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ISC20C HERITAGE ALERT ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on 20th Century Heritage DATE OF ISSUE: April 2, 2013 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The globally known masterpiece of the Russian architectural Avant-garde the Melnikov House built by Konstantin Melnikov in 1927-1929 is under threat of serious damage to its structural stability and historic fabric due to the on-going lack of conservation treatment and the immediate threat now posed by the proposed development on an adjacent site, which endangers the house’s internationally important heritage values. Melnikov House located at Krivoarbatsky Lane, № 10, March 2013 The demolition works which began in August 2012 in the near vicinity to the Melnikov House pose a significant risk to the structural stability of the building. Realization of an architectural project of a new multifunctional center at Arbat Street, 41 with a deep underground parking structure launched in February 2013 will dramatically change the hydrogeology and drainage system of the Melnikov site. The situation is also exacerbated by the underlying geological structure of the land and the delicate nature of the building construction.. It is feared that this could lead to irreversible effects and finally to irreparable damage of Melnikov’s architectural masterpiece, a building which is internationally published and well-recognized as an outstanding item of Russia’s architectural contribution to 20 th Century architecture. This is considered to be a new threat which presented itself this year in addition to numerous conservation problems, general deterioration, low quality of restoration works carried out in the 1990s, and changes in the monument’s setting. View from the roof of the Melnikov House toward the construction site adjacent to the rear yard. March 2013 The International Scientific Committee for Twentieth Century Heritage of ICOMOS (ISC20C), Docomomo and the International Union of Architects now urgently request the Russian authorities to take direct steps to prevent further neglect and stagnation of this uniquely Russian heritage resource of the Twentieth Century. 1.0 Identity of Building/Artifact/Object/Place*: 1.1 Current Name and Original Name: The Melnikov House / Experimental house-studio 1.2 Address/Location, Town, Country, Street: Moscow, Russia, Krivoarbatsky Lane, № 10 1.3 Classification/ Type of Place: The Melnikov House is a unique single-family living place built in the very center of Moscow near Arbat Street. This internationally known Modern Movement building was designed by Konstantin Melnikov (1890-1974) for his own family in 1927-1929 and is comparable to the pre- revolutionary city mansions. At the same time, it was proposed as a model for terraced development for mass workers’ housing. Since the moment of its construction, the house and its plot of land have been in private ownership. This famous structure is one of the best and most influential works of the renowned architect Konstantin Melnikov and engineer Vladimir Shukhov (1853-1939). 1.4 Current Heritage Protection Status: The Melnikov House has been a listed monument on Local level since 1987, and became a Regional one in 2005 (within three existing protection levels – Local , Regional and Federal [all- national] ), the National Law № 73 “On objects of cultural Heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the Peoples of the Russian Federation”, 2002. It is also located in the central “United Protection Zone № 17”, Moscow City Government Decree № 881, 1997, where construction is prohibited. Negotiations have been on-going for years to upgrade the status of protection for the Melnikov House as a Federal cultural property. It has been included in the International Registers of Docomomo International since the late 1990s. Photo of sign declaring the Melnikov House as a historic monument at the front gate of the site. March 2013 2.0 Statement of Significance and History: 2.1 Statement of Significance*: The Melnikov House in Moscow (experimental house and studio) is seen as one of the main symbols and an icon of 20th century Modern Movement architecture in world culture. It is considered to be the creative climax of architect Konstantin Melnikov assisted by engineer Vladimir Shukhov, both internationally renowned Russians. Encouraged by success and the widespread recognition, Konstantin Melnikov designed and built the house in 1927-1929, in the years of his “Golden Season”. It is the only structure of the Russian Avant-garde from the 1920s-1930s that has always been in private ownership, and its authenticity is therefore very high. The idea of a double-cylinder form with hexagonal windows created in the underlying brick coursing was an experiment as an extremely economic model for mass worker’s housing. This construction principle provided more than 60 hexagonal windows; 38 of them bring light into the studio on the upper (third) level. The three-storied house with its original layout, elegant spatial arrangement and color scheme, and daring engineering based on traditional building materials (brick with plaster and wood) brought world-wide fame to this property. It not only demonstrates unique structural and tectonic capacities, but also the synergy of classical traditions, patriarchal way of the Russian mode de vie and an innovative vision of space and form. Different from Le Corbusier’s “machine for life”, Melnikov suggested the idea of a “house as temple” for family life, which might stimulate ideas and the creative imagination of its inhabitants, thus following the classical tradition of “own houses” by Julio Romano, John Soane and Frank Lloyd Wright. Unlike the 20 th century “own houses” by other famous architects such as Josef Hoffmann, Walter Gropius, Alvar Aalto or Louis Barragan, the Melnikov House is situated in the very center of the city. It has no analogues in its concept for creating space, artistic image and plastic interpretation, or in demonstrating a deep symbolic and anthroposophical meaning of the whole composition. The history and structural analysis of this house were widely presented in numerous publications and research on 20 th century architecture in Russia and abroad, which proves the outstanding universal value of this building. It has been repeatedly recommended for inclusion on the World Heritage List by the international professional community. 2.2 History of Place*: The Melnikov House is situated in Krivoarbatsky Lane, 10, which is parallel to the Arbat Street, one of the oldest parts of Moscow. The plot of this building has a rectangular irregular form of 820 square meters. Its longitudinal axis is directed to Arbat Street. The long sides of the plot are 42,10 m and 43,68 m. Its narrow side is 17,60 m, looking at the Krivoarbatsky Lane and facing the main façade and entrance. The monument’s site has a fence along the whole perimeter. This boundary corresponds to the monument’s protected plot. Site plan showing Melnikov House in lower left corner and proposed new construction at top and empty lot in the lower right corner. Historically, two apartment houses of the late 19 th century were flanking the Melnikov House. However, intensive construction started in the near vicinity to the monument in the mid-1990s, which included the reconstruction of №8 and №6 adjoining the main front. Geophysical investigations in the 1990s through 2007 testify that this site is lying within a potentially dangerous karst and piping zone. Since 1982 there have been several gap effects at the site of the Melnikov House and adjacent territory (Conclusions of the Moscow City Geological Trust, 1998, and the Moscow State Construction University, 2006). 2.3 Date of Original Project/ Date of Competition: 1927-1929 2.4 Architect/ Designers: Architect Konstantin Melnikov (1890-1974), engineer Vladimir Shukhov (1853-1939) 2.5 If Architect Designers are Still Living Provide Address, Country of Birth, and Contact Information: No 2.6 Original and Current Use of Building/Place: The original residential function has never changed historically. Currently there are efforts to create a museum in this building. 2.7 Changes, Additions: There have been some changes and additions to the interiors. Three fundamental built-in sleeping places originally designed by Melnikov as bedroom spaces were lost in an earlier period. During the restoration works in 1992-1997 a research of basement and walls were carried out, the wooden ceiling-membrane over the studio was replaced, roofing overlapped; new mechanical and infrastructure systems added; finishes and woodwork restored or changed, and colors in interior spaces reinstituted. Items of the original antiquarian furniture are still in use, partly repaired and reused. In addition, the grounds surrounding the house itself went through rehabilitation which included re-establishing a fence with its unique gate construction. 2.8 Current Condition*: The Melnikov House has been a monument of regional significance since 1987. It is currently in bad condition and at serious risk of further damage. However this monument has not been changed significantly and currently retains a high level of authenticity. It was first investigated in 1982, and restoration works were carried out in 1992-1997. In fact, this is the first structure of the Russian Avant-garde in Moscow which has gone through a scientifically based restoration process. However, there were essential mistakes made, building materials of low quality and insufficient execution of the works, which has led to rapid degradation. The WMF Watch program included it on its 100 most endangered sites of the world in 2005 and 2006. At that time the structural condition of the building had begun deteriorating, including sagging of reconstructed wooden ceilings-membranes and plaster falling down. In addition, the Melnikov House is hemmed in today by multi-storey blocks. The visual balance of the external view has been destroyed. The philosophical author’s intention for the house’s interior to follow the movement of the sun so that light would penetrate into a particular space at a particular time of the day has now been effectively negated by the walls that crowd in on the building.
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