DOCSLIB.ORG

Sulfur Dioxide

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sulfur Dioxide Sulfur Dioxide Crops 1 2 Identification of Petitioned Substance 3 4 Chemical Names: 15 CAS Numbers: 5 Sulfur dioxide 16 7446-09-5 6 17 7 Other Name: 18 Other Codes: 8 Sulfur (IV) oxide 19 EINECS 231-195-2 9 Sulfur superoxide 20 U.S. EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 077601 10 Sulfurous acid anhydride 21 CA DPR Chemical Code 561 11 Sulfurous anhydride 22 UN 1079 12 13 Trade Names: 14 Sulfurous oxide 23 24 Characterization of Petitioned Substance 25 26 Composition of the Substance: 27 28 Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is an angular molecule containing a sulfur atom and two oxygen atoms and can be produced 29 naturally or as a result of combustion of sulfur-containing substances such as petroleum or coal. The sulfur atom 30 has a formal charge of 0 and an oxidation state of +4 and is surrounded by 5 electron pairs. The chemical 31 structure of sulfur dioxide is shown below: 32 33 34 35 Properties of the Substance: 36 37 Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas with a strong, pungent odor. It is nonflammable and very soluble in water. 38 Sulfur dioxide is a strong reducing agent and is highly reactive. 39 40 Due to its high vapor pressure, sulfur dioxide is primarily present in the gaseous phase and can move 41 unchanged to other natural surfaces, including water, soil, and vegetation, following release to the 42 atmosphere (ATSDR, 1998). Because of the high water solubility of sulfur dioxide, oceans can serve as sink 43 (ATSDR, 1998). Sulfur dioxide can be absorbed by soil if pH and moisture content are suitable (ATSDR, 44 1998). 45 Chemical Properties (Source: U.S. EPA, 2007b) Physical State Gas Appearance Colorless Odor Strong odor, suffocating Molecular Weight 64.06 Boiling Point 10° C Melting Point -72.7° C Solubility 11.3 g/100 mL (water at 20° C) 0.58 g/100 mL (water at 90° C) Vapor Pressure 300 mm Hg at 20°C Relative Density 1.4 at -10° C (water = 1) Specific Gravity 2.26 ___________________________________ January 14, 2011 Compiled by ICF International for the USDA National Organic Program Page 1 of 13 Technical Evaluation Report Sulfur Dioxide Crops 46 47 Specific Uses of the Substance: 48 49 According to the U.S. EPA Registration Eligibility Document (RED) for inorganic sulfites, sulfur dioxide is 50 registered for use as a fungicide and is typically used to treat for Boitrytis cinerea, which causes gray mold 51 disease on grapes. Sulfur dioxide fumigation products are formulated as a compressed liquid that becomes 52 a gas upon release. Compressed liquid fumigation is used in cold-storage facilities and for fumigation of 53 vehicles used to transport post-harvest grape products. In addition, sulfur dioxide products are used to 54 prevent spoilage and oxidation in wine; to sanitize equipment used in wineries, to treat, in combination 55 with carbon dioxide, for black widow spiders on grapes in storage settings; and to preserve and maintain 56 the appearance of fruit products (e.g. dried fruits) by preventing rotting. Another common use of sulfur 57 dioxide is as a bleaching agent in food. In addition, sulfur dioxide is sometimes added as a warning 58 marker and fire retardant to liquid grain fumigants. As discussed further below, the U.S. Department of 59 Agriculture (USDA) National Organic Program (NOP) and the Canada Food Inspection Agency both 60 approve the use of sulfur dioxide as a rodenticide in smoke bombs that are released underground. 61 62 Sulfur dioxide is also used in a wide variety of industrial applications, including the manufacture of 63 hydrosulfites and by the petroleum industry (ATSDR, 1998). It is also used to dechlorinate wastewaters 64 before release (U.S. EPA, 2007b). Specifically, free and combined chlorine are reduced to chloride upon 65 reaction with sulfur dioxide. Because of its reduction properties, sulfur dioxide also acts as a bleaching 66 agent for paper and clothing (ATSDR, 1998). 67 68 Sulfur dioxide emissions are produced by industries, vehicles, and equipment that combust sulfur- 69 containing fossil fuels, as well as from various industrial processes (U.S. EPA, 2010a). When fossil fuel 70 combustion occurs at power plants, sulfur dioxide is released to the atmosphere (U.S. EPA, 2010a). 71 Atmospheric sulfur dioxide then reacts with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to produce acid rain (U.S. 72 EPA, 2007a). Acid rain is defined as the mixture of wet and dry deposition from the atmosphere that 73 contains high amounts of sulfuric and nitric acids (U.S. EPA, 2007a). 74 75 Approved Legal Uses of the Substance: 76 77 Sulfur dioxide is currently included in the National List as a synthetic substance allowed for use in organic 78 crop production (7 CFR 205.601). In particular, sulfur dioxide is approved for use as an underground 79 rodent control only, specifically in the form of smoke bombs. 80 81 Sulfur dioxide is considered by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as generally recognized as 82 safe (GRAS) when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice, except that it is not used in 83 meats; in food recognized as a source of vitamin B1; on fruits or vegetables intended to be served raw to 84 consumers or sold raw to consumers, or to be presented to consumers as fresh (21 CFR 182.3766). Dried 85 fruits (excluding dark raisins and prunes), lemon and lime juices, wine, molasses, and sauerkraut juice are 86 allowed to contain sulfur dioxide concentrations of less than 100 ppm (U.S. EPA, 2007b). Concentrations of 87 sulfur dioxide between 50 and 100 ppm are allowed for grape juice, wine vinegar, fruit topping, gravies, 88 dried potatoes, and maraschino cherries (U.S. EPA, 2007b). Pectin, corn syrup, corn starch, fresh shrimp, 89 sauerkraut, pickled foods, hominy, frozen potatoes, maple syrup, imported jams and jellies, and fresh 90 mushrooms may contain concentrations of sulfur dioxide between 10 ppm and 50 ppm (U.S. EPA, 2007b). 91 Proper labeling is required on foods containing levels of sulfur dioxide that exceed 10 ppm (U.S. EPA, 92 2007b). 93 94 Under the authority of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), U.S. EPA provides 95 a tolerance for sulfur dioxide residues in or on post harvest grapes (40 CFR 180.444). The tolerance is listed 96 as 10.0 ppm when sulfur dioxide is used as a fungicide. Fumigation may occur indoors or in trailers or 97 other transport devices (U.S. EPA, 2007b). Grapes may be fumigated up to twenty times and on a seven to 98 ten day interval (U.S. EPA, 2007b). If fumigation area concentrations exceed 2.0 ppm, a NIOSH/MSHA 99 approved respirator must be used for short exposures of limited duration (U.S. EPA, 2007b). Labels on 100 fumigation products containing sulfur dioxide must include information on the appropriate personal January 14, 2011 Page 2 of 13 Technical Evaluation Report Sulfur Dioxide Crops 101 protective equipment (eye protection, gloves, boots, and protective clothing) (U.S. EPA, 2007b). When 102 sulfur dioxide is used to treat for black widow spider, the U.S. EPA approves a concentration of up to 103 10,000 ppm and an exposure period of approximately thirty minutes (U.S. EPA, 2007b). During the 104 aeration phase of treatment, the approved sulfur dioxide release concentration is one below 30 ppm (U.S. 105 EPA, 2007b). 106 107 The U.S. EPA has proposed label revisions for sulfur dioxide end-use products (fumigants) in their May, 108 2007 document titled the „Reregistration Eligibility Decision- Inorganic Sulfites‟ (U.S. EPA, 2007b). The 109 proposed revisions are as follows: 110 111 When treating grapes for Botrytis cinerea (bunch rot/gray mold) or black widow spider in a 112 warehouse fumigation chamber, do not release treated air into the atmosphere containing 113 concentrations of sulfur dioxide in excess of 30 ppm (as determined by a Sensidyne or Kitagawa 114 syringe sampler, or a Draeger handpump); 115 116 When treating grapes in a truck, trailer or other transport vehicle, do not release treated air into the 117 atmosphere containing concentrations of sulfur dioxide in excess of 2 ppm (as determined by a 118 Sensidyne or Kitagawa syringe sampler, or a Draeger handpump); 119 120 Sulfur dioxide concentration in transport vehicles must be below 2 ppm before moving over public 121 roads or highways; 122 123 Before moving or using sulfur dioxide fumigant products, handlers must be trained how to 124 appropriately use respirators which conform to OSHA requirements (described in 29 CFR 125 1910.124) and how to appropriately handle and use sulfur dioxide; 126 127 When making gas applications or checking connections handlers must wear a NIOSH/MSHA 128 approved full face respirator with an organic-vapor removing cartridge, in addition to sulfur 129 dioxide impervious gloves, boots and coveralls over long-sleeved shirt and long pants; 130 131 If a sulfur dioxide concentration of 2 ppm is exceeded at any time, all persons working in the 132 fumigation area must wear a NIOSH/MSHA approved full face respirator with an organic-vapor 133 removing cartridge. If sulfur dioxide concentrations of 10 ppm are exceeded, or when 134 concentrations are unknown, an approved self-contained breathing mask (SCBA) or combination 135 air supplied SCBA respirator must be used by all persons working in the fumigation area; and 136 137 Sulfur dioxide aerations must not be performed concurrently from multiple chambers. 138 139 The U.S. EPA has not registered sulfur dioxide for use as a rodenticide. However, U.S. EPA has registered 140 rodent control smoke bombs with the active ingredients sulfur, charcoal carbon, and sodium nitrate or 141 potassium nitrate (saltpeter).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Enhanced Heterogeneous Uptake of Sulfur Dioxide on Mineral Particles Through Modification of Iron Speciation During Simulated Cloud Processing
    Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 12569–12585, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12569-2019 © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Enhanced heterogeneous uptake of sulfur dioxide on mineral particles through modification of iron speciation during simulated cloud processing Zhenzhen Wang1, Tao Wang1, Hongbo Fu1,2,3, Liwu Zhang1, Mingjin Tang4, Christian George5, Vicki H. Grassian6, and Jianmin Chen1 1Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China 2Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China 3Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China 4State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China 5University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626, Villeurbanne, France 6Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA Correspondence: Hongbo Fu ([email protected]) and Jianmin Chen ([email protected]) Received: 7 May 2019 – Discussion started: 5 June 2019 Revised: 7 August 2019 – Accepted: 5 September 2019 – Published: 9 October
    [Show full text]
  • Source Test Method ST-20 SULFUR DIOXIDE, SULFUR TRIOXIDE
    Source Test Method ST-20 SULFUR DIOXIDE, SULFUR TRIOXIDE, SULFURIC ACID MIST (Adopted January 20, 1982) REF: Regulations 6-320, 6-330, 9-1-302, 9-1-304 thru 310, 10-1-301, 12-6-301 1. APPLICABILITY 1.1 This method is used to quantify emissions of s ulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid mist. It determines compliance with Regulations 6-320 and 6-330 for SULFUR TRIOXIDE and SULFURIC ACID MIST, and 9-1-302, 9- 1-304 thru 310 and 10-1-301 and 12-6-301 for SULFUR DIOXIDE. 1.2 This method, modified with a glass fiber disc filter as the back-up SO 3 filter, has been given alternate status by the EPA to EPA Method 8. It may be used to determine compliance with oxides of sulfur regulations under Regulation 9. 2. PRINCIPLE 2.1 Sulfuric acid mist, sulfur trioxide and sulfur dioxide are collected in a single extractive sampling train. Acid mist is trapped in a quartz wool plug in the sample probe and is subsequently analyzed with an acid-base titration. Sulfur trioxide is absorbed in an 80% isopropyl alcohol (IPA)/water solution with a quartz wool back-up filter and is analyzed using analytical procedure Lab-12. Sulfur dioxide is absorbed in an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution and is analyzed using analytical procedure Lab-12. 3. RANGE 3.1 The minimum measurable concentration using this method listed below are: 3 3.1.1 Acid mist - 0.0002 gr/ft as H2SO4 3.1.2 Sulfur trioxide - 7 ppm 3.1.3 Sulfur dioxide - 7 ppm 3.2 The maximum measurable concentrations using this method listed below are: 3.2.1 Acid mist - undetermined 3.2.2 Sulfur trioxide - 350 ppm 3.2.3 Sulfur dioxide - 2.5 % 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Advanced Treatment Processes for Hydrogen Sulfide
    Removing the Stink: Advanced Treatment Processes for Hydrogen Sulfide Clayton Johnson, Christine Owen, Luke Mulford, Shahnawaz Sinha, Zaid Chowdhury, Andre Dieffenthaller, and Andrew Coleman ampa Bay Water supplies drinking The final alternative under considera- water to more than 2 million people in tion is biological oxidation followed by chlo- Clayton Johnson is a project engineer in Tthe greater Tampa Bay and adjacent rination and ultrafiltration following biolog- the Tampa office of the environmental areas. Approximately 60 percent of its source ical oxidation prior to distribution. engineering firm Malcolm Pirnie Inc. water comes from groundwater supplies. This article will discuss preliminary Christine Owen is a water quality assur- ance officer with Tampa Bay Water. Luke Groundwater in some portions of the region findings of this ongoing pilot study, including Mulford is a water quality engineer with has a moderate amount (about 2 mg/L as operational variables and effectiveness of the Hillsborough County Water Resource total sulfides) of hydrogen sulfide. Tampa Bay proposed treatment processes for hydrogen Services. Shahnawaz Sinha is a project Water currently provides water to a water sulfide removal. As many Florida utilities are engineer with Malcolm Pirnie in Phoenix, treatment facility that utilizes aeration fol- faced with the challenge of removing hydro- Arizona. Zaid Chowdhury is a senior lowed by biological oxidation to remove gen sulfide from their groundwater, prelimi- associate with Malcolm Pirnie in Phoenix. hydrogen sulfide. nary results of this study will be broadly Andre Dieffenthaller is a senior associate This combined practice (Figure 1) is applicable. Results from this study will pro- with Malcolm Pirnie in Schaumburg, effective, but there are occasional reductions in vide useful information to water utilities that Illinois.
    [Show full text]
  • Wildland Firefighter Smoke Exposure
    ❑ United States Department of Agriculture Wildland Firefighter Smoke Exposure EST SERVIC FOR E Forest National Technology & 1351 1803 October 2013 D E E P R A U RTMENT OF AGRICULT Service Development Program 5100—Fire Management Wildland Firefighter Smoke Exposure By George Broyles Fire Project Leader Information contained in this document has been developed for the guidance of employees of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, its contractors, and cooperating Federal and State agencies. The USDA Forest Service assumes no responsibility for the interpretation or use of this information by other than its own employees. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official evaluation, conclusion, recommendation, endorsement, or approval of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Wildfire Smoke and Your Health When Smoke Levels Are High, Even Healthy People May Have Symptoms Or Health Problems
    PUBLIC HEALTH DIVISION http://Public.Health.Oregon.gov Wildfire Smoke and Your Health When smoke levels are high, even healthy people may have symptoms or health problems. The best thing to do is to limit your exposure to smoke. Depending on your situation, a combination of the strategies below may work best and give you the most protection from wildfire smoke. The more you do to limit your exposure to wildfire smoke, the more you’ll reduce your chances of having health effects. Keep indoor air as clean as possible. Keep windows and doors closed. Use a Listen to your body high- efficiency particulate air (HEPA) and contact your filter to reduce indoor air pollution. healthcare provider Avoid smoking tobacco, using or 911 if you are wood-burning stoves or fireplaces, burning candles, experiencing health incenses or vacuuming. symptoms. If you have to spend time outside when the Drink plenty air quality is hazardous: of water. Do not rely on paper or dust masks for protection. N95 masks properly worn may offer Reduce the some protection. amount of time spent in the smoky area. Reduce the amount of time spent outdoors. Avoid vigorous Stay informed: outdoor activities. The Oregon Smoke blog has information about air quality in your community: oregonsmoke.blogspot.com 1 Frequently asked questions about wildfire smoke and public health Wildfire smoke Q: Why is wildfire smoke bad for my health? A: Wildfire smoke is a mixture of gases and fine particles from burning trees and other plant material. The gases and fine particles can be dangerous if inhaled.
    [Show full text]
  • SO2 Removal by NH3 Gas Injection: Effects of Temperature and Moisture Content
    Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1994,33, 1231-1236 1231 SO2 Removal by NH3 Gas Injection: Effects of Temperature and Moisture Content Hsunling Bai' Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao- Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, R.O.C. Pratim Biswas and Tim C. Keener Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221 -0071 The removal of SO2 by NH3 gas injection at various temperatures and moisture contents has been studied experimentally. The product compositions of the NH3-SO2-HzO vapor reactions were also reported. A thermodynamic analysis was carried out to predict the SO2 removal as well as the product compositions. Both the experimental results and thermodynamic analysis indicated that SO2 removal and the product compositions are sensitive to the reaction temperature. Moisture content, once in large excess of the stoichiometric requirement, does not have a strong effect on the product compositions but plays an important role in the SO2 removal. Introduction conditions. Stromberger (1984) used X-ray diffraction and identified the product particles to be (NH&S04 Sulfur dioxide removal from flue gases is a goal of many crystals. air pollution engineers. Significant efforts in the develop- ment of new flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technologies Although a number of studies on the removal of SO2 are being made. Major processes related to FGD tech- from flue gases by NH3 injection have been conducted, nologies include water scrubbing, metal ion solutions, there is disagreement on the operating condition (such as catalytic oxidation, dry or semidry adsorption, wet lime temperature) that a high removal efficiency can be or limestone scrubbing, double alkali process, and ammonia obtained.
    [Show full text]
  • Platinum-Group Elements and Gold in Sulfide Melts from Modern Arc Basalt (Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The Australian National University ÔØ ÅÒÙ×Ö ÔØ Platinum-group elements and gold in sulfide melts from modern arc basalt (Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka) M. Zelenski, V.S. Kamenetsky, J.A. Mavrogenes, L.V. Danyushevsky, D. Matveev, A.A. Gurenko PII: S0024-4937(17)30290-6 DOI: doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2017.08.012 Reference: LITHOS 4395 To appear in: LITHOS Received date: 30 May 2017 Accepted date: 21 August 2017 Please cite this article as: Zelenski, M., Kamenetsky, V.S., Mavrogenes, J.A., Danyu- shevsky, L.V., Matveev, D., Gurenko, A.A., Platinum-group elements and gold in sul- fide melts from modern arc basalt (Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka), LITHOS (2017), doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2017.08.012 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Platinum-group elements and gold in sulfide melts from modern arc basalt (Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka) M. Zelenski a, V.S. Kamenetsky a,b,*, J.A. Mavrogenes c, L.V. Danyushevsky b, D. Matveev d, A.A. Gurenko e a Institute of Experimental Mineralogy RAS, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia b Earth Sciences and CODES, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 79, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia c Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia d Institute of Solid State Physics RAS, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia e Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), UMR 7358, Université de Lorraine, 54501 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France * Corresponding author.
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Ammonia in Tobacco Smoke
    Application Note 1054 Note Application Determination of Ammonia in Tobacco Smoke Lipika Basumallick and Jeffrey Rohrer Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, CA, USA Key Words Ion Chromatography, Freebasing Nicotine, Dionex IonPac CS19 Column, Cigarette Goal To develop an IC method that can determine ammonia in tobacco smoke and is not subject to interference from small amines Introduction Ammonia (0.01–0.6%) occurs naturally in cured tobacco leaves and is now being used as an additive to enhance flavor and increase the amount of free nicotine in cigarette smoke. This practice is called freebasing of nicotine.1,2 Typically, the freebased amount equates to 0.2–10 mg ammonia per gram of tobacco or 7–200 μg and 320–450 μg ammonia per gram of smoked tobacco in mainstream and sidestream smoke, respectively (Figure 1).3 Sidestream Smoke Mainstream Smoke Ammonia is listed as a respiratory toxicant. This list Figure 1. Main- and sidestream smoke from a cigarette. was published in the Federal Register to announce that beginning June 22, 2012, the Food Drug and Cosmetics Act would require tobacco product manufacturers to On June 23, 2009, the U.S. Congress passed the Tobacco submit a list and quantify the constituents (including Control Act that granted the U.S. Food and Drug smoke constituents) identified by the FDA as harmful or Administration (FDA) authority to regulate the potentially harmful to health in each of their tobacco manufacture, marketing, and distribution of tobacco products.4 Hence, there is a need for a robust and sensitive products to protect public health. In January 2011, the analytical method for quantifying ammonia in tobacco FDA established a list of harmful and potentially harmful products and smoke.
    [Show full text]
  • The Determination of Sulfate and Sulfide Sulfur in Rocks Or Minerals
    The Determination of Sulfate and Sulfide Sulfur in Rocks or Minerals By ANGELINA C. VLISIDIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1214-D UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1966 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 15 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Abstract_____--__-___-_______-__---____,__-_-__-_---_-_______-_- Dl Introduction. ______________________________________________________ 1 Preparations. _________._.-.__-_-.__.._-_---__----.________._.._____ 2 Standard samples____________________________________________ 2 Reagents. _______________.-_-___-____-__-_-__-_-___-_______-_- 2 Procedure._______________________________________________________ 2 Results__ __________-______-_____----__--_--_----_-_-_-___-___--_ 3 References.._ _____________________________________________________ 5 TABLE Page TABLE 1. Results of sulfide and sulfate sulfur analyses in which varying amounts of a sulfate standard were added to sulfide minerals.. _ D4 m 209-517 66 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY THE DETERMINATION OF SULFATE AND SULFIDE SULFUR IN ROCKS OR MINERALS By ANGELINA C. VLISEDIS , ABSTRACT A method for the determination of sulfate and sulfide sulfur that occur together in rocks or minerals is presented. All the sulfate sulfur is converted to barium sulfate in an inert atmosphere to prevent oxidation of any sulfide sulfur. Cadmium chloride is added to precipitate any sulfide ion that may be liberated. The sulfate sulfur is then measured indirectly by the determination of the barium and is therefore unaffected by any. subsequent oxidation of the sulfide sulfur.
    [Show full text]
  • Multidisciplinary Design Project Engineering Dictionary Version 0.0.2
    Multidisciplinary Design Project Engineering Dictionary Version 0.0.2 February 15, 2006 . DRAFT Cambridge-MIT Institute Multidisciplinary Design Project This Dictionary/Glossary of Engineering terms has been compiled to compliment the work developed as part of the Multi-disciplinary Design Project (MDP), which is a programme to develop teaching material and kits to aid the running of mechtronics projects in Universities and Schools. The project is being carried out with support from the Cambridge-MIT Institute undergraduate teaching programe. For more information about the project please visit the MDP website at http://www-mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk or contact Dr. Peter Long Prof. Alex Slocum Cambridge University Engineering Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology Trumpington Street, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge. Cambridge MA 02139-4307 CB2 1PZ. USA e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] tel: +44 (0) 1223 332779 tel: +1 617 253 0012 For information about the CMI initiative please see Cambridge-MIT Institute website :- http://www.cambridge-mit.org CMI CMI, University of Cambridge Massachusetts Institute of Technology 10 Miller’s Yard, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Mill Lane, Cambridge MA 02139-4307 Cambridge. CB2 1RQ. USA tel: +44 (0) 1223 327207 tel. +1 617 253 7732 fax: +44 (0) 1223 765891 fax. +1 617 258 8539 . DRAFT 2 CMI-MDP Programme 1 Introduction This dictionary/glossary has not been developed as a definative work but as a useful reference book for engi- neering students to search when looking for the meaning of a word/phrase. It has been compiled from a number of existing glossaries together with a number of local additions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fire and Smoke Model Evaluation Experiment—A Plan for Integrated, Large Fire–Atmosphere Field Campaigns
    atmosphere Review The Fire and Smoke Model Evaluation Experiment—A Plan for Integrated, Large Fire–Atmosphere Field Campaigns Susan Prichard 1,*, N. Sim Larkin 2, Roger Ottmar 2, Nancy H.F. French 3 , Kirk Baker 4, Tim Brown 5, Craig Clements 6 , Matt Dickinson 7, Andrew Hudak 8 , Adam Kochanski 9, Rod Linn 10, Yongqiang Liu 11, Brian Potter 2, William Mell 2 , Danielle Tanzer 3, Shawn Urbanski 12 and Adam Watts 5 1 University of Washington School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100, USA 2 US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Pacific Wildland Fire Sciences Laboratory, Suite 201, Seattle, WA 98103, USA; [email protected] (N.S.L.); [email protected] (R.O.); [email protected] (B.P.); [email protected] (W.M.) 3 Michigan Technological University, 3600 Green Court, Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; [email protected] (N.H.F.F.); [email protected] (D.T.) 4 US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Durham, NC 27709, USA; [email protected] 5 Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA; [email protected] (T.B.); [email protected] (A.W.) 6 San José State University Department of Meteorology and Climate Science, One Washington Square, San Jose, CA 95192-0104, USA; [email protected] 7 US Forest Service Northern Research Station, 359 Main Rd., Delaware, OH 43015, USA; [email protected] 8 US Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Moscow Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 1221 S Main St., Moscow, ID 83843, USA; [email protected] 9 Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, 135 S 1460 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0110, USA; [email protected] 10 Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Name: SELENIUM SULFIDE HAZARD SUMMARY
    Common Name: SELENIUM SULFIDE CAS Number: 7446-34-6 RTK Substance number: 1653 DOT Number: UN 2657 Date: October 1995 Revision: October 2001 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- HAZARD SUMMARY * Selenium Sulfide can affect you when breathed in and by * If you think you are experiencing any work-related health passing through your skin. problems, see a doctor trained to recognize occupational * Selenium Sulfide should be handled as a CARCINOGEN- diseases. Take this Fact Sheet with you. -WITH EXTREME CAUTION. * Contact can irritate the eyes with possible eye damage. WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS * Breathing Selenium Sulfide can irritate the nose and The following exposure limits are for Selenium compounds throat. (measured as Selenium): * High exposure may cause headache, nausea, vomiting, garlic odor of the breath, metallic taste and coated tongue. OSHA: The legal airborne permissible exposure limit * Repeated exposure can cause pallor, nervousness and (PEL) is 0.2 mg/m3 averaged over an 8-hour mood changes. workshift. * Selenium Sulfide may damage the liver and kidneys. NIOSH: The recommended airborne exposure limit is IDENTIFICATION 0.2 mg/m3 averaged over a 10-hour workshift. Selenium Sulfide is a bright orange powder. It is used in medicated shampoos. ACGIH: The recommended airborne exposure limit is 3 0.2 mg/m averaged over an 8-hour workshift. REASON FOR CITATION * Selenium Sulfide is on the Hazardous Substance List * Selenium Sulfide may be a CARCINOGEN in humans. because it is regulated by OSHA and cited by ACGIH, There may be no safe level of exposure to a carcinogen, so DOT, NIOSH, NTP, DEP, HHAG and EPA. all contact should be reduced to the lowest possible level.
    [Show full text]