Critical Psychiatry: a Brief Overview
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Autism Practice Parameters
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry AACAP is pleased to offer Practice Parameters as soon as they are approved by the AACAP Council, but prior to their publication in the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (JAACAP). This article may be revised during the JAACAP copyediting, author query, and proof reading processes. Any final changes in the document will be made at the time of print publication and will be reflected in the final electronic version of the Practice Parameter. AACAP and JAACAP, and its respective employees, are not responsible or liable for the use of any such inaccurate or misleading data, opinion, or information contained in this iteration of this Practice Parameter. PRACTICE PARAMETER FOR THE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER ABSTRACT Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by patterns of delay and deviance in the development of social, communicative, and cognitive skills which arise in the first years of life. Although frequently associated with intellectual disability, this condition is distinctive in terms of its course, impact, and treatment. ASD has a wide range of syndrome expression and its management presents particular challenges for clinicians. Individuals with an ASD can present for clinical care at any point in development. The multiple developmental and behavioral problems associated with this condition necessitate multidisciplinary care, coordination of services, and advocacy for individuals and their families. Early, sustained intervention and the use of multiple treatment modalities are indicated. Key Words: autism, practice parameters, guidelines, developmental disorders, pervasive developmental disorders. ATTRIBUTION This parameter was developed by Fred Volkmar, M.D., Matthew Siegel, M.D., Marc Woodbury-Smith, M.D., Bryan King, M.D., James McCracken, M.D., Matthew State, M.D., Ph.D. -
Mapping Coils of Paranoia in a Neocolonial Security State
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 6-2016 Becoming Serpent: Mapping Coils of Paranoia in a Neocolonial Security State Rachel J. Liebert Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1286 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] BECOMING SERPENT: MAPPING COILS OF PARANOIA IN A NEOCOLONIAL SECURITY STATE By RACHEL JANE LIEBERT A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Psychology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2016 © 2016 RACHEL JANE LIEBERT All Rights Reserved ii BECOMING SERPENT: MAPPING COILS OF PARANOIA IN A NEOCOLONIAL SECURITY STATE By RACHEL JANE LIEBERT This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Psychology to satisfy the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Michelle Fine Date Chair of Examining Committee Maureen O’Connor Date Executive Officer Michelle Fine Sunil Bhatia Cindi Katz Supervisory Committee THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Becoming Serpent: Mapping Coils of Paranoia in a Neocolonial Security State By Rachel Jane Liebert Advisor: Michelle Fine What follows is a feminist, decolonial experiment to map the un/settling circulation of paranoia – how it is done, what it does, what it could do – within contemporary conditions of US white supremacy. -
Psyccritiques
Thomas Szasz: The Uncompromising Critic of Psychiatry A review of Coercion as Cure: A Critical History of Psychiatry by Thomas S. Szasz New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2007. 278 pp. ISBN 978-0- 7658-0379-5. $34.95 Reviewed by Jay Joseph In Coercion as Cure: A Critical History of Psychiatry, psychiatrist Thomas S. Szasz returns to many of the positions he has put forward since the 1960s. A major theme of his writing has been that psychiatry is a “pseudoscientific state religion” (p. 10), whose main purpose is to deprive people of their liberty under the guise of providing treatment for those suffering from (nonexistent) “mental illnesses.” As always, Szasz uses direct and forceful language in making his case against “psychiatric slavery” (p. 12). He defines psychiatry as “the theory and practice of coercion, rationalized as the diagnosis of mental illness and justified as medical treatment aimed at protecting the patient from himself and society from the patient” (p. xi). The book's subtitle should not lead prospective readers to conclude that this is a comprehensive critical history of the psychiatric profession. Rather, Szasz focuses on past and present controversial psychiatric “treatments” such as American psychiatry founder Benjamin Rush's “tranquilizing chair,” involuntary confinement, lobotomy (which Szasz calls “cerebral spaying,” p. 151), sleep therapy, electroconvulsive treatment (ECT), insulin shock treatment, and the “psychiatrically implemented drugging of mental patients” (p. 177). Unlike more moderate critics, who point to these practices as mere abuses, Szasz sees them as exemplifying the role of psychiatry as an agent of social control. “Despite seemingly radical changes in psychiatric principles and practices during the past half century,” he writes, “I contend that the truth about this mala fide medical specialty remains so terrible that it invites disbelief” (p. -
Specificity of Psychosis, Mania and Major Depression in A
Molecular Psychiatry (2014) 19, 209–213 & 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 1359-4184/14 www.nature.com/mp ORIGINAL ARTICLE Specificity of psychosis, mania and major depression in a contemporary family study CL Vandeleur1, KR Merikangas2, M-PF Strippoli1, E Castelao1 and M Preisig1 There has been increasing attention to the subgroups of mood disorders and their boundaries with other mental disorders, particularly psychoses. The goals of the present paper were (1) to assess the familial aggregation and co-aggregation patterns of the full spectrum of mood disorders (that is, bipolar, schizoaffective (SAF), major depression) based on contemporary diagnostic criteria; and (2) to evaluate the familial specificity of the major subgroups of mood disorders, including psychotic, manic and major depressive episodes (MDEs). The sample included 293 patients with a lifetime diagnosis of SAF disorder, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder (MDD), 110 orthopedic controls, and 1734 adult first-degree relatives. The diagnostic assignment was based on all available information, including direct diagnostic interviews, family history reports and medical records. Our findings revealed specificity of the familial aggregation of psychosis (odds ratio (OR) ¼ 2.9, confidence interval (CI): 1.1–7.7), mania (OR ¼ 6.4, CI: 2.2–18.7) and MDEs (OR ¼ 2.0, CI: 1.5–2.7) but not hypomania (OR ¼ 1.3, CI: 0.5–3.6). There was no evidence for cross-transmission of mania and MDEs (OR ¼ .7, CI:.5–1.1), psychosis and mania (OR ¼ 1.0, CI:.4–2.7) or psychosis and MDEs (OR ¼ 1.0, CI:.7–1.4). -
2021 Psychiatry CERT Content Specifications
CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION IN PSYCHIATRY Beginning in 2017, the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, Inc. (ABPN) issued two- dimensional content specifications for the psychiatry, neurology and child neurology certification examinations. Questions for the September 2021 psychiatry, neurology and child neurology certification examinations will conform to these content specifications. Within the two-dimensional format, one dimension is comprised of disorders and topics while the other is comprised of competencies and mechanisms that cut across the various disorders of the first dimension. By design, the two dimensions are interrelated and not independent of each other. All of the questions on the examination will fall into one of the disorders/topics and will be aligned with a competency/mechanism. For example, an item on substance use could focus on treatment, or it could focus on systems-based practice. The psychiatry, neurology and child neurology content specifications can be accessed from the specialty certification section of our website. Candidates should use the detailed content specifications as a guide to prepare for a certification examination. Scores for these examinations will be reported in a standardized format rather than the previous percent correct format. Starting in 2018, all future examinations given by the ABPN will gradually conform to the two- dimensional content specification. The American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, Inc. is a not-for-profit corporation dedicated to serving the public interest and the professions of psychiatry and neurology by promoting excellence in practice through certification and continuing certification processes. For more information, please contact us at [email protected] or visit our website at www.abpn.com. -
Anatomy of an Epidemic: Psychiatric Drugs and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America
Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, Volume 7, Number I , Spring 2005 Anatomy of an Epidemic: Psychiatric Drugs and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America Robert Whitaker Cambridge, MA Over the past 50 years, there has been an astonishing increase in severe mental illness in the United States . The percentage of Americans disabled by mental illness has increased fivefold since 1955, when Thorazine-remembered today as psychiatry's first "wonder" drug-was introduced into the market . The number of Americans disabled by mental ill- ness has nearly doubled since 1987, when Prozac-the first in a second generation of wonder drugs for mental illness-was introduced . There are now nearly 6 million Ameri- cans disabled by mental illness, and this number increases by more than 400 people each day. A review of the scientific literature reveals that it is our drug-based paradigm of care that is fueling this epidemic . The drugs increase the likelihood that a person will become chronically ill, and induce new and mote severe psychiatric symptoms in a significant percentage ofpatients. Keywords: antipsychotics; antidepressants ; mental illness; epidemic; schizophrenia he modern era of psychiatry is typically said to date back to 1955, when chlorpro- mazine, marketed as Thorazine, was introduced into asylum medicine . In 1955, T the number of patients in public mental hospitals reached a high-water mark of 558,922 and then began to gradually decline, and historians typically credit this empty- ing of the state hospitals to chlorpromazine . As Edward Shorter wrote in his 1997 book, A History of Psychiatry, "Chlorpromazine initiated a revolution in psychiatry, comparable to the introduction of penicillin in general medicine" (Shorter, 1997, p. -
Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders in Children with Autism: Interview Development and Rates of Disorders
J Autism Dev Disord (2006) 36:849–861 DOI 10.1007/s10803-006-0123-0 ORIGINAL PAPER Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders in Children with Autism: Interview Development and Rates of Disorders Ovsanna T. Leyfer Æ Susan E. Folstein Æ Susan Bacalman Æ Naomi O. Davis Æ Elena Dinh Æ Jubel Morgan Æ Helen Tager-Flusberg Æ Janet E. Lainhart Published online: 15 July 2006 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 2006 Abstract The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders sample demonstrated a high prevalence of specific phobia, and Schizophrenia was modified for use in children and obsessive compulsive disorder, and ADHD. The rates of adolescents with autism by developing additional screening psychiatric disorder in autism are high and are associated questions and coding options that reflect the presentation of with functional impairment. psychiatric disorders in autism spectrum disorders. The modified instrument, the Autism Comorbidity Interview- Keywords Psychopathology Æ Autism Æ Psychiatric Present and Lifetime Version (ACI-PL), was piloted and interview Æ Comorbidity frequently diagnosed disorders, depression, ADHD, and OCD, were tested for reliability and validity. The ACI-PL provides reliable DSM diagnoses that are valid based on clinical psychiatric diagnosis and treatment history. The Children with autism frequently have problematic emo- tional reactions and behaviors along with the features that O. T. Leyfer Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University define autism. Disturbances of emotion, attention, activity, of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA and thought, and associated behavioral problems occur in children with autism of all ages (Lainhart, 1999). It is not S. E. Folstein yet known how often these additional difficulties are due to Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA comorbid psychiatric disorders. -
Why Do We Need a Social Psychiatry? Antonio Ventriglio, Susham Gupta and Dinesh Bhugra
The British Journal of Psychiatry (2016) 209, 1–2. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.115.175349 Editorial Why do we need a social psychiatry? Antonio Ventriglio, Susham Gupta and Dinesh Bhugra Summary interventions in psychiatry should be considered in the Human beings are social animals, and familial or social framework of social context where patients live and factors relationships can cause a variety of difficulties as well as they face on a daily basis. providing support in our social functioning. The traditional way of looking at mental illness has focused on abnormal Declaration of interest thoughts, actions and behaviours in response to internal D.B. is President of the World Psychiatric Association. causes (such as biological factors) as well as external ones such as social determinants and social stressors. We Copyright and usage contend that psychiatry is social. Mental illness and B The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2016. and difficulties at these levels can lead to psychopathological Antonio Ventriglio (pictured) is an honorary researcher at the Department of and behavioural dysfunctions. Social stressors can lead to changes Clinical and Experimental Medicine at the University of Foggia, Italy. Susham 5 Gupta is a consultant psychiatrist at the East London Mental Health in the cerebral structure and affect neuro-hormonal pathways. Foundation NHS Trust. Dinesh Bhugra is Emeritus Professor of Mental Health Even organic conditions such as dementia are said to be related to & Cultural Diversity at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, life events and social factors such as economic and educational status.5 King’s College London and is President of the World Psychiatric Association. -
Barnes Et Al
DEMONSTRATING THE VALIDITY OF TWIN RESEARCH IN CRIMINOLOGY∗ J. C. BARNES,1 JOHN PAUL WRIGHT,1,6 BRIAN B. BOUTWELL,2 JOSEPH A. SCHWARTZ,3 ERIC J. CONNOLLY,4 JOSEPH L. NEDELEC,1 and KEVIN M. BEAVER5,6 1School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati 2School of Social Work, Saint Louis University 3School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska at Omaha 4Criminal Justice Department, Pennsylvania State University, Abington 5College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University 6Center for Social and Humanities Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia KEYWORDS: assumptions, behavior genetics, biosocial, empirical, quantitative, twins In a recent article published in Criminology, Burt and Simons (2014) claimed that the statistical violations of the classical twin design render heritability studies useless. Claiming quantitative genetics is “fatally flawed” and describing the results generated from these models as “preposterous,” Burt and Simons took the unprecedented step to call for abandoning heritability studies and their constituent findings. We show that their call for an “end to heritability studies” was premature, misleading, and entirely without merit. Specifically, we trace the history of behavioral genetics and show that 1) the Burt and Simons critique dates back 40 years and has been subject to a broad array of empirical investigations, 2) the violation of assumptions in twin models does not in- validate their results, and 3) Burt and Simons created a distorted and highly misleading portrait of behavioral genetics and those who use quantitative genetic approaches. “The flaws of twin studies are not fatal, but rather seem no worse (and may be better) than the flaws of the typical causal study that relies on observational data.” (Felson, 2012: ii) Behavioral genetic research has existed for more than 100 years (Maxson, 2007). -
The Psychoactive Effects of Psychiatric Medication: the Elephant in the Room
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 45 (5), 409–415, 2013 Published with license by Taylor & Francis ISSN: 0279-1072 print / 2159-9777 online DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2013.845328 The Psychoactive Effects of Psychiatric Medication: The Elephant in the Room Joanna Moncrieff, M.B.B.S.a; David Cohenb & Sally Porterc Abstract —The psychoactive effects of psychiatric medications have been obscured by the presump- tion that these medications have disease-specific actions. Exploiting the parallels with the psychoactive effects and uses of recreational substances helps to highlight the psychoactive properties of psychi- atric medications and their impact on people with psychiatric problems. We discuss how psychoactive effects produced by different drugs prescribed in psychiatric practice might modify various disturb- ing and distressing symptoms, and we also consider the costs of these psychoactive effects on the mental well-being of the user. We examine the issue of dependence, and the need for support for peo- ple wishing to withdraw from psychiatric medication. We consider how the reality of psychoactive effects undermines the idea that psychiatric drugs work by targeting underlying disease processes, since psychoactive effects can themselves directly modify mental and behavioral symptoms and thus affect the results of placebo-controlled trials. These effects and their impact also raise questions about the validity and importance of modern diagnosis systems. Extensive research is needed to clarify the range of acute and longer-term mental, behavioral, and physical effects induced by psychiatric drugs, both during and after consumption and withdrawal, to enable users and prescribers to exploit their psychoactive effects judiciously in a safe and more informed manner. -
Study Books on ADHD Genetics: Balanced Or Biased? International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 12, [1305590]
University of Groningen Study books on ADHD genetics te Meerman, Sanne; Batstra, Laura; Hoekstra, Rink; Grietens, Hans Published in: International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-Being DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2017.1305590 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2017 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): te Meerman, S., Batstra, L., Hoekstra, R., & Grietens, H. (2017). Study books on ADHD genetics: balanced or biased? International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-Being, 12, [1305590]. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2017.1305590 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. -
Changing the Balance of Psychosis Treatment
Advances in psychiatric treatment (2009), vol. 15, 0–0 doi: 10.1192/apt.bp.108.006361 Advances in psychiatric treatment (2009), vol. 15, 221–223 doi: 10.1192/apt.bp.108.006361 INVITED Changing the balance of psychosis COMMENTARY treatment INVITED COMMENTARY ON … MINIMAL-MEDICATION APPROACHES TO TREATING SCHIZOPHRENIA† Joanna Moncrieff but a further reason is that their benefits may have Joanna Moncrieff is a senior SUmmary been exaggerated. Long before the introduction lecturer in social and community psychiatry at University College Antipsychotic medication is the primary form of these drugs, it was known that a proportion of of treatment offered to people diagnosed with London and an honorary consultant people who have a psychotic breakdown recover schizophrenia or psychosis, but it is associated in rehabilitation psychiatry at the naturally. In addition, it is generally accepted that North East London Foundation Trust. with severe adverse effects, it is often experienced up to a third of patients derive little benefit from She has written numerous papers as unpleasant and its benefits may have been and one book on psychiatric drug overstated. Therefore, it is important to evaluate taking antipsychotics, but continue to manifest treatments, history of psychiatry research into approaches that aim to minimise the disabling symptoms. and research methodology. use of this medication. Existing studies suggest that Correspondence Dr Joanna such approaches can be successful and result in Moncrieff, Mental Health Sciences, Research on antipsychotics Wolfson Building, University College avoidance of antipsychotics in a high proportion It is commonly assumed that research has London, 48 Riding House Street, of clients.