uses – Sulfur Sulfur : Occurs naturally in underground deposits. • Recovered by Frasch process (superheated water). • H2S in sour gas (> 70%): Recovered by Klaus process: Klaus Process: 2 H S + SO 3/8 S + 2 H O 2 2 8 2 • Primary industrial use (70 %): H2SO4 in phosphate fertilizers 6 Uses – Selenium and Tellurium Selenium and Tellurium : Recovered during the refining of copper sulfide ores Selenium: • Photoreceptive properties – used in photocopiers (As2Se3) • Imparts red color in glasses Tellurium: • As an alloy with Cu, Fe, Pb and to harden -
Honors Chemistry ___/___/___
Name ____________________ Honors Chemistry ___/___/___ Chapter 3 Practice Test Part I: For each of the following, write the symbol of the element that best fits the description given. You may use an element more than once; you may even use it more than twice. (2 point each) 1. Li The alkali metal with the greatest ionization energy. 2. F The halogen with the greatest electronegativity. 3. Rn The noble gas with the greatest atomic radius. 4. Br The fourth period element with the highest electron affinity. 5. Pm The synthetic rare-earth element with the smallest atomic number. 6. Be The alkaline-earth element with the greatest second ionization energy. 7. Sb The fifth period metalloid with the largest atomic radius. 8. He The element on the periodic table with the smallest atomic radius. 9. Ar The third period non-metal with the highest ionization energy. 10. C The second period non-metal with the fewest valence electrons. 11. U The naturally occurring element with the greatest atomic mass. 12. Ne The second period element with the greatest ionization energy. 13. He The element with the greatest ionization energy. 14. Se The chalcogen non-metal with the greatest number of protons. 15. Al The third period metal with a 3+ oxidation number. 16. Fr The element with the lowest ionization energy. 17. Be The alkaline-earth element with the smallest atomic radius. 18. F The element with the greatest electronegativity. 19. At The sixth period element with the greatest electronegativity. 20. B The metalloid with the fewest valence electrons. -
Conceptual Progress for Explaining and Predicting Self-Organization on Anodized Aluminum Surfaces
nanomaterials Review Conceptual Progress for Explaining and Predicting Self-Organization on Anodized Aluminum Surfaces Mikhail Pashchanka Department of Chemistry, Eduard-Zintl-Institute, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; [email protected] Abstract: Over the past few years, researchers have made numerous breakthroughs in the field of aluminum anodizing and faced the problem of the lack of adequate theoretical models for the interpretation of some new experimental findings. For instance, spontaneously formed anodic alumina nanofibers and petal-like patterns, flower-like structures observed under AC anodizing conditions, and hierarchical pores whose diameters range from several nanometers to sub-millimeters could be explained neither by the classical field-assisted dissolution theory nor by the plastic flow model. In addition, difficulties arose in explaining the basic indicators of porous film growth, such as the nonlinear current–voltage characteristics of electrochemical cells or the evolution of hexagonal pore patterns at the early stages of anodizing experiments. Such a conceptual crisis resulted in new multidisciplinary investigations and the development of novel theoretical models, whose evolution is discussed at length in this review work. The particular focus of this paper is on the recently developed electroconvection-based theories that allowed making truly remarkable advances in understanding the porous anodic alumina formation process in the last 15 years. Some explanation of the synergy between electrode reactions and transport processes leading to self-organization is provided. Finally, future prospects for the synthesis of novel anodic architectures are discussed. Citation: Pashchanka, M. Conceptual Progress for Explaining Keywords: porous anodic alumina (PAA); chaos and self-organization theory; electroconvection; and Predicting Self-Organization on colloidal gel model; anion exchange; DLVO theory; fluid mechanics; surface chemistry; surface Anodized Aluminum Surfaces. -
Elemental Sulfur Aerosol-Forming Mechanism
Elemental sulfur aerosol-forming mechanism Manoj Kumara and Joseph S. Franciscoa,1 aDepartment of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 Contributed by Joseph S. Francisco, December 21, 2016 (sent for review November 13, 2016; reviewed by James Lyons and Hua-Gen Yu) Elemental sulfur aerosols are ubiquitous in the atmospheres of Venus, reaction mechanism that may possibly convert the SOn + nH2S ancient Earth, and Mars. There is now an evolving body of evidence (n = 1, 2, 3) chemistries into the S8 aerosol in the gas phase suggesting that these aerosols have also played a role in the evolution (Scheme S1). It is the thermodynamics of these processes, and of early life on Earth. However, the exact details of their formation their catalysis by water and sulfuric acid, that we investigate here. mechanism remain an open question. The present theoretical calcula- This mechanism may not only help in better understanding the tions suggest a chemical mechanism that takes advantage of the in- role of sulfur cycle involving SOn,S8, and H2S as the potential S n = teraction between sulfur oxides, SOn ( 1, 2, 3) and hydrogen sulfide MIF carrier from the atmosphere to the ocean surface, but may 0 (nH2S), resulting in the efficient formation of a Sn+1 particle. Interest- also provide deeper insight into the formation mechanism of S + → + ingly, the SOn nH2S Sn+1 nH2O reactions occur via low-energy aerosols in various other environments. pathways under water or sulfuric acid catalysis. Once the S + particles n 1 We first explored the uncatalyzed gas-phase reactions of SOn with are formed, they may further nucleate to form larger polysulfur aero- nH2S using quantum-chemical calculations at the coupled cluster sols, thus providing a chemical framework for understanding the for- single and double substitution method with a perturbative treatment 0 mation mechanism of S aerosols in different environments. -
The Chemical and Preservative Properties of Sulfur Dioxide Solution for Brining Fruit
The Chemical and Preservative Properties of Sulfur Dioxide Solution for Brining Fruit Circular of Information 629 June 1969 Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis The Chemical and Preservative Properties of Sulfur Dioxide Solution for Brining Fruit C. H. PAYNE, D. V. BEAVERS, and R. F. CAIN Department of Food Science and Technology Sweet cherries and other fruits are preserved in sul- control are given in papers by Waiters et al. (1963) and fur dioxide solutions for manufacture into maraschino, Yang et al. (1966). cocktail, and glace fruit. The sulfur dioxide solution, Sulfur dioxide and calcium are directly related to commonly called brine, may be prepared from liquid brined cherry quality. Improper use of these chemicals sulfur dioxide, sodium bisulfite, or sodium metabisulfite may result in cherries that are soft, poorly bleached, or using alkali or acid to control pH. Calcium salts such as spoiled due to fermentation. It is the purpose of this calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and calcium chlo- circular to show how the basic chemical and preservative ride are added to the brine to prevent cracking and pro- components of brine solutions are afifected during prep- mote firming of the fruit tissue through interaction with aration, storage, and use. pectic materials. Directions for brine preparation and Chemical Properties of Sulfur Dioxide Solutions When sulfur dioxide or materials containing sulfur range of sulfur dioxide concentrations, the relative dis- dioxide (bisulfite or metabisulfite) are dissolved in tribution of the sulfur dioxide ionic forms is constant. water, three types of chemical substances are formed: Within the initial pH range used for brining cher- sulfurous acid (H2SO3),1 bisulfite (HSO3"), and sulfite ries, there is a predominance of calcium bisulfite (SO~). -
Section 2. Hazards Identification OSHA/HCS Status : This Material Is Considered Hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200)
SAFETY DATA SHEET Nonflammable Gas Mixture: Carbon Dioxide / Carbon Monoxide / Nitric Oxide / Nitrogen / Propane / Sulfur Dioxide Section 1. Identification GHS product identifier : Nonflammable Gas Mixture: Carbon Dioxide / Carbon Monoxide / Nitric Oxide / Nitrogen / Propane / Sulfur Dioxide Other means of : Not available. identification Product type : Gas. Product use : Synthetic/Analytical chemistry. SDS # : 019536 Supplier's details : Airgas USA, LLC and its affiliates 259 North Radnor-Chester Road Suite 100 Radnor, PA 19087-5283 1-610-687-5253 24-hour telephone : 1-866-734-3438 Section 2. Hazards identification OSHA/HCS status : This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). Classification of the : GASES UNDER PRESSURE - Compressed gas substance or mixture GHS label elements Hazard pictograms : Signal word : Warning Hazard statements : Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated. May displace oxygen and cause rapid suffocation. May increase respiration and heart rate. Precautionary statements General : Read and follow all Safety Data Sheets (SDS’S) before use. Read label before use. Keep out of reach of children. If medical advice is needed, have product container or label at hand. Close valve after each use and when empty. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Do not open valve until connected to equipment prepared for use. Use a back flow preventative device in the piping. Use only equipment of compatible materials of construction. Prevention : Not applicable. Response : Not applicable. Storage : Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place. Disposal : Not applicable. Hazards not otherwise : In addition to any other important health or physical hazards, this product may displace classified oxygen and cause rapid suffocation.