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Arte, Ensino, Utopia E Revolução | Jair Diniz Miguel Declínio Cada Vez Maior Até Sua Desaparição

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Arte, Ensino, Utopia E Revolução | Jair Diniz Miguel Declínio Cada Vez Maior Até Sua Desaparição Em 20 anos de vanguarda russa, entre 1910 e 1930, seus artistas experimentaram diversas lin- Jair Diniz Miguel guagens artísticas, do Futurismo italiano ao mais Jair Diniz Miguel Graduado em História pela Universidade rigoroso Construtivismo e Produtivismo (uma de São Paulo (USP) em 2001 e doutor em História Social da Cultura e Arte pela vertente radical de fusão da arte com a vida) em mesma instituição (2006). Desenvolveu busca da expressão perfeita da modernidade, da pesquisa em Cultura Popular comparada realidade por eles vivida e da história em constru- com o título “Das Estepes aos Sertões: Cultura Popular na Rússia e no Nordeste ção no período. Ao concentrar tantos caminhos e brasileiro”, entre 2007-2010 na UFRN. esforços em uma só instituição de ensino de ar- Trabalha com pesquisas relacionadas tes, estava aberta a passagem para a inovação e a Arte e Cultura (grafismo popular no Lubok, Arquitetura soviética, Indústria a revolução que o VKhUTEMAS/VKhUTEIN ope- fotográfica na Rússia) e tradução de rou na História da Arte soviética. A Seção de Base autores russos (Bogdanov, Tarabukin, Fedorov entre outros), além de ser (curso introdutório), com disciplinas amplas e in- membro do UNESCO Geopark tegradoras, a abertura pedagógica, as disputas Araripe (URCA-CE) e do grupo de teórico-conceituais, a extensa lista de professores pesquisa MATIZES do Departamento de Arte (UFRN). modernistas e vanguardistas e um ambiente aca- E-mail: [email protected] dêmico de pesquisa e novidades são algumas das principais conquistas da instituição que dominou a cena artística na União Soviética nos anos 1920. ARTE, ENSINO, UTOPIA Uma escola voltada para o futuro, para uma nova E REVOLUÇÃO: OS ATELIÊS vida e um novo mundo. Arte, ensino, utopia e revolução ARTÍSTICOS VKHUTEMAS/VKHUTEIN (RÚSSIA/URSS, 1920-1930) Jair Diniz Miguel ARTE, ENSINO, UTOPIA E REVOLUÇÃO: OS ATELIÊS ARTÍSTICOS VKHUTEMAS/ VKHUTEIN (RÚSSIA/URSS, 1920-1930) Jair Diniz Miguel UFSC Florianópolis 2019 Copyright © 2019 Jair Diniz Miguel Coordenação de edição e editoração eletrônica Carmen Garcez Projeto gráfico 5050com Capa Carmen Garcez Imagem: Aleksandr Aleksandrovitch Deineka Prédio do VKhUTEMAS, Rua Miasnitskaia (linogravura, 1921) Catalogação na fonte pela Biblioteca Universitária da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina M636a Miguel, Jair Diniz Arte, ensino, utopia e revolução [recurso eletrônico] : os ateliês artísticos VKhUTEMAS/VKhUTEIN (Rússia/URSS, 1920-1930) / Jair Diniz Miguel. – Dados eletrônicos – Florianópolis : Editoria em Debate/UFSC, 2019. 240 p. : il., tabs. Inclui bibliografia. ISBN: 978-85-68267-29-5 E-book (PDF) 1. Arte – História – Rússia – União Soviética – Século XX. 2. Escola de Arte VKhUTEMAS. 3. Vanguarda (Estética). I. Título CDU: 7(47)(091) Elaborada pela bibliotecária Dênira Remedi – CRB 14/1396 Todos os direitos reservados a Editoria Em Debate Campus Universitário da UFSC – Trindade Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Bloco anexo, sala 301 – Telefone: (48) 3721-4046 Florianópolis – SC www.editoriaemdebate.ufsc.br / www.lastro.ufsc.br O projeto de extensão Editoria Em Debate conta com o apoio de recursos do acordo entre Middlebury College (Vermont – USA) e UFSC. NOTA EDITORIAL uito do que se produz na universidade não é publicado por falta Mde oportunidades editoriais, tanto nas editoras comer ciais como nas editoras universitárias, cuja limitação orçamentária não acompanha a demanda existente, em contradição, portanto, com essa demanda e a produção acadêmica exigida. As consequências dessa carência são várias, mas, principalmente, a dificuldade de acesso aos novos conheci- mentos por parte de estudantes, pesquisadores e leitores em geral. De outro lado, há prejuízo também para os autores, frente à tendência de se valorizar a produção intelectual conforme as publicações, em uma difícil relação entre quantidade e qualidade. Constata-se, ainda, a velocidade crescente e em escala cada vez maior da utilização de recursos informacionais, que permitem a divulga- ção e a democratização do acesso às publicações. Dentre outras formas, destacam-se os e-books, artigos full text, base de dados, diretórios e documentos em formato eletrônico, inovações amplamente utilizadas para consulta às referências científicas e como ferramentas formativas e facilitadoras nas atividades de ensino e extensão. Documentos, periódicos e livros continuam sendo produzidos e impressos, e continuarão em vigência, conforme opinam estudiosos do assunto. Entretanto, as inovações técnicas podem contribuir de forma complementar e oferecer maior facilidade de acesso, barateamento de custos e outros recursos que a obra impressa não permite, como a inte- ratividade e a elaboração de conteúdos inter e transdisciplinares. Portanto, é necessário que os laboratórios e núcleos de pesquisa e ensino, que agregam professores, técnicos educacionais e estudantes na produção de conhecimento, possam, de forma convergente, suprir suas demandas de publicação também como forma de extensão universitá- ria, por meio de edições eletrônicas com custos reduzidos e em divulga- ção aberta e gratuita em redes de computadores. Essas características, sem dúvida, possibilitam à universidade pública cumprir de forma mais eficaz suas funções sociais. Dessa perspectiva, a editoração na universidade pode ser descen- tralizada, permitindo que várias iniciativas realizem essa convergência com autonomia e responsabilidade acadêmica, editando livros e perió- dicos de divulgação científica, conforme as peculiaridades de cada área de conhecimento no que diz respeito à sua forma e conteúdo. Por meio dos esforços do Laboratório de Sociologia do Trabalho (Lastro), da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) – que conta com a participação de professores, técnicos e estudantes de graduação e pós-graduação –, e por iniciativa e empenho do prof. Fernando Ponte de Sousa, a Editoria Em Debate (ED) completa oito anos de realizações, sempre com o apoio do Middlebury College/Vermont, que acreditou no projeto. Criada com o objetivo de desenvolver e aplicar recursos de publicação eletrônica para revistas, cadernos, coleções e livros que pos- sibilitem o acesso irrestrito e gratuito dos trabalhos de autoria dos mem- bros dos núcleos, laboratórios e grupos de pesquisa da UFSC e outras instituições, conveniadas ou não, sob orientação e acompanhamento de uma Comissão Editorial, a ED publicou 60 livros desde 2011. Os editores Coordenador Jacques Mick Conselho editorial Adir Valdemar Garcia Ary César Minella Laura Senna Ferreira Fernando Ponte de Sousa Maria Soledad Etcheverry Orchard Iraldo Alberto Alves Matias Michel Goulart da Silva Janice Tirelli Ponte de Sousa Ricardo Gaspar Müller José Carlos Mendonça Valcionir Corrêa Aos meus avós Catarina e Alcebíades AGRADECIMENTOS Fazer agradecimentos é sempre muito bom, significa que o traba- lho foi concluído, ou que já pode ser considerado concluído. Significa também que o apoio e a atenção dos familiares, amigos e professores foi aos menos parcialmente recompensado. Meus primeiros agradecimentos vão para os meus familiares, eles sabem quanto são importantes. Meu agradecimento do fundo do coração vai para o meu orienta- dor, Prof. Dr. Marcos Silva, por ter a paciência de orientar e estar sempre disponível, mesmo quando o tempo já era muito escasso. Agradeço à minha banca de qualificação, Prof. Dr. Oswaldo Cog- giola e Profª Drª Elena Vássina pela ajuda e orientação que foram muito bem aproveitadas, eu espero. Aos meus amigos, mais do que amigos, Lidiane, Aline, Taciana, Helena, Carlos, Germano, pelo apoio e pelas inúmeras conversas e dis- cussões sobre o trabalho. A todos os que me ajudaram e ajudam a completar esse momento da minha vida, meu obrigado e meus parabéns. À Apple Computer por ajudar a tornar a computação muito fácil e agradável, além de esteticamente bonita. A revolução está em todas as partes e em todas as coisas; ela é infinita, não existe revolução final, não existe fim para uma sequência de inteiros. A revolução social é só uma dentro da seqüência de inteiros. A lei da revolução não é uma lei social, é imensuravelmente maior, é uma lei cósmica, universal – tal como a lei de conservação de energia e a lei de perda de energia (entropia). Um dia uma fórmula exata será estabelecida para a lei da revolução. E, nesta fórmula, as nações, as classes, as estrelas – e os livros serão representados por valores numéricos. Vermelha, ígnea, próxima da morte – assim é a lei da revolução; mas aquela morte é o nascimento de uma vida nova, de uma estrela nova. E fria, azul como o gelo, como os gélidos infinitos interplanetários, é a lei da entropia. A chama passa de um vermelho ígneo para um cor-de-rosa uniforme, suave, não mais próximo da morte, mas sim do conforto-produtor; o sol envelhece e se torna um planeta adequado para estradas, lojas, camas, prostitutas, prisões: esta é a lei. E para rejuvenescer o planeta, devemos incendiá-lo, devemos forçá-lo a desviar da estrada tranqüila da evolução: esta é a lei. A chama, suficientemente verdadeira, amanhã ou depois estará fria (no Livro de Gênesis os dias são anos, ou ainda a eternidade). Mas já hoje deveria existir alguém que pudesse prever isto; deveria existir alguém que falasse hereticamente de amanhã. Os hereges são os únicos remédios (ainda que amargos) para a entropia do pensamento humano [...]. Explosões não são confortáveis. É por isso que os deflagradores, os hereges, são perfeitamente aniquilados pelo fogo, por machados, e pelas palavras. Os hereges são hoje nocivos a todas as pessoas, a toda evolução, ao difícil, lento, útil,
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