Military Despatches Vol 38 August 2020

Deadlier than the male Females on the front lines

The Night Witches WWII female pilots hated and feared by the Germans

The Dark Intruder Who was Captain Franz von Rintelen

Mary Walker The only woman to win the US Medal of Honour

For the military enthusiast CONTENTS August 2020 Page 14 Click on any video below to view

How much do you know about movie theme songs? Take our quiz and find out.

Hipe’s Wouter de The old South African Goede interviews former Defence Force used 28’s gang boss David a mixture of English, Williams. , slang and techno-speak that few Special Forces - 75th Ranger Regiment outside the military could hope to under- stand. Some of the terms Features 36 were humorous, some The Dark Intruder were clever, while others 6 Who was Captain Franz Dagob- were downright crude. Ten Modern Female Warriors ert Johannes von Rintelen? And why was he known as ‘The Dark History abounds with legends Intruder”? Paul Rosslee tells us of male warriors, but this is not more. Part of Hipe’s “On the the case for the fairer sex. Yet couch” series, this is an that is not to say that they didn’t 42 interview with one of exist. 26 Ranks author Herman Charles 20 Salty Sea Stories This month we look at the ranks of the US Military. Bosman’s most famous The Night Witches Some an amusing naval story characters, Oom Schalk Hated and feared by the Ger- and some history rewritten. Please note A taxi driver was shot Lourens. Hipe spent time in mans, this all female regiment 30 There is no survival article this dead in an ongoing Hanover Park, an area became a crucial Soviet asset month as we were not able to during World War II. Females on the front line get the copy in time. war between rival taxi plagued with gang While most countries all wom- organisations. violence, to view first- 23 en to serve in the military, not Quiz hand how Project This is our song many allow women to take part Ceasefire is dealing with Ever since Joshua brought the in combat. 29 the situation. house down at Jericho, music 34 Parachute Wings and the military have shared a This month we show you 15 Hipe TV brings you videos ranging from actuality to humour and every- close relationship. We look at Bet you never knew that parachute wings. You tell us the thing in between. Interviews, mini-documentaries and much more. some music synonymous with History according to American country or the specific unit. the military. students. Check out Hipe TV and remember to like, comment, share and subscribe. 00 3 CONTENTS Page 72

Editor’s PUBLISHER Sitrep Hipe Media EDITOR Matt Tennyson

PHOTO EDITOR line from a poem by vowed that the magazine would Regine Lord Lewis Carroll (he of Al- never feature paid advertising. ice In Wonderland fame) These are both vows that I have CONTRIBUTORS A Raymond Fletcher, Ryan August in military history reads: “The time has come”, the kept. Murphy, Matt O’Brien, Paul Walrus said, “To talk of many I did, however, want to raise Rosslee, Matt Tennyson. things.” The poem in question funds from the magazine. My Head-to-Head Forged in Battle Book Review is “The Walrus and the Carpen- intention was to use funds rais- Military Despatches is pub- 71 ter”. 50 58 es to either start or support pro- lished on-line every month. The poem goes on to say “ Of Pathfinder Company jects aimed at assisting military The articles used in Military The 1967 Six-Day War B-17 Super Fortress shoes - and ships - and sealing Written by Graham Gillmore, veterans. Despatches are copyrighted In the first of a series of articles From its introduction in 1938, wax - Of cabbages - and kings- this is the story of 44 Parachute In the third issue of the mag- and may not be used without we look at the small arms used the B-17 Flying Fortress would And why the sea is boiling hot - Brigade’s Pathfinder Company. azine I wrote an article saying prior permission from the edi- during the 1967 Six-Day War. go on to become the third most And whether pigs have wings.” that I had joined an organisation tor. produced bomber of all time. To be honest I have no cur- Front Cover called Patreon. People could The views stated in this maga- rent interest in shoes, sealing make a monthly donation into zine do not necessary reflect the Famous Figures Battlefield The ruin of the Genbaku way, cabbages or kings. this account. They could donate views of Military Despatches, dome in Hiroshima in Japan What I do want to talk about as little as $1.00 a month. That 63 the editor, the staff, or Hipe 52 which is preserved as a memo- is Military Despatches and its works out at R16.53 - less that Operation Nimrod Media. Mark Walker rial. The city is where the first future or lack thereof. a cup of coffee. To date that Nonconformist, medical doc- The daring SAS hostage rescue atomic bomb was dropped on 6 I started Military Despatches total amount we have raised is Hipe! tor, US Civil War surgeon, and mission that was viewed on live August 1945. back in July 2017. Since then zero. Not a cent. Yet I continued P.O. Box 31216, Tokai, 7966 the only woman to be awarded television. there have been 38 issues of the to produce the magazine each . the US Medal of Honour. magazine. That spans a period month. Gaming of three years and two months. Like most other people, the email 68 It has consisted of 2,988 pag- current Covid-19 Pandemic has [email protected] es and 622 articles. As you can had an adverse effect on my ARMA 3 image, a project such as this ability to earn an income. Back Issues Using ARMA 3 to create your takes time to put together each I earn my living as a free- To view any back issues of own movies. month. lance journalist. I write articles Military Despatches, go to Movie Review When I started the magazine for various publications (most- www.militarydespatches.co.za I vowed that it would always be ly overseas), do editing work, or click here. free to anyone that wanted to and also film and produce doc- 70 read it, and that they were wel- umentaries (again mostly for My Father’s War come to send the magazine on overseas companies. A must-see movie for all mili- to anyone they wished. I also Continues on page 49 tary veterans. 4 5 Top Ten Top Ten

made her way to New York City not allowed to serve in Ranger/ Ten modern day women warriors and Washington, D.C. She was Infantry roles due to the Pen- granted a meeting with Pres- tagon’s exclusion policies on History abounds with legends of male warriors, but this is not the case for the fairer sex. Yet that ident Woodrow Wilson on 10 women in combat. That policy is not to say that they didn’t exist. July 1918, during which she changed on 3 December 2015 begged the president to inter- when Secretary of Defense Ash hroughout history leg- for four months. vene in Russia. Carter announced the US mili- ends of male warriors In 1917 she proposed the Wilson was apparently so tary would open combat posi- Tare aplenty, but the same creation of an all-female com- moved by her emotional appeal tions to women with no excep- cannot be said of women war- bat unit which she believed that he responded with tears tion. riors. Yet that is not to say that would solve the Army’s morale in his eyes and promised to do Kristen Griest In 2016, Griest became the they didn’t exist. problem. She felt that it would what he could. first female infantry officer in Some of these women war- shame the men into again sup- After leaving the United the US Army when the Army riors are well known. Most porting the war. risten Griest, Lisa Jaster and States, she travelled to Great Shaye Haver approved her request to trans- people will know about Joan of Permission was granted and Britain where she was granted fer there from a military police The United States Army Arc, probably the most popular she was placed in command of an audience with King George unit. Ranger School is a 61 day woman warrior in history. This the unit. The 1st Russian Wom- V. The British War Office gave Shaye Haver graduated from combat leadership course ori- 16 year old girl would go on to en’s Battalion of Death initially her 500 rubles of funding to re- the United States Military Maria Bochkareva ented toward small-unit tactics. lead the French army in battle attracted more than 2,000 wom- turn to Russia. Academy in 2012. Not only did this Russian sol- The course is considered the against the English. en volunteers, but Bochkarvea’s Bochkareva arrived in She followed in her father’s dier fight in , she premiere military leadership Another well known woman strict discipline weeded out all Arkhangelsk in August 1918 footsteps and became a helicop- also formed the Women’s Bat- course in the world. warrior was Boudicca, queen but 300 of them. and attempted to organise an- ter pilot. She flew an Apache talion of Death and was the first It is open to Soldiers (commis- of the Iceni. After her husband Her unit was at the front at the other unit, but failed. In April attack helicopter in an aviation Russian woman to command a sioned officer, warrant officer, died she led an army of 100,000 time of the October Revolution 1919, she returned to Tomsk brigade. military unit. or non-commissioned officers), men and toppled the Roman and did not participate in the and attempted to form a wom- On 21 August she graduated When World War I broke out Sailors, Airmen, and Marines in capital in Britain, Camulodu- defence of the Winter Palace. en’s medical detachment under from Ranger School, receiving in 1914 she tried to join the 25th the U.S. Armed Forces, as well num. Bochkareva’s unit disbanded White Army Admiral Aleksandr a certificate of completion and Tomsk Reserve Battalion of the as select allied military students Yet there are other women after facing increasing hostility Kolchak, but before she could was awarded and authorized to Imperial Russian Army, but was - as long as you were male. warriors in history that are less from the remaining male troops complete this task she was re- wear the Ranger tab. rejected. She was told that she In April 2015, 19 women well known. These include at the front. captured by the Bolsheviks. On 26 April 2018 Haver took should try joining the Red Cross were allowed to participate in Triệu Thị Trinh (known as the She was briefly detained by She was sent to Krasnoyarsk command of Co C, 1st Battal- instead. the course as part of a one-time Vietnamese Joan of Arc), Na- the Bolsheviks but released. In where she was interrogated ion, 508th Parachute Infantry of Undeterred, she secured the pilot program to see how wom- kano Takeko (one of the only early 1918 she was detained a for four months. Ultimately, the 3rd Brigade, 82nd Airborne personal permission of Tsar en would do in Ranger School. known onna-bugeisha - fe- second time and scheduled to against Lenin’s orders, she was Division. Nicholas II. After three months To date, only three women have male samurai - in Japan’s his- be executed. sentenced to death and execut- Lisa Jaster graduated from the training she began front-line successfully passed the course. tory, Grace O’Malley (the Irish She was rescued, however, ed as an “enemy of the working United States Military Academy duty with 5th Corps, 28th Regi- Kristen Griest graduated pirate queen), Lozen (Apache by a soldier who had served class”. in 2000 and was commissioned ment of the Second Army. She from the United States Mili- warrior), and Rani Lakshmibai with her in the Imperial Army She was shot by the Cheka on as an engineer officer with the was decorated for rescuing fif- tary Academy in 2011. She also (India) are some of them. in 1915 and who convinced 16 May 1920. She was posthu- 92nd Engineer Battalion. ty wounded soldiers from the served in Afghanistan as a mili- In this article, however, we the Bolsheviks to stay her ex- mously pardoned and exonerat- She was deployed to both field. tary police officer. will be looking at modern day ecution. She was granted an ed by Lenin. Iraq and Afghanistan as part of She was wounded in the arm On 21 August 2015, Griest, women warriors. Those whose external passport and allowed The Cheka (Secret Police Operation Enduring Freedom I and leg and worked as a medical along with Shaye Haver, be- achievements have been in the to leave the country. In April who later became the NKVD and Operation Iraqi Freedom I. sister until she was fit enough to came the first woman to gradu- 20th century and beyond. They 1918 she went to America. and then the KGB) agents who She was awarded a Bronze Star return to the front with the rank ate from Ranger School. are in alphabetical order. Sponsored by socialite Flor- ordered her execution were ex- medal. of corporal. She suffered anoth- When Griest graduated from ence Harriman, Bochkareva ecuted themselves for not fol- After getting married, she left er injury that left her paralyzed Ranger school women were arrived in San Francisco and lowing orders. active-duty in 2007 and start- 6 7 Top Ten Top Ten ed a family and civilian career how someone of her size could ed basic training, was the out- in aviation at an early age. She Order of Lenin, Order of the with , but returned to the help the military, she replied standing trainee of her , enrolled at a flying club at the Red Banner, Order of the Patri- Army as a reservist in 2014. “You don’t have to be six feet and subsequently proceeded to age of 14 and performed her otic War 1st class and Order of She was part of the pilot group tall to have a brain that works.” the medic’s training course. first solo flight at the age of 15. the Red Star decorations. to attend Ranger School. There By 1943 she was a captain After successfully complet- She became a flight instruc- were 400 participants on the and she commanded the first ing the medic’s training course, tor at Kalinin Airclub and by course, including 19 women. women’s battalion to go over- Elinor Joseph was stationed in the time the Germans invaded She graduated later than Kris- seas. a military police base near the Russia she had already trained ten Griest and Shaye Haver be- She served as director of Palestinian city of Qalqilyah. 45 pilots. cause she had to repeat one of WAC personnel attached to the In response to a transfer re- She tried to join a military the phases of the course. 8th and 9th Air Forces, and by quest Elinor made, in 2010 she aviation unit, but was rejected Of the 400 participants that 1945, as a lieutenant colonel, was reassigned to the Caracal due to a lack of experience. Not started the course, only 90 she commanded all WAC per- battalion, which operates in the deterred in the least, she applied earned the Ranger tab. While sonnel in the European theater. western Negev along ’s again. This time, however, she the average age of the trainees By 1947, Hallaren was a full border with Egypt. She thus be- exaggerated her pre-war flight is 23, Jaster graduated at the colonel, and was appointed di- Elinor Joseph came the first Arab woman ever time by 100 hours. age of 37. rector of the entire WAC. Elinor Joseph is the first Arab to serve in the Israeli army in a She was accepted and posted She was the first female Unit- On June 12, 1948, when the woman ever to serve in a com- combat role. to the all-female 586th Fighter ed States Army Reserve officer WAC was officially integrated bat role in the Israeli military. Regiment of the Air Defense to become a Ranger. into the Army, she became the Her father, Charbel Joseph, Force, a unit formed by Marina first woman to serve as a regu- served in the Israeli Paratroop- Raskova. Lydia trained on a Ya- lar Army officer. ers Brigade and when she fin- kovlev Yak-1 aircraft. Lyudmila Pavlichenko She remained in this post un- ished high school he encour- In 1942 Lydia flew her first Nicknamed Lady Death, Ly- til she retired from the army in aged her to enlist in the Israeli combat flights over Saratov. udmila Pavlichenko was a snip- 1960. She served in the United Defence Force (IDF). On 10 September she moved er in the Red Army. States Department of Labour as Although reluctant at first, she along with Katya Budanova, Her total confirmed kills dur- director of the Women in Com- decided that she wanted to serve Maria M. Kuznetsova and Rai- ing World War II was 309, and munity Service division until as a combat medic. sa Beliaeva, the commander this included 36 enemy snipers, She retired in 1978, but contin- When she arrived at the re- of the group, and accompany- making her the deadliest female ued to serve in an advisory ca- cruitment base she was informed ing female ground crew, to the sniper in history. pacity. that she had already been select- regiment airfield, at Verkhnaia When the Germans invaded In the 1990s, she was a lead- ed to serve as an office clerk. Akhtuba, on the east bank of Russia in June 1941, Lyudmila ing proponent of the Women’s She was steadfast that she was the Volga river. But when they was 24 years old and doing her Memorial at Arlington National going to be a combat medic and arrived the base was empty forth year of studies at Kiev Cemetery, which was dedicated refused to be transported out to Lydia Litvyak and under attack, so they soon University. Mary Hallaren in 1997. a new base. A fighter pilot in the Soviet moved to Srednaia Akhtuba. She immediately volunteered Mary Hallaren joined the She died on 13 February Finally, after several days, Air Force during World War II, On 13 June 1943, she was to join the army and was one of Women’s Army Auxiliary 2005 at the Arleigh Burke Pa- a meeting was arranged be- Lydia Litvyak was the first fe- appointed flight commander the first to report to the Odessa Corps in 1942. It later became vilion, an assisted living facility tween her and a colonel from male fighter pilot to shoot down of the 3rd Aviation Squadron recruiting office. the Women’s Army Corps for retired military personnel in the Northern Command. The an enemy aircraft, the first of within 73rd GvIAP. She requested that she join (WAC). McLean, Virginia. She was 97. colonel made Elinor a singular two female fighter pilots who On 1 August 1943, at the age the infantry and was assigned to This was less than a year af- proposal: undergo regular basic have earned the title of fighter of 21, she was shot down and the Red Army’s 25th Rifle Divi- ter the Japanese attack on Pearl training and, on the condition of ace and the holder of the record killed by two German fighter sion. Harbour and America’s entry being selected as an outstand- for the greatest number of kills aircraft. She then became one of 2,000 into World War II. ing trainee, go on to attempt the by a female fighter pilot. Nicknamed the “White Lily female snipers in the Red Army. She was barely five feet tall medic’s training course. Born in Moscow to a Jewish of Stalingrad”, she was award- Only about 500 of them would and when a recruiter asked her Elinor agreed. She complet- family, she became interested ed the Hero of the Soviet Union, survive the war. 8 9 Top Ten Top Ten

In June 1942, she was wound- herself in battle on ten separate tion of Serbia in World War II, Sonja Frenk. lay low for some time. ed by fire. Because of occasions. But neither was it Milunka refused to attend a ban- When the Germans occupied She dyed her hair black and her growing status, she was suitable for a young woman to quet organised by Milan Nedić, the Netherlands in World War returned to resistance work. withdrawn from combat less be in combat. which was to be attended by II, university students were re- Once again she contributed to than a month after recovering She was offered a transfer German generals and officers. quired to sign a declaration of assassinations and sabotage, as from her wound. to the Nursing division. Savic She was arrested and taken to allegiance to the occupation au- well as courier work, and the The government then decided stood at attention and insisted Banjica concentration camp, thorities. When Schaft refused transportation of illegal weap- to send Lyudmila on a publicity she only wanted to fight for her where she was imprisoned for to sign the petition in support ons and the dissemination of il- tour of Canada and the United country as a combatant. The of- ten months. of the occupation forces, she legal newspapers. States. ficer said he’d think it over and She died in Belgrade on 5 Oc- could not continue her studies She was eventually arrested at She became the first Soviet give her his answer the next tober 1973, aged 81. and moved in with her parents a military checkpoint in Haar- citizen to be received by a US day. Still standing at attention, again. lem on 21 March 1945, while President when Franklin Dela- Savic responded, “I will wait.” She became a member of the distributing the illegal commu- no Roosevelt welcomed her to It is said he only made her stand Raad van Verzet (Council of nist newspaper de Waarheid. the White House. an hour before agreeing to send Resistance), a resistance move- After much interrogation, tor- In Chicago, she stood before her back to the infantry.” ment that had close ties to the ture, and solitary confinement, large crowds, chiding the men In 1914, in the early days of Communist Party of the Neth- Schaft was identified by the to support the second front. Milunka Savić World War I, Savić was award- erlands. roots of her red hair. “Gentlemen,” she said, “I am This Serbian war heroine, ed her first Karađorđe Star with She was not interested in be- On 17 April 1945, three 25 years old and I have killed who fought in the Balkan Wars Swords after the Battle of Kol- coming a courier, but wanted to weeks before the end of the war, 309 fascist invaders by now. and in World War I, may be the ubara. She received her second work with weapons. She was Hannie was executed by Dutch Don’t you think, gentlemen, most decorated female combat- Karađorđe Star (with Swords) responsible for sabotaging and Nazi officials. She was 24 at the that you have been hiding be- ant in the entire history of war- after the Battle of the Crna Bend assassinating various targets. time of her death. hind my back for too long?” fare. in 1916 when she captured 23 She carried out various at- Her words settled on the When her brother received Bulgarian soldiers single-hand- tacks on Germans, Dutch Na- crowd, then caused a surging his call-up papers for mobili- edly. zis, collaborators and traitors. roar of support. zation for the Second Balkan She was also awarded the She learned to speak German In 1943, she was awarded the War, Milunka chose to go in his French Légion d’Honneur fluently and got involved with place. Gold Star of the Hero of the (Legion of Honour) twice, Hannie Schaft German soldiers. Soviet Union, and was com- She cut her hair, put on men’s Russian Cross of St. George, The “girl with the red hair“ memorated on a Soviet postage clothes, and joined the Serbian British medal of the Most Dis- Jannetje Schaft was a Dutch communist resistance fighter was soon on the Nazi’s most stamp. Army. tinguished Order of St Michael, wanted list. After the war, she finished It wasn’t long before she was Serbian Miloš Obilić medal. during World War II. She be- came known as Het meisje met When one of her fellow re- her education at Kiev Univer- in combat. She was promoted She was the sole female re- sistance members was injured, sity and began a career as a his- to corporal and was awarded a cipient of the French Croix de het rode haar (Dutch for the girl with the red hair). Her secret he mistakenly gave her name torian. medal during the Battle of Bre- Guerre 1914–1918 with the away. The Dutch nurses that Lyudmila Pavlichenko died galnica. gold palm attribute for service name in the resistance move- ment was Hannie.. treated him were actually Ger- on 10 October 1974 at age 58, She was wounded and tak- in World War I. mans disguised as resistance and was buried in the Novode- en to hospital in order for her She was demobilised in 1919, From a young age she was interested in politics and social workers. vichye Cemetery in Moscow. wounds to be treated. Imagine and turned down an offer to Hannie was arrested and in the surprise of the attending move to , where she was justice. This led her to study law because she wanted to be- an attempt to get her to confess, physicians when they discov- eligible to collect a comfortable her parents were sent to the Nancy Wake ered her true gender. French army pension. Instead, come a human rights lawyer. During her time at the Uni- Vught concentration camp. Born in New Zealand, Nancy She was called in front of she chose to live in Belgrade Unable to get a confession out Wake ran away from home at her commanding officer, but and found work as a postal versiteit van Amsterdam she became friends with the Jew- of her, Hannie’s parents were the age of 16 and worked as a he didn’t really want to punish worker. eventually released. She had to nurse. her. After all, she had proved During the German occupa- ish students Philine Polak and 10 11 Top Ten Using £200 that she had in- group headed by Captain Henri herited from an aunt, she jour- Tardivat in the Forest of Tron- neyed to New York City, then çais. where she trained her- Her duties included allocat- self as a journalist. ing arms and equipment that She was working in France were parachuted in and mind- in 1937 when she met wealthy ing the group’s finances. French industrialist Henri Ed- From March 1944 until the mond Fiocca. They were mar- liberation of France, her 7,000 ried on 30 November 1939. plus maquisards fought the Ger- She was living in Marseille, mans by any means they could. France when invaded. Her French companions, es- After the fall of France in pecially Henri Tardivat, praised 1940, she became a courier for her fighting spirit, amply dem- the French Resistance and later onstrated when she killed an Mary Edwards Walker joined the escape network of SS sentry with her bare hands Mary Walker wasn’t a sol- Captain Ian Garrow. to prevent him from raising the dier, not did she ever serve in In reference to Wake’s ability alarm during a raid. the military. Yet she was a true to elude capture, the Gestapo Immediately after the war, warrior. called her the “White Mouse”. Wake was awarded the George She was a doctor, American The Resistance exercised cau- Medal, the United States Medal abolitionist, prohibitionist, pris- Bush War Books has probably one of the finest tion with her missions; her life of Freedom, the Médaille de la oner of war and surgeon during collections of military titles available. Especially was in constant danger, with the Résistance, and the Croix de the American Civil War. Gestapo tapping her telephone Guerre. She was awarded the During the war she worked as on the . and intercepting her mail. last medal three times. a surgeon for the Union Army. By November 1942 Wake She learned that the Gestapo She would often cross enemy was the Gestapo’s most wanted had tortured her husband to lines to treat wounded. person in the Marseilles area, death in 1943 for refusing to She was captured by Con- with a price of 5 million francs disclose her whereabouts. federate forces and arrested as on her head. After the war, she worked a spy. She was sent to a POW When the network was be- for the intelligence department camp until released in a pris- Click here to visit their website. trayed that same year she decid- at the British Air Ministry, at- oner exchange. ed to flee France. Her husband, tached to embassies in Paris After the war she was ap- Henri Fiocca, stayed behind. and Prague. proved for the Medal of Honor, He later was captured, tor- Wake was appointed a Che- becoming the first, and only tured, and executed by the Ge- valier (knight) of the Legion of woman, to earn the award. She stapo because he would not be- Honour in 1970 and was pro- was also one of only eight civil- tray her. moted to Officer of the Legion ians to ever receive the award. After reaching Britain, Wake of Honour in 1988. She died on 21 February 1919 joined the Special Operations She died on 7 August 2011 in at the age of 86. Executive and was trained by London at the age of 98. You can read more about them in several different train- Mary Walker in this month’s ing programs. “Famous Figures in Military On 1 March 1944, Wake was History”. parachuted into the Auvergne, becoming a liaison between “War does not determine who is right - only who is left” London and the local maquis 1210 11 to execute direct action raids cation. War, many colonial command- Special Forces - 75th Ranger Regiment in hostile or sensitive environ- ers were former Rangers. ments worldwide, often killing Origin American Ranger history pre- Part eighteen of a series that takes a look at Special Forces units around the world. This or capturing high value targets. The Regiment’s history dates dates the Revolutionary War to month we look at America’s 75th Ranger Regiment. Besides direct action raids, back to Colonial America, Ethan Allen and his guerrilla he 75th Ranger Reg- cial Operations Command. The 75th Ranger Regiment is their other missions include: when rifle companies organized fighting group the Green Moun- iment, also known as The Regiment is head-quar- the U.S. Army’s premier light Airfield seizure, special recon- by Major Robert Rogers made tain Boys in Vermont. Army Rangers, is an tered at Fort Benning, Georgia infantry unit, with specialized naissance, personnel recovery, long-range attacks against Captain Benjamin Church T clandestine insertion, and site French forces and their Indian formed Church’s Rangers, elite special operations force and is composed of one spe- skills that enable them to per- that is a combat deployable unit cial troops battalion and three form a variety of operations. exploitation. The Regiment can allies and were instrumental in which fought hostile Native in the United States Army Spe- Ranger battalions. Their primary operations are deploy one Ranger battalion capturing Fort Detroit. During American tribes during King within 18 hours of alert notifi- the American Revolutionary Philip’s War.

14 15 In 1756 Major Rogers, a New Canadian and British Comman- Vietnam War Hampshire native, recruited dos in the ill-fated Dieppe Raid The history of Long Range nine Ranger companies to fight on the coast of occupied France. Reconnaissance Patrol in the French and Indian War. Three Rangers were killed and (LRRP—pronounced “Lurp”), Major Roberts They were known as “Rogers’ several captured. LRP, and Ranger units deployed 19 Standing Orders Rangers”. Robert’s was famous In November 1942, the entire during the Cold War in Europe for his “19 Standing Orders”, 1st Ranger Battalion entered and Vietnam is based on three 1. Don’t forget nothing. which he wrote for the Rangers. combat for the first time when time periods: 2. Have your musket clean as a whistle, hatchet scoured, sixty In 1775, the Continental Con- they landed at Arzew, . 1. LRRP from late 1965 to 20 rounds powder and ball, and be ready to march at a minute’s gress later formed eight compa- The First were split into two December 1967; warning. nies of expert riflemen to fight groups in hopes of assaulting 2. LRP from late December 3. When you’re on the march, act the way you would if you in the Revolutionary War. Vichy-French batteries and for- 1967 through January 1969; was sneaking up on a deer. See the enemy first. In 1777, this force of hardy tifications before the 1st Infan- and 4. Tell the truth about what you see and do. There is an army frontiersmen, commanded by try Division would land on the 3. Ranger from 1 February depending on us for correct information. You can lie all you Dan Morgan, was known as beach. The operation was suc- 75th Ranger Regiment 1969, to 1972 when the Vi- please when you tell other folks about the Rangers, but don’t The Corps of Rangers. Francis cessful, and the unit sustained etnam War drew down and never lie to a Ranger or officer. Marion, “The Swamp Fox”, or- minimal casualties. long-range reconnaissance, op- the U.S. Vietnam Ranger 5. Don’t never take a chance you don’t have to. ganized another famous Revo- With the success of the First erating miles past the front line. units were deactivated. 6. When we’re on the march we march single file, far enough lutionary War Ranger element Ranger Battalion during the However, in 1974 their col- apart so one shot can’t go through two men. known as “Marion’s Partisans”. Tunisian campaign, Darby re- Korean War ours and lineage were passed 7. If we strike swamps, or soft ground, we spread out abreast, During the War of 1812, com- quested that the Rangers be The outbreak of hostilities to newly formed Ranger Battal- so it’s hard to track us. panies of United States Rangers expanded to a full Regiment. in Korea in June 1950 again ions based in the United States. 8. When we march, we keep moving till dark, so as to give the were raised from among the fron- The request was granted. The signalled the need for Rang- enemy the least possible chance at us. tier settlers as part of the regular Third and Fourth Ranger Bat- ers. Fifteen Ranger companies Post-Vietnam Era 9. When we camp, half the party stays awake while the other army. Throughout the war, they talions were authorized shortly were formed during the Korean In January 1974, General half sleeps. patrolled the frontier from Ohio after and were trained and led War. The Rangers went to battle Creighton Abrams, Army Chief 10. If we take prisoners, we keep ‘em separate til we have had to Western Illinois on horseback by veteran officers and NCOs throughout the winter of 1950 of Staff, directed the formation time to examine them, so they can’t cook up a story between and by boat. Rangers participated from the First Battalion. and the spring of 1951. of a Ranger battalion. General ‘em. in many skirmishes and battles The 2nd and 5th Ranger Bat- They were nomadic warri- Kenneth C. Leuer was charged 11. Don’t ever march home the same way. Take a different route with the British and their Amer- talions were trained at Camp ors, attached first to one Regi- with activating, organizing, so you won’t be ambushed. ican Indian allies. Forrest, Tennessee, on 1 April ment and then to another. They training and leading the first 12. No matter whether we travel in big parties or little ones, each After the Civil War, more than 1943. They first saw action 6 performed “out front” work - battalion sized Ranger unit party has to keep a scout 20 yards ahead, twenty yards on half a century passed without June 1944, during Operation scouting, patrolling, raids, am- since World War II. each flank and twenty yards in the rear, so the main body Ranger units in the United States. Overlord. During D-day 2nd bushes, spearheading assaults, The 1st Ranger Battalion was can’t be surprised and wiped out. Rangers companies D, E, and and as counter-attack forces to activated and parachuted into 13. Every night you’ll be told where to meet if surrounded by a World War II F, were ordered to take a stra- regain lost positions. Fort Stewart, Georgia, on 1 July superior force. General George C. Marshall, tegic German outpost at Pointe In all six airborne Ranger 1974. 14. Don’t sit down to eat without posting sentries. Chief of Staff of the United du Hoc. companies, the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, The 2nd Ranger Battalion 15. Don’t sleep beyond dawn. Dawn’s when the French and In- States Army, envisioned an The 6th Ranger Battalion was 4th, 5th, and 8th, averaging followed with activation on 1 dians attack. elite unit of fifty men selected stationed in the Pacific, and 125 soldiers in each company October 1974. The 3rd Rang- 16. Don’t cross a river by a regular ford. voluntarily from the 34th Infan- served mostly in the Philippines served during the conflict. er Battalion and Headquarters 17. If somebody’s trailing you, make a circle, come back onto try Division. and New Guinea. All operations Two other companies, the Company received their colors your own tracks, and ambush the folks that aim to ambush He believed Major William completed by the 6th Battalion 10th and 11th, were scheduled on 3 October 1984, at Fort Ben- you. Orlando Darby was the man were done in company- or pla- for Korea but were deactivated ning, Ga. The 75th Ranger Reg- 18. Don’t stand up when the enemy’s coming against you. Kneel to do the job. On 8 June 1942, toon-size behind enemy lines. in Japan. iment was designated in Febru- down. Hide behind a tree. Darby was officially put in They were the first soldiers During the course of the Ko- ary 1986. 19. Let the enemy come till he’s almost close enough to touch. charge of the First Ranger Bat- to hit the Philippines, three rean War, 100 Rangers were The modern Ranger battal- Then let him have it and jump out and finish him up with talion under General Hartle. days before the army would killed in action and 296 were ions were first called upon in your hatchet. Their first action was when launch the first invasion. The wounded in action. 1980 when elements of 1st fifty Rangers fought alongside 6th Ranger Battalion conducted Ranger Battalion participated 16 17 in Operation Eagle Claw, the Honours, motto and creed Iranian hostage rescue mission. The 75th Ranger Regiment In October 1983, 1st and 2nd has been credited with numer- Ranger Battalions spearheaded ous campaigns from World War Operation Urgent Fury, con- II onwards. In World War II, ducting a dangerous low-level they participated in 16 major parachute assault to seize Point campaigns, spearheading the Salines Airfield and rescue campaigns in , Sici- American citizens at True Blue ly, Naples-Foggia, Anzio and Medical Campus in Grenada. Leyte. During the Vietnam War, The entire 75th Ranger Reg- mately 100 US Army Rangers (Airborne School). they received campaign partici- iment participated in Operation in and armored Hum- For soldiers, both enlisted pation streamers for every cam- Just Cause. Rangers spearhead- vees, deployed in and around and officer, who have success- paign in the war. The Regiment ed the action by conducting two Manbij, Syria, to deter hostili- fully completed their first tour received streamers with arrow- important operations. Simulta- ties towards the deployment of of duty, and meet the recruiting heads (denoting conflicts they neous parachute assaults were the 11th MEU, whose purpose qualifications, a RASP date will WATCHFUL EYE: A Ranger from the 2nd Ranger Battalion spearheaded) for Grenada and conducted onto Torrijos/Tocu- was to support (particular- be scheduled upon application providing overwatch during combat operations in Iraq Panama. men International Airport, Rio ly providing artillery support) and conditional acceptance to To date, the Rangers have Hato Airfield and General Ma- The force killed as many Operation Freedom’s Sentinel. US-backed forces in the battle the 75th Ranger Regiment. earned six Presidential Unit nuel Noriega’s beach house, to as 30 terrorists, including the It was reported that on the to liberate Raqqa from ISIL, RASP is broken down into Citations, nine Valorous Unit neutralize Panamanian Defence Chechen camp commandant evening of 26 April 2017, 50 rather than the typical mission two levels of training: RASP 1 Awards, and four Meritorious Forces. The Rangers captured Imam Asad. The operation has Rangers from 3/75th joined 40 of training, advising and assist- for junior non-commissioned Unit Commendation, the most 1,014 Enemy Prisoners of War been falsely credited to the Pa- Afghan commandos to con- ing local forces. officers and enlisted soldiers recent of which were earned in (EPW), and over 18,000 vari- kistani Special Service Group. duct a joint US-Afghan opera- US officials took the unusual (pay grades E-1 through E-5) Vietnam and Haditha, Iraq, re- ous weapons. On 1 May 2011, a Ranger el- tion/raid that was targeting the step of publicly talking about and RASP 2 for senior non-com- spectively. Other Ranger operations ement was assigned to support headquarters of Abdul Hasib, the Ranger deployment and missioned officers, officers and Sua Sponte, Latin for “Of their have included Operation Desert Operation Neptune Spear, the the Emir of ISIS-K, in a village where they are located to pro- warrant officers. own accord” is the 75th Ranger Storm and the Battle of Moga- Ranger element and additional in Achin District, Nangarhar tect against them inadvertently Candidates train on physical Regiment’s Regimental mot- dishu. On 24 November 2000 SEALs in MH-47E Chinooks Province. coming under fire from forces fitness, marksmanship, small to. Contemporary rangers are the 75th Ranger Regiment de- would be brought forward as The force was flown into Mo- fighting in the region or Turk- unit tactics, medical proficiency triple-volunteers: for the U.S. ployed Regimental Reconnais- QRF (Quick Reaction Force) hmand Valley and within min- ish, Russian or Syrian forces. and mobility. Training is fast- Army, for Airborne School, and sance Company (RRC) Team 2 if needed; the Ranger element utes were engaged in a heavy, paced and intense, ensuring for service in the 75th Ranger and a command and control el- would also protect the FARP close-quarter firefight, AC-130 Selection and training Ranger candidates are prepared Regiment. ement to Kosovo in support of north of Abbottabad. Follow- gunships, Apache helicopters, Every volunteer for the Reg- to employ their skills in both The motto “Rangers lead the Task Force Falcon. ing the successful completion F-16 fighters and drones were iment, from every new recruit continued training and world- way!” dates from 6 June 1944, During the Global War on of the operation, a Ranger team called in to support the force to every officer and any senior wide operations upon reaching during the Normandy Landings Terrorism the Rangers played transported the body of Osama firefight with ISIL-KP militants. leader selected to command in their assigned Ranger unit. on Dog White sector of Omaha an important role in both Oper- Bin Laden to the aircraft carri- The firefight lasted for three the Regiment, will go through Throughout the course all Beach. Then Brigadier General ation Enduring Freedom in Af- er USS Carl Vinson for burial hours, resulting in two Rangers the Ranger Assessment and Se- candidates will be screened to Norman Cota (assistant CO of ghanistan and Operation Iraqi at sea. from C and D Companies dy- lection Program (RASP) to as- ensure that only the best sol- the 29th ID) calmly walked to- Freedom. In November 2015, the U.S. ing of injuries (possibly caused sess their ability and provide diers are chosen for service in wards Maj. Max Schneider (CO In March 2006, DEVGRU military sent a company of by friendly fire) after being ca- the basic skills required to be the Ranger Regiment. of the 5th Ranger Battalion) operators and a Ranger element Rangers to south-eastern Af- sevaced and a third was also an effective member of the 75th Regardless of the course, while under heavy machine carried out an operation alleg- ghanistan, as part of the Post wounded, 35 (including Abdul Ranger Regiment. all candidates must meet the gun fire and asked “What outfit edly under the code name Op- ISAF phase of the war in Af- Hasib and an unspecified num- For new soldiers, RASP is course requirements in order to is this?” Someone yelled “5th eration Vigilant Harvest. Their ghanistan, to help Afghan coun- ber of ISIL-KP leaders) ISIL- conducted after applicants suc- serve in the Ranger Regiment. Rangers!” To this, Cota replied target was an al-Qaeda training ter-terrorism forces destroy KP militants were also killed. cessfully complete their basic Upon successful completion of “Well then Goddammit, Rang- camp in North Waziristan in Pa- an al-Qaeda training camp in In March 2017, as part of Military Occupational Special- RASP, candidates will don the ers! Lead the way!” kistan, they were flown across a “fierce fight” that lasted for Operation Inherent Resolve, ty course and graduate from tan beret and 75th Ranger Reg- the Afghan-Pakistan border. several days. It was known as CNN reported that approxi- the Army’s Parachutists Course iment Scroll. 18 19 sent out up to 40 two-per- son crews at night. Each crew The Night Witches would carry out between eight and 18 missions per night. They The 588th Night Bomber Regiment became a crucial Soviet asset during World War II. They flew nearly 24,000 combat mission and dropped more than 23.000 tons of bombs on German targets. would drop their bombs before They were both hated and feared by the Germans. And they were an all female regiment. heading back to re-arm before setting out once more. he Germans nicknamed wanted to take an active part in schedule at Engels School of The weight of the bombs them the Nachthexen, or combat and were not content Aviation. They were expected forced them to fly at lower al- ‘night witches’, and they with merely playing a support- to learn in months what it took titudes, making them a much T easier target. This was why they were so feared and hated by the ing role. others years to grasp. Each re- Nazis that any German airman Raskova decided to petition cruit had to train and perform as could only fly missions at night. who downed one was automat- Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin pilots, navigators, maintenance Each plane would carry a pi- ically awarded the Iron Cross and ask for permission to form and ground crew. NIGHT WITCHES: Pilots of the 588th Night Bomber Regiment lot in front, with a navigator medal. an all-female fighting squadron. are given a briefing before setting out on a mission. behind her. They would fly in They flew under the cover of Using female pilots in com- Into action packs, and only at night. darkness in bare-bones plywood bat wasn’t a first choice. While They were originally known tear up their bedding and stuff stopwatches, flashlights, pen- The first planes would go in biplanes. They braved bullets women had been previously as the 588th Night Bomber them into the boots, just to get cils, maps and compasses. and act as bait. They would and frostbite in the air, while barred from combat, the pres- Regiment. Later they would be- them to fit. There was, however, a plus attract German searchlights battling skepticism and sexual sure of an encroaching enemy come the 46th “Taman” Guards The equipment they were giv- side to those old aircraft. Their which provided much need- harassment on the ground. gave Soviet leaders a reason to Night Bomber Aviation Regi- en to use was not much better. maximum speed was slow- ed illumination. The navigator During World War II they rethink the policy. ment, of the Soviet Air Forces. The Soviet Air Force provided er than the stall speed of the would then release a flare to flew 23,672 combat sorties and Adolf Hitler had launched Yevdokia Bershanskaya be- them with outdated Polikar- Nazi planes, which meant light up the intended target. dropped more than 23,000 tons Operation Barbarossa, his mas- came the regiment’s command- pov Po-2 biplanes. These light these wooden planes, ironical- The following planes would of bombs, and 26,000 incendi- sive invasion of the Soviet Un- ing officer. two-seater, open-cockpit planes ly, could manoeuvre faster than cut their engines to an idle and ary shells on Nazi targets. They ion, in June 1941. By the fall The steep learning curve in were never meant for combat, the enemy, making them hard glide in darkness to the target were the 588th Night Bomber the Germans were pressing on their training wasn’t the only they were crop dusters from to target. before releasing their bombs. Regiment - and they were all Moscow, Leningrad was under problem facing the regiment. the 1920s and had been used as German soldiers likened the female. siege and the Red Army was There was open scepticism training vehicles. Tactics sound of these gliding aircraft struggling. The Soviets were from many of the male military The Polikarpov Po-2 was The Polikarpov Po-2 could to broomsticks and named The Soviet Amelia Earhart desperate. personnel who believed that the made out of plywood with can- only carry a single bomb under the pilots Nachthexen - Night Marina Raskova was not only On 8 October 1941 Stalin women added no value to the vas pulled over, the aircraft of- each wing. The regiment would Witches. the first female navigator in the gave orders for three all-female combat effort. The men didn’t fered virtually no protection Soviet Air Force, she also held air force units to be deployed. like ‘little girls’ at the front line. from the elements. Flying at numerous records for long dis- After all, war was a man’s job, night, pilots endured freezing tance flights. In fact she was Training begins wasn’t it. temperatures, wind and frost- known as the ‘Soviet Amelia The Soviet Union was the Raskova did her best to pre- bite. In the harsh Soviet win- Earhart’. first nation to officially allow pare her women for these atti- ters, the planes became so cold, Women across the Soviet Un- women to engage in combat. tudes, but they still faced sexu- just touching them would rip ion had been sending her letters. Marina Raskova wanted to take al harassment, long nights and off bare skin. They all wanted to join the war full advantage of this fact and gruelling conditions. Due to both the planes’ lim- effort. Many had lost brothers, began to recruit her teams. Another glaring problem was ited weight capacity and the sweethearts or even husbands She selected 400 women that the Soviet Air Force was military’s limited funds, the pi- while others had seen their from the more than 2,000 appli- not prepared for women pilots. lots also lacked other “luxury” homes and villages ravaged by cations she received. Their ages They had no uniforms availa- items their male counterparts the Germans. ranged from 17 to 26. ble and the women had to make enjoyed. Instead of parachutes While women had been al- Those selected then moved down with hand-me-down uni- (which were too heavy to car- lowed to participate in support to Engels, a small town north forms from the men. It was dif- ry), radar, guns and radios, they FLYING COFFIN: The Night Witches flew the Polikarpov Po- roles, many of them wanted of Stalingrad. They underwent ficult to find boots that were the were forced to use more rudi- 2, which was nicknamed the ‘Flying Coffin’. Constructed from to be pilots or gunners. They a highly compressed training right size and the women had to mentary tools such as rulers, plywood and canvas it would often catch fire if hit by tracers. 20 21 This is our song Ever since Joshua brought the house down at Jericho, music and the military have shared a close relationship. We look at some music that has become synonymous with certain units, regiments and corps.

usic and the military Civil War it was adopted as a de mal events, such as the birthday have shared a close facto anthem of the Confederacy ball and other ceremonies. Mrelationship for thou- (The South). Anchors Aweigh is the fight sands of years. Garryowen is a suburb of Lim- song of the United States Na- Much of the military music erick in Ireland. It was also the val Academy and march song of has been composed to announce name of an Irish drinking song. the United States Navy. It was LEGENDS: From left to right: Marina Raskova was known as the Soviet Amelia Earhart, she military events as with bugle It later became the march- composed in 1906 by Charles A. started the 588th Night Bomber Regiment. Yevdokia Bershanskaya was the regimental com- mander of the 46th Taman Guards Night Bomber Aviation Regiment during World War II and calls and fanfares, or accompa- ing tune for the American 7th Zimmermann with lyrics by Al- became the only woman ever awarded the Order of Suvorov. Irina Sebrova flew 1,008 sorties ny marching formations with Cavalry Regiment during the fred Hart Miles. Another Acad- in the war and was awarded the title ‘Hero of the Soviet Union’. drum cadences, or mark special late 19th century. The tune was emy Midshipman, Royal Lovell occasions as by military bands. brought to the 7th Cavalry by (class of 1926), later wrote what The Night Witches had 12 searchlights. In addition to nally sent to the front line - her However, music has been em- Brevet Colonel Myles W. Keogh would be adopted into the song commandments that they fol- bombings the unit performed plane never made it. She was ployed in battle for centuries, and other officers with relations as its third verse. lowed, and the first one was “be 155 supply drops of food and given the very first state funeral sometimes to intimidate the ene- to the Fifth Royal Irish Lancers The Air Force Song, also proud you are a woman.” ammunition to Soviet forces. of World War II and her ashes my and other times to encourage and the Papal Guard. The name known as Off We Go, was orig- While killing Germans was A total of 261 people served were buried in the Kremlin. combatants, or to assist in or- of the tune has become a part of inally titled “Army Air Corps”. their job, a job they did very in the regiment, of which 32 ganization and timing of actions the regiment, the words Garry Robert MacArthur Crawford well, when they were off duty died of various causes including An inglorious end in warfare. Owen are part of the regimental wrote the lyrics and music dur- they behaved as most women plane crashes, combat deaths They flew their last mission Depending on the culture, a crest. Listen to the original song ing 1938. During World War II, their age did. They enjoyed nee- and tuberculosis in addition to on 4 May 1945, operating with- variety of percussion and mu- and lyrics. the service was renamed “Army dlework, patchwork, decorating 28 aircraft written off. in 60 kilometres of Berlin, dur- sical instruments have been The American military is di- Air Force”, and the song title their planes, listening to music, Twenty-three personnel from ing the Vistula–Oder Offensive. used, such as drums, fifes, bu- vided into five separate branches changed. In 1947, when the Air and dancing. They even put the the regiment were awarded the Three days later, Germany offi- gles, trumpets or other horns, - the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Force became a separate service, pencils they used for navigation title Hero of the Soviet Union, cially surrendered. bagpipes, triangles, cymbals, as Air Force and Coast Guard and the song became the “Air Force into double duty as eyeliner. two were awarded Hero of the Five months later, despite be- well as larger military bands or all have their own official songs. Song”. Russian Federation, and one ing the most decorated unit in full orchestras. The United States Army song Semper Paratus (Latin for Their record was awarded Hero of Kazakh- the Soviet Air Force, the Night Instruments such as the bugle is The Army Goes Rolling “Always Ready”) is a 1928 They became the most highly stan. Witches Regiment was dis- and trumpet have been used as Along. It was adopted in 1956 song and the official march of decorated unit in the Soviet Air Nadia Popova was one of the banded without ceremony and an effective way of giving or- and used the melody from the the United States Coast Guard Force during the war. first female military pilots in service members were demobi- ders and communicating. Think U.S. Field Artillery March but (USCG), having been composed In total the regiment col- the Soviet Union, and also one lized. of bugle calls such as Taps, The with new lyrics. in 1927 by USCG officer Fran- lectively accumulated 28,676 of the most highly decorated. And when it came to the big Last Post and Reveille. The Marines Hymn is the of- cis Saltus Van Boskerck. flight hours, flew 23,672 com- She was awarded the title ‘Hero victory-day parade in Moscow Certain songs and march- ficial song of the United States Le Boudin is officially titled bat sorties, dropped over 3,000 of the Soviet Union’, the Gold after the war, the Night Witches es, whether sang a cappella or Marine Corps and was intro- Marche de la Légion Étrangère tons of bombs and over 26,000 Star Medal, the Order of Lenin, were not included. It was de- played by a full military band duced by the first Director of and is the official march of the incendiary shells, damaging or three Orders of the Red Star in cided that their planes were too or orchestra, have become syn- USMC Band, Francesco Maria French Foreign Legion. completely destroying 17 river Second World War, and three slow to take part in the parade. onymous with certain units, reg- Scala. It is the oldest official Le Boudin” is a reference to crossings, nine railways, two Orders of the Patriotic War. Their determination and ded- iments, corps and even armies. song in the United States Armed boudin, a type of blood sausage railway stations, 26 warehous- Marina Raskova, the moth- ication proved that not only Dixie, also known as Dixie’s Forces. or black pudding. Le boudin col- es, 12 fuel depots, 176 armored er of the movement, died on 4 could women cope with war, Land, was written by Daniel The third verse of the song is loquially meant the gear (rolled cars, 86 firing points, and 11 January 1943, when she was fi- they could excel at it. Emmett. During the American also used as a toast during for- up in a blanket) that used to be

22 23 carried on top of the Legion- naires backpack. Kepi Blanc is another song of the French Foreign Legion. It is sung to the tune of the Panzer- lied, a popular German Wehr- macht song during World War II. The Foreign Legion adopted it in the late 1940s. Talking about World War II and the Germans, they had a number of songs that became synonymous with certain regi- ments and formations. The Panzerlied is one of the A HELL OF A WAY TO DIE: Blood Upon The Risers is a paratrooper song that originated in World best known Wehrmacht songs. SWIRL OF THE PIPES: Many Scottish and Highland regiments War II. It was composed in June 1935 would be led into battle by a piper. by Oberleutnant Kurt Wiehle. included a version of Sweet Ba- wealth air forces. slow march. Since then the song has done the of the then South African-ruled Battotai was the official march nana on his album Troopiesong. The original score was com- The Royal Regiment of Scot- rounds. South-West Africa (present day of the Imperial Japanese Army Sarie Marais is a traditional pleted by Walford Davies in land has The Brave as It is the official hymn of the Namibia). This song is known as during World War II. Afrikaans folk song created ei- 1918 for the new RAF; it com- its official quick march. armored forces in the Chilean Das Südwesterlied or Hart wie Katyusha is a 1938 Russian ther during the First or Second bined the rhythm of the bugle Fare Thee Well Inniskilling army and is sung during parades. Kameldornholz. song that gained fame with the Anglo-Boer Wars. The Royal call of the Royal Flying Corps is the regimental quick march It has been translated to Castil- In 2017, the German army Red Army during World War II Marines (RM) are the marine with that of the Royal Naval Air of The Royal Guards. ian Spanish, but the title was left was banned from publishing as an inspiration to defend one’s corps and amphibious infantry Service. The call appears in both The Dragoon is an unchanged. song books containing Pan- land from the enemy. In Russia, of the . Sarie the introduction and the coda. Irish folk song associated with The song is also sung by some zerlied and other World War II the song is still popular. Marais was adopted in 1953 as It was originally known as the the Inniskilling , a motorized and parachute units marching songs by the Minister The song is the probable the official march of the Royal Adastral I (in reference to the regiment based at of the Italian army, most espe- of Defence Ursula von der Ley- source of the nickname of the Marines Commandos and is RAF’s motto). The second part Enniskillen, , cially by the 185th Paratroopers en as part of new efforts at dena- BM-8, BM-13, and BM-31 played after the Regimental of the march past, the trio, was in what is now Northern Ireland. Division Folgore under the title zification. “Katyusha” rocket launchers March on ceremonial occasions. composed by Sir George Dyson. And finally, Blood Upon The of Sui Monti e Sui Mar. Erika is a common German that were used by the Red Army Interesting enough, it is also The march can be played both Risers is an American para- The Korean adaptation of the female name and is also the Ger- in World War II. the official song of the Girl as a slow march and a quick trooper song from World War II. song is also used by the South man word for heather. Herms The Guides of Sri Lanka who heard march, and has been used as It is also known as Mancha Roja Korean Army as a march for the Niel wrote the song, Erika, in had a long and proud history. Boer prisoners of war singing both when the Queen’s Colour (Spanish for “Red Stain”) in country’s and motorized the 1930s. It would not only go During 1942, when they were the song while in British POW Squadron and RAF Central many airborne units from mul- units. no to become a popular march- still known as the King’s Afri- camps. Back then Sri Lanka was Band perform public duties such tiple Latin American countries. The first, second and fifth stan- ing song of the German military, can Rifles, troops were sent to still known as Ceylon. as mounting the guard at Buck- In Spain it is called Sangre en zas of the song are used by the it would also become the march- the South African city of Durban Heart Of Oak is the official ingham Palace. las cuerdas. The song uses the Brazilian Army under the title ing song of the Waffen SS. to escort Italian prisoners of war. march of the Royal Navy of the The British Special Air Ser- melody of the Battle Hymn Of of Canção Da Tropa Blindada The Funkerlied was the offi- It was there that the Regi- United Kingdom. It is also the vice (SAS) use the Marche des The Republic. (Song Of the Armored Troops) cial march of the German Signal mental song Sweet Banana first official march of several Com- Parachtistes Belges (March Of And those are just some of with the lyrics translated to Por- Troops. The world funker means began and, although it would monwealth navies including the The Belgian Paratroopers) as the songs and music that have tuguese. ‘radio operator’. evolve significantly, it would Royal Canadian Navy, and the their official quick march and become standards with military The second half of the Pan- Not to be outdone, the South retain its chorus of ‘I will buy Royal New Zealand Navy. Lili Marlene as their slow march. units and corps throughout the zerlied tune is used as chorus African Corps of Signals had you a sweet banana’, influenced The Royal Air Force March The British Parachute Regi- world. for the unofficial anthem for their own march titled Certa by the abundance of the fruit in Past is the official march of the ment have Ride Of The Valkyries the German community of Na- Cito, which is their motto. It Natal. Royal Air Force (RAF) and is as their quick march and Pomp mibia, and the unofficial anthem means ‘Swift and Sure’. Popular singer John Edmond used in some other Common- And Circumstance No 4 as their

24 25 open the rum ration. Let us spice the main brace to steel the men before the battle.” Salty sea stories Hardy: “The rum ration has been abolished, admiral. It’s A radio conversation that was supposed to have really happened, a rewriting of his- part of the government’s policy tory, and a joke show the lighter side of the Senior Service. on binge drinking.” Nelson: “Good heavens, Har- dy. I suppose we’d better get on eeping with our naval Navy. The second biggest in the to take is that you adjust your with it, full speed ahead.” theme this month, here American Navy. course 15 degrees south so we Hardy: “I think you’ll find Kare four nautical stories Currently being escorted by avoid colliding with each oth- that there’s a four knot speed for you. two battleships, six destroyers, er.” limit in this stretch of water. It’s One is about a radio conver- five cruisers, four submarines US Navy: “Okay, received, an environment protection ini- sation at sea, one is a rewriting and support vessels. thank you.” tiative.” of history, and the final two are We are currently heading to Nelson: “Damn it man! We jokes. the Persian Gulf to take part in An amusing and entertaining are on the eve of the greatest sea A US Navy aircraft carrier versus a Spanish light- This first story supposedly military manoeuvres for an of- tale. Except that it never hap- YOUR MOVE: battle in history. We must ad- house. Who do you think won? took place during Operation fensive against Iraq. pened. vance with all dispatch. Report Enduring Freedom. So that I do not suggest, I order you This story is nothing more from the crow’s nest, please.” would place it some time be- to adjust your course by 15 de- than an urban legend. Some Lastly, the captain mentions today’s politically correct mili- Hardy: “That won’t be pos- tween 2001 and 2004. grees north or we will be obliged versions state that the conver- that his escort consists of, among tary. sible, sir.” The conversation was con- to take the necessary measures sation was between a US Navy other vessels, two battleships. Nelson: “What?” ducted in Spanish. Here is the to guarantee the safety and se- battleship and a Canadian light- As this incident was supposed Nelson: “Order the signal Hardy: “Health and Safety exact translation from voice re- curity of this fleet. house, while others give the to have taken place sometime Hardy.” have closed the crow’s nest, sir. cordings. You belong to an allied nation above version. between 2001 and 2004, this Hardy: “Aye, aye sir.” No harness; and they said that who is a member of NATO and Even if you didn’t know that would have been impossible. Nelson: “Hold on, this isn’t rope ladders don’t meet regula- A-853: “This is A-853, please is part of the coalition. Please this story was nothing more than The last four Iowa-class battle- what I dictated to Flags. What’s tions. They won’t let anyone up adjust your course by 15 de- obey my orders immediately an urban legend, you should ships were decommissioned in the meaning of this?” there until proper scaffolding grees to avoid collision. and get out of our way.” still be able to pick quite a few the early 1990s, making them Hardy: “Sorry sir?” can be erected.” You are heading straight for A-853: “This is Juan Manu- holes in the ‘voice recording’. the last battleships to see active Nelson (reading aloud): Nelson: “Then get me the us. Distance 25 nautical miles. al Salaas Alcantra. We are two First of all, with all the ad- service. “England expects every person ship’s carpenter without delay, We advise you to adjust your people currently being escorted vanced and sophisticated navi- to do his or her duty, regardless Hardy.” course 15 degrees to avoid col- by our dog, our food, two beers gation equipment on board a I’m not sure who wrote the of race, gender, sexual orien- Hardy: “He’s busy knocking lision.” and a canary that’s currently modern-day aircraft carrier following story. It has been do- tation, religious persuasion or up a wheelchair access to the US Navy: “This is the Cap- asleep. they would surely have known ing the rounds on the Internet disability. What gobbledygook foredeck, admiral.” tain of a ship from the United We have the support of Co- exactly where they were. Not and I know it was published in is this for God’s sake?” Nelson: “Wheelchair access? States Navy. runa Daily Radio and the Mari- only that, but they would have the 2016/2 edition of Spring- Hardy: “Admiralty policy, I’ve never heard anything as We insist that you adjust time Emergency Frequency no. known that A-853 was a light- bok, the journal of the South I’m afraid sir. We’re an equal absurd.” your course 15 degrees north to 16. We are not going anywhere house as well as knowing its African Legion of Military Vet- opportunities employer now. Hardy: “Anti-discrimination avoid collision.” since we’re talking to you from exact location. erans. Well whoever wrote the We had the devil’s own job get- requirements, sir. We have to A-853: “We do not consider dry land. Secondly, they would not be original, take a bow. ting ‘England’ past the censors, provide a barrier-free environ- this possible or convenient. We We are currently in light- broadcasting the fact that they The story is about a conver- lest it be considered racist.” ment for the differently abled...” suggest you adjust your course house A-853 Finisterre on the were heading for the Persian sation between Admiral Lord Nelson: “Gadzooks, Hardy. Nelson: “Differently abled? 15 degrees north to avoid colli- Galician Coast. To guarantee Gulf to take part in an offensive Horatio Nelson and Captain Hand me my pipe and tobacco.” I’ve only one arm and one eye sion.” the safety of your ship which is against Iraq or anyone else. This Thomas Hardy at the Battle of Hardy: “Sorry sir. All naval and I refuse to even hear men- US Navy: “This is Captain going to smash itself against the information would surely have Trafalgar in 1805. vessels have now been desig- tion of the word. I didn’t rise to ****** at the command of the rocks, we again insist and sug- been secret and not something The story is about how the nated smoke-free working en- the rank of admiral by playing Aircraft Carrier USS Abraham gest that the healthiest and most that would be transmitted over conversation may have gone vironments..” the disability card.” Lincoln, of the United States recommended course of action an unencrypted radio network. if the battle had taken place in Nelson: “In that case, break Hardy: “Actually, sir, you did. 26 27 The Royal Navy is under-repre- er every man an enemy who The British admiral looks at sented in the areas of visual im- speaks ill of your king.” the other three and nods. Quiz pairment and limb deficiency.” Hardy: “Not any more, sir. The American admiral calls Nelson: “Whatever next? We must be inclusive in this over a US sailor and tells him Give me full sail. The salt spray multicultural age. Now put on to go to the first floor of the Parachute Wings beckons.” your Kevlar vest; it’s the rules. building and dive off onto the his month we’re looking at wings awarded to soldiers that have successfully completed a ba- Hardy: “A couple of prob- It could save your life.” concrete. sic parachute course. We show you a set of wings, you tell us the country and, if applicable, lems there too, sir. Health and Nelson: “Don’t tell me - The sailor does as he is in- Tthe unit or arm of service. safety won’t let the crew up the health and safety again. What- structed, hitting the ground in Answers on page 00. rigging without hard hats. And ever happened to rum, sodomy a heap. He lies there groaning they don’t want anyone breath- and the lash?” until the medics arrive a take 1 2 3 ing in too much salt; haven’t Hardy: “As I explained, him off. you seen the adverts.” sir. Rum is off the menu. And Not to be outdone, the Rus- Nelson: “I’ve never heard there’s a ban on corporal pun- sian admiral calls over a Rus- such infamy. Break out the can- ishment.” sian sailor. He tells him to also non and tell the men to stand by Nelson: “What about sod- dive off the building. But from to engage the enemy.” omy?” the second floor. Hardy: “The men are a bit Hardy: “I believe that is now “Yes Comrade Admiral,” he worried about shooting at any- legal, sir.” shouts with a salute. 4 5 6 one, admiral.” Nelson: “In that case, kiss me The Russian sailor does as he Nelson: “What? This is mu- Hardy.” is told, with the same results. tiny!” Finally, the South African Hardy: “It’s not that, sir. It’s And finally, a joke rather than admiral calls over one of his just that they’re afraid of being a story. Still, you may, or may sailors. The man saunters over, charged with murder if they ac- not, appreciate it. without bothering to salute. tually kill anyone. There are a “Sailor, I want you to go to couple of legal-aid lawyers on Four admirals, from the Unit- the top of that five storey build- 7 8 9 board, watching everyone like ed Kingdom, the USA, Russia ing and dive off of it.” hawks.” and South Africa, are standing The sailor looks at the build- Nelson: “Then how are we chatting during a tea break at an ing, looks at the admiral and supposed to sink the Frenchies international naval conference. shakes his head. and the Spanish?” The talk turns to the courage “You want me to dive from Hardy: “Actually, sir, we’re of their respective sailors. where? Are you mad. Go get not.” “Let me show you what cour- stuffed,” he says, turning and Nelson: “We’re not?” age is all about,” says the Brit- walking away while extending 10 11 12 Hardy: “No, sir. The French ish admiral. a middle finger over his shoul- and Spanish are our European He calls out to a British sailor der. partners now. According to the who runs up, comes to a halt, The South African admi- Common Fisheries Policy, we and snaps off a smart salute. ral turns to the other three and shouldn’t even be in this stretch “Sailor, I want you to stand at with a look of pride says, “Now of water. We could get hit with attention and then fall flat onto gentlemen, that takes real cour- a claim for compensation.” the concrete while remaining at age.” Nelson: “But you must hate attention.” 13 14 15 a Frenchman as you hate the “Yes sir!” devil.” He falls flat on his face, break- Hardy: “I wouldn’t let the ing his nose in the process. The ship’s diversity coordinator sailor gets to his feet and stands hear you saying that sir. You’ll at attention. be up on a disciplinary report.” “Thank you sailor. Dis- Nelson: “You must consid- missed.” 28 29 France Women comprise nearly one- Females on the front line fifth of the military in France. Nearly every country in the world allows women to serve in its armed forces. In some countries Women can serve in most areas women are eligible for conscription. Yet not that many countries allow women to take part in of the military except subma- combat. rines and riot control. Women are allowed to serve hroughout history there icca led a rebellion against the to become the patron saint of in combat infantry but many has been a long and col- Roman Empire in 60 A.D. France through her leadership women choose not to. 1.7% of Tourful narrative of wom- By all accounts she was not on the battlefield. women serve in combat infan- en in combat, from the Ama- a lady you wanted to get on the Believing God had chosen try. zons of Greek mythology to the wrong side of. her to save her country during very real Joan of Arc. Her army wreaked havoc in the Hundred Years’ War, she Germany Some of it has been nothing Roman Britain, defeating the commanded the French army in In 2001, Germany opened all more than mythology, but much Roman Ninth Legion and de- its victory over English forces combat units to women. This of it has been very real. stroying the capital at Colches- at Orleans in 1429 and led King greatly increased recruitment ter, as well as Verulamium (St. Charles VII to his coronation. for female soldiers. Amazons Albans) and Londinium (Lon- Captured by her enemies and WONDER WOMAN: Model and actress Gal Gadot (who Since 2001, the number of According to Greek mythol- don). tried for witchcraft and heresy, played the lead role in Wonder Woman) served as a fitness women in the German Armed ogy, this race of female warri- Defeated by Paulinus’ army, she was burned at the stake. instructor during her national service with the Israeli Defence Forces has tripled. By 2009, ors lived in the Black Sea re- Boudicca allegedly took poison Force. I swear we never had PTI’s that looked like this. 800 female soldiers were serv- gion before Greek colonization. to avoid capture. The 20th Century and beyond armed Forces. Yet not that ed under the Canadian Human ing in combat units. Legend has it that the Greek During the two world wars many countries allow women Rights Act ordered full integra- hero Heracles led an expedition Valkyries various partisan and resistance to participate in active combat tion of women in the Canadi- India to capture the girdle of the Am- Norse mythology celebrates groups made use of women in a roles. an Armed Forces “with all due Prior to 1992, Indian wom- azonian queen, Hippolyte, then its own female warriors in the variety of roles, including com- Each of these nations has tak- speed,” at least within the next en could only serve in medical conquered and expelled the form of the Valkyries, a group bat. en a different approach to inte- ten years. Submarines remained roles in the military. Since then Amazonians from the region. of maidens who served the god The constant need for troops gration of their armed forces. closed to women until 2000. India began recruiting women But are the Amazons purely Odin. caused some countries to tem- to non-medical positions in the myth? Yet there may be a bit of Riding horses and wear- porarily ease their restrictions Armed Forces Denmark armed forces. truth in the legend. ing helmets and shields, these on women in combat. These are the countries, in al- In 1988, Denmark created In 2007 on 19 January, the Burial grounds used by an- women were sent to battlefields In World War I, Russia cre- phabetical order, that currently a policy of “total inclusion”. United Nations first all female cient nomads known as the to choose those slain soldiers ated the Women’s Battalion, allow women to deploy in com- They proposed “combat trials” peacekeeping force made up of Sauromatians have yielded worthy of a place in Valhalla. which attracted thousands of bat roles. which they used to explore how 105 Indian policewomen was skeletons of women buried In reality, Viking women ac- volunteers who saw action at women fight on the front lines. deployed to Liberia. with weapons including iron companied their men on their the front against German troops. Australia A 2010 British Ministry of In 2014, India’s army had 3 swords or daggers and bronze infamous raids in Britain start- During World War II, the The Australian military began Defence study concluded that per cent women, the Navy 2.8 arrowheads. The Sauromatians ing in 900A.D. Soviets again turned to female a five-year plan to open combat women performed the same as per cent and the Air Force per- were said to be descendants of Almost half of the bodies soldiers, who served as snipers roles to women in 2011. men. All positions in military formed best with 8.5 per cent the Amazons and the Scythians, found in an examination of 14 and fighter pilots. Front line combat roles are open to women - excluding women. who lived in the 4th and 5th Viking burial grounds in Britain Even England temporarily opened in January 2013. Special Operations Forces be- In 2015 India opened new centuries B.C. belonged to women, and some eased their restrictions as well, The positions women can now cause of physical requirements. combat air force roles for wom- were buried with the swords recruiting thousands of wom- fill are: Navy Ordnance dispos- en as fighter pilots, adding to Boudicca and shields they presumably en to operate anti-aircraft guns al divers, airfield and ground Finland their role as helicopter pilots in Queen Boudicca was very used in life. during the Battle of Britain. defence guards, infantry, artil- Men are required to enlist the Indian Air Force. real, and very scary. After the While they may not have been lery and armoured units. whereas for women it is volun- death of her husband left their Joan of Arc on the front line, they were still tary. If women do choose to en- kingdom of Iceni (now Norfolk, The Maid of Orleans, as she very much in harm’s way. list they are allowed to train for Israel England) at the mercy of the was known, began her short These days most countries Canada combat roles. In its early years, Israel al- corrupt Emperor Nero, Boud- life as a simple peasant but rose allow women to serve in the In 1989, a tribunal appoint- lowed women to serve along- 30 31 side men in gender-neutral will be permitted to join the rest of as WASPS. units, but switched to same-sex the previously closed GCC roles In 1979 enlistment qualifica- units in the 1950s. in the , tions became the same for men Today, however, both men British Army Infantry, Royal Ma- and women. While women were and women are required to do rines and the RAF Regiment by able to enlist, they were prohib- national service. So women the end of 2018. ited from direct combat roles or make up a large portion of the It’s important to note, howev- assignments. In 1994 the De- army and nearly all positions er, that even though GCC roles partment of Defence officially are open to female candidates. were closed to women until 2016, banned women from serving in women have been previously on combat. The United States has New Zealand the “front line” and exposed to more women in its military than New Zealand has no restric- combat in the wars in Iraq and any other nation. tions on roles for women in its Afghanistan through other roles, On 24 January 2013, Secre- defence force. They are able to such as all roles in the Royal Ar- tary of Defence Leon Panetta serve in the Special Air Service, A Turkish signaller on deploy- tillery, which despite being one of removed the military’s ban on infantry, armour and artillery. ment. the combat arms is not classed as women serving in combat. This came into effect in 2001 a GCC role. Implementation of these rules by subordinate legislation. Women were permitted to is ongoing. There is some spec- serve in Fire Support Teams ulation that this could lead to Norway and on 105mm L118 Light women having to register with In 1985, Norway became the Gun crews. Women were also the Selective Service System. first country to allow wom- permitted to apply to join the On 21 November 2013, the en to serve on its submarines. BATS: These three young women are all qualified members of Special Reconnaissance Regi- first three women to ever com- an Israeli Parachute Battalion. The first female commander ment, which is one of the major plete the United States Marine of a Norwegian submarine was ongoing operations. However, of aircraft for more than 8,000 components of the UK Special Corps’ Infantry Training Bat- Solveig Krey in 1995. there are certain limitations in hours, 32 hours of which were Forces alongside the Special talion course graduated from Norway was, along with Isra- ‘direct combat’ duties such as active combat and bombard- Air Service, Special Boat Ser- the United States Marine Corps el, the first to allow women to special forces, pilot branch, and ment missions. vice and Special Forces Sup- School of Infantry in Camp serve in all combat roles in the naval fast attack squadrons. Women personnel are be- port Group. Geiger, North Carolina. military in 1988. ing employed as officers in the Women also served as com- In August 2015, Capt. Kristen In 2015, Norway made wom- Sweden Turkish Armed Forces today. As bat medics attached to Army In- Griest and 1st Lt. Shaye Haver en eligible for compulsory mil- Women have been able to of 2005, there are 1,245 female fantry, Royal Marines and other became the first two women to itary service. serve in all positions in the officers and NCOs in the Turk- GCC units. Some were awarded graduate from the U.S. Army Swedish military since 1989. ish Armed Forces. US Navy rescue diver. the prestigious Military Cross Ranger School. In 2016, Griest Pakistan Currently, about 5.5% of all of- Women officers serve in all for bravery under fire. became the first female infantry Women have been part of the ficers are women. branches except armour, infan- Six British women in the Iraq officer in the US Army when Pakistani military since 1947 try, and submarines. Assign- War, and three in the Afghani- the Army approved her request after the establishment of Paki- Turkey ments, promotions and training stan War were killed in action. to transfer there from a military stan. There are currently around Turkish women have volun- are considered on an equal basis police unit. 4,000 women who are serving tarily taken tasks in the defence with no gender bias. United States One significant female con- in the Pakistan Armed Forces. of their country. Nene Hatun, In WWI and WWII wom- tribution was recognized on In 2006, the first women fight- whose monument has been United Kingdom en served in numerous roles 16 June 2005, when Sgt. Ann er pilots batch joined the com- erected in Erzurum, fought dur- In July 2016 all exclusions on such as the Army Nurse Corps, Hester was awarded the Silver bat aerial mission command of ing the Ottoman-Russian War. women serving in Ground Close and the Women’s Army Corps Star for her actions during a PAF (Pakistani Air Force). Turkish women also took main Combat (GCC) roles were lifted. (WAC). They carried out vari- fire fight that took place outside roles in combat in World War All roles in the King’s Royal ous roles such as clerical work, Baghdad. This was the first Sil- One and the Independence War. Hussars, the Royal Tank Regi- mechanical work, photo analy- ver Star in U.S. military history Sri Lanka Sabiha Gökçen was the first ment, and all Army Reserve Royal sis, and sheet metal working; in awarded to a woman soldier. Female personnel of all three Turkish female combat pilot, Armoured Corps units have been some cases they were utilized services play an active part in having flown 22 different types opened to women, and women French infantry unit on patrol. as test pilots for fighter planes 32 33 Cold War, because Benjamin Franklin Roosevelt did not trust Bet you never knew that Lenin and Stalin. An ironed History records, recalls and retells events from the past. But some people have a pretty fuzzy curtain fell across the haunches recollection when it comes to history. of Europe.” I think that when the ironed t was George Santayana and going around the Maginot self. You’ll probably find that curtain fell it must have fallen that said, “Those who do Line. The Germans used a tac- Leningrad was named after onto this guy’s head. not learn from history are tic known as Blitzkrieg (Light- Lenin. Benjamin Franklin, one of I America’s founding fathers, doomed to repeat it.” ning War). I recently came across a book I also believe that the Japa- “Hitler, who had become died on April 17, 1790. A bit that contained answers to exam nese bombed Pearl Harbour, depressed for some reason, before World War II. questions as given by American not boomed it. And while the crawled under Berlin. At least Franklin Delano college and university students. US Navy does have a base in Here he had his wife Evita Roosevelt was around for most Some of them make our local San Diego, Southern Califor- put to sleep, and then shot him- of World War II. But he died on students look like geniuses. And nia Pearl Harbour, however, is self in the bonker.” April 12, 1945, before World let’s face it, that takes some do- 6,521 km away on the island of Hitler had become depressed. TORA, TORA, TORA: Japanese Zebras boom Pearl Harbour. War II ended. ing to say the very least. Oahu, Hawaii. Who would have imagined it. And Vladimir Lenin was an- Some of these answers defy And lastly, the sky was prob- By April 1945 the war was al- cans dropped an atomic bomb sile bases on the island of . other not around for the Cold belief, but at least they must ably filled with zeros and not most over and Hitler had lost. on the Japanese city of Hiroshi- Kennedy felt that these were a War. He died on January 21, have given those poor souls that zebras. The Mitsubishi A6M By January 1945 Hitler had re- ma. The bomb caused an atom- direct threat to America and he 1942. had to grade the papers a bit of Zero was a long-range fighter treated to the Führerbunker un- ic explosion, not a nuclear one. told the Russians to take them amusement. And I somehow aircraft used by Japan. der the Reich Chancellery. down and remove the missiles “The Berlin Wall was built suspect that many of these stu- On the evening of April 30, back to Russia. Otherwise he somewhere in Europe. Presi- dents would have been doomed “Germany invaded Poland, 1945 Hitler committed suicide. The Modern Era would consider military action. dent Kennedy soothed the to repeat history the next year. France invaded , and His wife committed suicide a “Wars fought in the 1950’s The US Navy and Coast masses, however, with his story Take a look at some of the an- Russia invaded everybody.” few minutes before him. Her include the Crimean War, Viet- Guard set up a blockade around about ‘Itch Ben the Berliner.’” swers given. Those sneaky Russians, in- name was Eva Braun and Hit- nam, and the Six-Minute War. Cuba. It was perhaps the clos- The Berlin Wall was built vading everybody like that. ler had only married her the day John F. Kennedy worked est that the world ever came to somewhere in Europe - Berlin World War II before. closely with the Russians to a nuclear war. may have been a clue. “The Germans took the by- “Hilter’s attack on Russia So Hitler actually shot him- solve the Canadian Missile Cri- Eventually the Russians And what Kennedy actually pass around France’s Marginal was secretly called ‘Operation self in the bunker, and not the sis.” backed down. This incident said back in 1963 was “Ich bin Line. This was known as the Barbarella’. bonker. Wrong on all accounts. The became known as the ‘Cuban ein Berliner.” Which roughly ‘Blintz Krieg’. The French hud- The German invaders were Crimean War did take place Missile Crisis’. translates as “I am a citizen of dled up and threw sneers at the popular for a while in Russia, “Unfortunately, the Second during the 50s, but it was the Berlin.” Germans. but their habit of slaughtering World War was not concluded 1850s (October 1853 – Febru- The Cold War Japan boomed Pearl Har- innocent civilians tended to until 1957.” ary 1856). Martin Luther Junior’s fa- “Actually, the fall of empires bour, the main U.S. base in give them an image problem. It actually ended with the sur- The Vietnam War lasted be- mous “If I had a hammer” has been a good thing, because Southern California. American The Russians defended Stal- render of Japan on September tween 1955 and 1975, but it was speech.” it gives more people a chance to sailors watched in shock as ingrad feercely as the city was 2, 1945. only in the 1960s that America I know that Martin Luther exploit their own people with- the sky filled with Japanese ze- named after Lenin.” become heavily involved. King Jr. had a dream. I had no out outside interference.” bras.” The German invasion of Rus- “War screeched to an end The 1967 Six-Day War be- idea he had a hammer as well. Actually, I would have prob- There you have it; World War sia was code-named Operation when a nukuleer explosion was tween Israel and the Arab na- If I recall If I Had A Hammer ably given this student 100% II summed up in a few sentenc- Barbarossa. dropped on Heroshima.” tions was named that because was a hit song for Pete Seeger for this answer. es. But, if I may, I would like to Naturally when you go around First of all, you can’t drop an the war only lasted six days - back in 1956. Peter, Paul and point out a few minor errors. slaughtering innocent civilians explosion. You can, however, not six minutes. Mary also had a hit with the So there you have it. History The French defensive line it is going to give you an image drop a bomb that will cause an John F, Kennedy did not song in 1962, as did Trini Lo- rewritten by some of the great- was known as the Maginot problem. explosion. work closely with the Russians. pez in 1963. est college and university minds Line. The Germans did by-pass Stalingrad was, of course, This is what happened on Au- In fact he threatened them. The the United States has to offer. it by attacking through Belgium named after Joseph Stalin him- gust 6, 1945 when the Ameri- Russians had set up nuclear mis- “World War II became the God bless America. 34 35 their own Military attaché”. can and blow up what I can’t”!. Swiss passport in the name of The Dark Intruder This went on for a while, un- Rintelen was given 4 task- Emil V. Gasche (the surname ings: appropriated from his brother- Who was Captain Franz Dagobert Johannes von Rintelen? And why was he known as ‘The Dark til Langhorne, unfortunately, 1. Investigate the purchase of in-law). Intruder”? Paul Rosslee tells us more. got to read one of “his” own telegrams “which allowed a Dupont Powder Company Rintelen arrived with a “take certain pro-German attitude to 2. Sabotage American ships over air” and neither the Mili- carrying munitions and sup- tary attaché, Captain von Pap- efore World War 1, Franz evade the British Mediterrane- en was promoted to Lieutenant be apparent” and the end, as he plies to the Allies en, nor the Naval attaché, Cap- Dagobert Johannes von an Squadron, got through the Commander. said, “came soon”. Langhorne 3. Support Victoriano Huer- tain Boy-Ed were pleased to Rintelen worked as the Dardanelles and handed the The fact that Britain had cut was replaced as attaché and his B successor “did not hand me any ta and his attempt to regain see him when he met them at German representative for both German cruisers Goeben and the cables was also bothering power in Mexico the German Club. No one else the Deutsche Bank and Dis- Breslau over to Turkish navy in foreign journalists and Attaches telegrams for transmission”. 4. Deliver a variation of the at the German embassy seemed conto-Gesellschaft, Germany’s Constantinople. According to who were unable to send reports (One wonders, if this did not Diplomatic Code to the em- pleased to see Rintelen either, second largest bank in New Rintelen (on his own initiative), of German victories in Russia give German foreign Secretary bassy. from Count von Bernstorff York. he arranged for a shipment of to their respective countries. Zimmerman the same idea, A return to power of Victori- (the Ambassador) to Dr Hein- 4 August 1914 found Rintel- gold for the crew’s salaries (the Here Rintelen says: “An three years later, when he sent ano Huerta could start another rich Albert, the Commercial en a Lieutenant on the Admiral- Turks wouldn’t take Marks), idea occurred to me and I must his famous telegram via Amer- Mexican civil war and although attaché (and paymaster to all ty staff, appointed as a financial via Austria, through to Con- confess that I was unscrupu- ican diplomatic channels to the Mexico’s anarchy was Amer- German undercover operations advisor. He was 38 at the time, stantinople. lous enough to exploit it”. The German embassy in Berlin). ica’s major foreign problem, in America). It is possible that spoke excellent and accent-less A Naval Corps was organ- American Military Attaché was Germany was already feel- many American “big business- Albert resented Rintelen hav- English and possessed (as Bar- ised in November 1914 to fight having difficulties in sending ing the effect of American arms es” supported Huerta as they ing independent funding from bara Tuchman) says:” intelli- in Flanders, but it was discov- his despatches home as well, shipment to the Allies. When felt a strong man in power Berlin and therefore out of em- gence, daring and…a streak of ered that there were not enough without the English intercept- the German government com- might be good for business. bassy control. megalomania” machine-guns in Germany to ing them en route. Rintelen plained that America was vio- Rintelen arrived in New York It did not take Rintelen long (Rintelen wrote his autobiog- equip it. German Intelligence proposed that he hand him the lating its neutrality status, the on 3 April 1915, using a false to discover that Dupont was raphy “The Dark Intruder” in knew of a consignment of 300 coded despatches and Rintel- American government said that not for sale (surprise!!) and that 1933. The historian, Barbara in Copenhagen, in neutral Den- en would arrange for them to Germany was free to place any the logistics of buying up and W Tuchman [Zimmerman Tele- mark, but these had been sold to be forwarded via Nauen to the orders for arms it pleased. Un- destroying that much explo- gram], described it as a work of Russia and was waiting on col- Sayville wireless station in fortunately, with Allied naval sives was too much of a prob- “Munchhausen proportions”!) lection. The German Foreign Long Island and there, via the supremacy and blockades, few lem because, as he put it, what Due to England cutting the Ministry had already protested German embassy to Washing- of these ships made it to Ger- he bought and destroyed on a undersea cables and therefore against the sale and the Ger- ton. It was accepted and he man ports. Tuesday, would just be made Germany’s links to the outside mans had posted a guard on the handed Rintelen the messages. German Intelligence then dis- on Wednesday. world, her navy was stuck on warehouse to stop delivery. Rintelen first had these mes- covered that the Dupont Pow- On 13 April 1915 Victoriano the high seas with no money to Rintelen then had an idea! sages copied, then sent them der Company in America was Huerta arrived in New York and pay for coal in neutral ports. Posing as an English Brit- along with German diplomatic possibly for sale and if Germa- took up residence in the Man- Rintelen was able, through ish agent, made contact with messages to America. Copies ny got control of this company, hattan Hotel, a very unfortunate his banking contacts, to wire French agents in Copenhagen were sent to their cipher experts it could affect the quantities of choice for Rintelen. Admiral Spee 2 million Yen and between them arranged for and before long the Germans munitions to the Allies. The Manhattan Hotel had in Tokyo going from a Danish the guns to be “secretly” trans- were able to read the American Rintelen was tasked to inves- been a favourite meeting bank, via devious routes, to the ported from the warehouse to a messages (and so was the secret tigate (probably because of his place for the Ger- Duetsche-Asiatische Bank in waiting freighter for shipment Room 40, Naval Intelligence in banking background) and at the man who’s-who in Tokyo. He also arranged for to Russia (the freighter previ- London, under Adm Hall). Foreign Offices, where, New York for some sums of money to be deposit- ously charted by the German This was not enough for Rin- meeting Zimmerman, time and was under ed in New York, New Orleans, navy in Sweden for the purpose telen and before long “I re-wrote Rintelen said that he the surveillance of Venezuela, Seattle and various and renamed with a fictitious Langhorne’s telegrams so that would: “buy what I Captain Guy Guant other countries in south and Russian name). These were, they gave a clear account of our (RN), British Mili- central America. needless to say, delivered in a military position…the Ameri- Franz tary attaché, report- In August of 1914, German German port. can Government…believe[d] von Rintelen ing directly to Admi- Admiral Souchon managed to On 27 January 1915 Rintel- that these telegrams came from ral Hall in London. 36 37 By the time Rintelen had ar- ors stuck in New York. There deposited in the cargo of mer- by Police Inspector Thomas than twenty-two vessels bound rived in America Guant had nu- were about 14 German mer- chant ships and by May 1915, Tunney of the New York Bomb out of New York up to the time merous “assets” in place: Coun- chant ships in New York har- numerous unexplained fires and Squad: (Friday 22 October we closed on Fay--and not one tess von Bernstorff’s personal bour at the time “blockaded” explosions were occurring at 1915) “In the early evening an was his prey” reported Inspec- maid, another, a chief clerk at by Royal Naval vessels just out ships out at sea. automobile emerged from the tor Tunney. There were 3 cas- the German embassy, four in of American territorial waters. Rintelen, as he said, had an- garage [Fay’s], driven by Fay es of mysterious fires and/or the German consulate, a chauf- These ships, still free at this other iron in the fire. He (his and containing another passen- explosions at sea in May, 1 in feur at the embassy and an op- time, were not able to put to own words) “had studied the ger [Rintelen, although the po- June and 5 in July, before the erator at the Sayville radio sta- sea, as alerted by British agents political situation in America lice did not know that yet] , and New York police got a break. tion. Guant also relayed most of the Royal Navy they would be and realised the only country wound out of town.. Behind it A pencil bomb aboard the SS what he heard to the Americans captured and/or sunk. she had to fear was Mexico. If was a police car. Fay stopped Kirkoswald failed to detonate as well. After a successful demon- Mexico attacked her she would his car at the roadside and disap- and the French authorities re- Eventually there would five stration of his device and with need all the munitions she peared with the other man into turned it to America (probably separate sets of agents with in- a cheque for $10,000 from could manufacture and would the underbrush and then into late October or early Novem- terests in the Manhattan Hotel, “Hansen”, Dr Scheele set up be unable to export. I knew the deeper woods”. They were ber 1915) – now the police had Secret Service, US Department his bomb factory in the engine Huerta…ascribed his fall to unable to follow the two men so something to work with. of Justice, Treasury, New York room of the merchant ship, the United States…I decided to remained in the outskirts of the Rintelen was “rung up in the Police Department as well as Freidrich der Grosse, his first take a hand in the game”. After THE FULL STORY: Captain forest and eventually followed middle of the night [by Mr Bon- Guant. Rintelen actually didn’t bombs being delivered 20 April discussions with Huerta (at the von Rintelen published his them back to New York (no iface]…he gave me a rendez- stand a chance. 1915. Manhattan Hotel) it was decid- memoirs in a book titled “The mention of an explosion that vous…for the following morn- With the help of Max Weiser, About this time that another ed that, if Mexico would “take Dark Intruder”. they would have heard). ing…as there had been feverish a German-American business- German saboteur arrived in New up arms against American… Rintelen then waxes lyrical activity…with the New York man, Rintelen started, under York: Lieutenant Robert Fay, Huerta would have his revenge. the major “Black Tom” pier on these devises and says that police” with whom Boniface the name of Hansen (one of his also with instructions to blow U-boats would land weapons; and railway sidings as a prime he gave Fay money to man- apparently had many contacts. many aliases), EV Gibbons, as up shipping in American wa- abundant funds would be pro- target. “I could not help urging ufacture more, “some which The next morning, he heard the a front company for his future ters. He had designed a device vided for the purchase of arma- myself…of giving Black Tom a were successfully used and at discovery and that now the po- activities and it was here that he (he called it a “rudder bomb”), ments and Germany…would sound knock on the head”. least 2 ships lost their rubbers lice and the Secret Service were was introduced to Dr Walter T. which he showed to von Papen. furnish Mexico with moral Fay was having difficulties as mid-Atlantic”. Fay captured at work, looking for the bomb- Scheele. Scheele designed a Von Papen, obviously wanting support”. These meetings took to the quantity of explosives he a few weeks later, first tried to ers. “We were in for it” says “pencil bomb” - a simple tube to distance himself from these place as ‘Rintelen’ and he fell needed and while making en- bribe the police with an offer Rintelen and sure that he was sealed at both ends with a cop- further intrigues, directed him under the watch of the US Se- quiries was noticed by the New of $50,000. When his premis- being followed (he was, but as per disc in the middle. Chemi- towards Rintelen. His idea was cret service. York Police Department Bomb es were searched, he was found Hansen) “hastened back to my cals on either side, when mixed, very , with a mechan- Rintelen, under the guise as Squad who put him under sur- in possession of twenty-five office via a devious route and caused an intense flame, the ical device, activated by the EV Gibbons, even managed veillance. Rintelen was very sticks of dynamite, 225kg of “liquidated” EV Gibbons Inc time of the mixing was deter- swinging of the rudder, trigger- to secure orders for military keen on the bomb and was pre- chlorate of potash and 4 com- and shut up shop”. mined by the thickness of the ing a bomb previously attached, equipment and uniforms from pared to help finance the opera- plete bombs. He also said that He took himself off to Stam- disc, this could be varied from under water, to the ship. the Russian Government, here tion, Fay arranged for a demon- his earlier demonstration with ford, New Jersey to hide and a few hours to a few weeks. It Fay was reasonably organ- he mentions the name of Count stration. “Hansen” was unsuccessful, booked himself into a hotel as has been estimated that about ised, with a Dr Herbert O. Kien- Ignatieff (Russian Military at- Rintelen gave Fay money but he was now waiting for an Englishman by the name of 140 -150 of these were eventu- zle, a German engineer, living taché in Paris) as a reference. “to acquire a piece of ground Capt Boy-Ed’s authority to Brannon. There he was con- ally manufactured. in New York, prepared to make He actually managed to, suc- in a deserted area which was place the 4 completed ones on tacted by Boniface, who told Rintelen also acquired the the mechanical trigger – all Fay cessfully, supply all the re- well hidden by trees”. Here ships. When tested by the US Rintelen that “the man who services of Bonford Boniface, needed was explosives, lots of quired goods but had the (three) Fay arranged the demonstra- military and stated in Fay’s trial drew the New York police to a (crooked), lawyer, who for a it – his design called for about ships sabotaged with time pen- tion: “there was a tremendous that: “Fay’s ninety pounds [of the gang…was Capt Guant, fee, was able to “kill” deals, as 45kg of explosives at a time. cils and they sank mid-Atlantic. bang…Fay himself went into explosives] would have torn the British Naval Attaché…but the he put it. Boniface introduced Rintelen, with his contacts Deciding that there were still the air…with a few ribs injured. rudder out like a toothpick and police had not been able to find Rintelen to Capt von Kleist, a amongst the German sailors, too many ships Rintelen decid- The trees themselves were dam- ripped away the entire after part proof…of his allegations”. “beached” merchant navy of- and using stevedores, many of ed that he should sabotage the aged and small fires broke out”. of the vessel”. At the hotel in Stamford Rin- ficer, who in turn introduced them Irish-Americans, Rintelen shipping piers as well, to dis- The following is an extract “Bombs had been found or telen was approached by 2 ladies Rintelen to other German sail- was able to have his “pencils” rupt shipping and decided on from the official report made fires had broken out on no less who he had met at a social in 38 39 New York. They said that they Council”. Ireland, the British would have When he was shown a copy of complained to Barth, if he was to four years imprisonment and remembered him but could not Most stevedores belonged to to move troops from France to his re-call signal Rintelen de- an agent, could he not persuade $2,000 fine. (He received the remember his name, but when recognised Unions, but many Ireland. Together with the Irish cided to surrender in England another German, Dr Sheele who lightest of all sentences hand- he said it was “Brannon” they were “Chenangoes” (day-to- supporters in New York and rather than returned, with all “has a laboratory, where he has ed down in the trial – although apparently remembered. They day labourers) and, according with Germany’s support “the probability, to America. been doing work, making some after the war he was “credited” immediately invited him to a to Police Inspector Thomas Admiralty prepared to send It is highly probable, but things, he owes me several hun- with the sinking and/or damag- dance party for the following Tunney, of “all nationalities, U-boats to the Irish coast…with never substantiated (there are dred dollars, but he does not ing 35 ships). evening. They also convinced with a considerable German men and weapons” followed by some secrets Britain has nev- pay me”, to pay him what he He complained on the harsh- Rintelen to move out of his ho- representation”. These would an armed cruiser with further er revealed) that Hall, having owes him. Barth said he would ness of his sentence, Judge tel into their, very fashionable be made up of the German sail- troops to assist the uprising. enough of Rintelen’s troubles, definitely help, but asked “what Howe said that it was the harsh- hotel, where you could only get ors “marooned” by the naval Casement was to be landed to sent the signal himself, using things?” von Kleist took him est under the law (at the time) a room if “recommended by a blockade. few days before to co-ordinate German secret codes and knew, to his house in Hoboken, dug and if he had had his way, he member of New York society”! Rintelen was eventually pay- the uprising, so Rintelen “had in advance, that Rintelen would up a pencil bomb from the gar- would have sentenced Rintelen The following evening, he ing these stevedores to join the much to do in the meantime”. be on the Noordam and what den and handed it to Barth. to death. Inspector Tunney also was introduced as Command- Union, then paying their wages [Sir Roger Casement was ar- name to look for. Unfortunately, the investi- complained that under the Es- er Brannon RN to Capt Guant. when they went on strike, even- rested and convicted. He was On 18 august Rintelen was gation took a long time and it pionage Act later adopted, each The talk eventually drifted to- tually spending about $500,000 stripped of his knighthood and sent to Donington Park, a Ger- was not until beginning of April of them would have been sen- wards the strange happenings without much success. other honours and executed man officer’s POW camp in 1917 that they eventually ar- tenced to a minimum of twenty in New York harbour but, by the Around this time, eight mil- for high treason after the 1916 Dorset. rested all, except Scheele, who years and fined $10,000. end of the party Rintelen “was lion rounds of ammunition had Easter Rising]. Although ship sabotage had escaped to Cuba. As the last actor in this dra- back in my room very happy… been purchased in St Louis and On 6 July 1916 Rintelen re- all but stopped by February, On 13 April 1917 Rintelen, ma Tunney, now has the last for I knew that the English had New York and $95,000 paid in ceived a message at the New there were still other forms of much to his disgust, was re- word: “There is something in no inkling of the shady paths Huerta’s personal account and York Yacht Club that he was sabotage being carried out. On turned to America to stand trail the spectacle of Rintelen serv- that my agents and I had been his family, with German assis- immediately to meet Boy-Ed the morning of 30 July 1916, the along with the other members ing his sentence at Atlanta… pursuing in New York...next tance, brought out of exile in who handed him this message: “Black Tom” pier in New York of his “staff”. Max Weiser had which he tried numerous tricks morning I left for New York as Spain. He had a meeting with “Captain Rintelen is to be in- was sabotaged and destroyed been convicted previously with to evade. He came to America soon as I could”! He also de- Boy-Ed, where it was arranged formed that he is under instruc- about $20,000,000 worth of Fay (who received 8 years, hard arrogant, rich, defiant, cruel, cided that, with nothing to hide, that von Papen would go to tions to return to Germany!” military goods. It was one of labour). and sly to wage war upon us. he moved into new accommo- Texas (on reconnaissance) and “I could not understand why the largest artificial non-nucle- Rintelen, tried unsuccessful- He suffered great indignity, as dation at the New York Yacht Huerta promised a delivery of the telegram had been sent to ar explosions to have ever oc- ly, to have his arrest declared he thought, at being tried with Club as “Franz Rintelen”. I 10,000 rifles and a further letter me…at any rate I decided that curred. Rintelen claims he only illegal as he was not extradit- the manual labourers whom he think one could say that Rintel- of credit for $10,000. Unfor- “obedience” was the…appro- heard of the matter in June/July ed (but “kidnapped”) and was had employed and left in trou- en had been set up! tunately, this meeting, to avoid priate interpretation…of the 1917 but that is impossible, he a German Officer. He com- ble. He was convicted and sent Dr Scheele was instructed to the Manhattan Hotel, took order…and therefore, unob- would have certainly “heard” plained to the British Ambassa- to prison”. start making his bombs again, place in an embassy car, with trusively, wound up my busi- the explosion in New York City dor (who ignored him) that his Rintelen was released in 1921 but they found it increasing dif- Capt Guant’s man as the driver. ness” and dusting off his Swiss and seen the newspapers before status as a prisoner of war was and returned to Germany a for- ficult to place them on board On 25 June 1916 Huerta’ took Passport, sailed for Holland on he left America. violated as well as to the Ger- gotten man. It is ironic that he ships, so Rintelen needed an- a train to San Francisco and 3 August 1916 on the Dutch Police Inspector Tunney and man government, who made a finally settled in England, was other idea to disrupt shipping. breaking his journey, arrived in steamer the Noordam. the New York Bomb Squad feeble protest. interned as an alien 1939 – A number of strikes were tak- El Paso, Texas. On 6 July 1916 On 13 August, off the coast were still busy and from Feb- He was charged with: (1) 1945, finally dying in England ing place in New York harbour was arrested by the US State of England, the Noordam was ruary had three, first generation Transporting and storing explo- in 1949, bewailing until the area with stevedores wanting Department. stopped by the Royal Navy and German-American, detectives sives without a licence, (2) En- end, that he had been deserted higher wages. None of these “Meanwhile I was preparing Rintelen, under the name of in amongst the German sailors dangering of shipping, (3) Vi- by Germany. strikes lasted more than a few a scheme of a very different Emil V. Gasche, was taken into in the harbour area. olation of Anti-trust Laws (by days as, Rintelen believed, the kind”. Rintelen had met Sir custody. He protested his in- It was not long before they forming an illegal trade union) Unions were pro-Allies and as Roger Casement (or so he says) nocence to Scotland Yard (who met up with von Kleist. The (4) Endangering security and illegal strikes would withhold in Germany. He then decid- were prepared to release him) detective, by the name of Barth goodwill of the United States wages. He then decided to ed to “take a hand in the Irish but before his release was tak- let out that he was also a Ger- (by attempting to contrive plots form his own trade union, call- question”, his idea being, if he en before Admiral Hall, head man agent, which von Kleist with Mexico and Ireland); ing it “Labour’s National Peace could cause enough trouble in of British Naval Intelligence. believed. Von Kleist eventually found guilty and was sentenced 40 41 Rank Structure - US Military Over the next few months we will be running a series of articles looking at the rank structure of various armed forces. This month we look at the United States Military. he United States military • Army Nurse Corps mand, Naval Expeditionary Sergeant Master First Sergeant Command Sergeant is divided up into five • Ordnance Corps Combat Command, and Navy First Class Sergeant Sergeant Major Sergeant Major of branches. • Psychological Operations Cyber Forces. T Major the Army The US Army was founded on • Public Affairs Initially established as a part 14 June,1775. It consists of the • Quartermaster Corps of the United States Army on 1 Officers following branches. • Signal Corps August 1907, the US Air Force • Acquisition Corps • Special Forces was formed as a separate branch • Adjutant General’s Corps • Transportation Corps of the US Armed Forces on 18 • Air Defense Artillery • Veterinary Corps September 1947. • Armour (includes Cavalry) The United States Navy was The history of the United • Aviation formed on 13 October 1775. States Marine Corps began • Chaplain Corps There are nine components in when two battalions of Conti- First Lieutenant Captain Major Lieutenant Colonel • Chemical Corps the operating forces of the U.S. nental Marines were formed on Lieutenant Colonel • Civil Affairs Corps Navy: the United States Fleet 10 November 1775 in Philadel- • Dental Corps Forces Command (formerly phia as a service branch of in- • Corps of Engineers United States Atlantic Fleet), fantry troops capable of fighting • Electronic Warfare United States Pacific Fleet, Unit- on both at sea and on shore. • Field Artillery ed States Naval Forces Central The United States Coast Guard • Finance Corps Command, United States Naval was created by Congress on 4 • Infantry Forces Europe, Naval Network August 1790. It operates under Brigadier Major Lieutenant General General of General of • Judge Advocate General’s Warfare Command, Navy Re- the U.S. Department of Home- General General General the Army the Armies Corps serve, United States Naval Spe- land Security during peacetime, • Logistics cial Warfare Command, Opera- and can be transferred to the • tional Test and Evaluation Force, U.S. Department of the Navy by • Military Intelligence Corps and Military Sealift Command. the U.S. President at any time, • Military Police Corps Fleet Forces Command controls or by the U.S. Congress during • Medical Service Corps a number of unique capabilities, times of war. • Medical Specialist Corps including Military Sealift Com- US Navy

Non-commissioned Officers (NCO)

US Army

Non-commissioned Officers (NCO) Seaman Fireman Airman Constructionman Apprentice Apprentice Apprentice Apprentice

Private Private Specialist Corporal Sergeant Staff E2 First Class Sergeant Seaman Fireman Airman Constructionman 42 43 US Air Force Petty Officer Petty Officer Petty Officer Chief Senior Chief Master Chief Third Class Second Class First Class Petty Officer Petty Officer Petty Officer Non-commissioned Officers (NCO)

Command Senior Command Master Fleet/force Master Master Chief Petty Chief Petty Officer Chief Petty Officer Chief Petty Officer Officer of the Navy Airman Airman Senior Staff Technical * The Chief of the Boat (COB) is an enlisted sailor on board a US Navy submarine who serves as First Class Airman Sergeant Sergeant the senior enlisted advisor to the commanding officer and executive officer. Warrant Officers

Master Senior Master Chief Master Command Chief Chief Master Sergeant Sergeant Sergeant Master Sergeant Sergeant of the Chief Warrant Chief Warrant Chief Warrant Chief Warrant Air Force Officer 2nd Class Officer 3rd Class Officer 4th Class Officer 5th Class Officers Officers

Ensign Lieutenant Lieutenant Lieutenant Commander Captain Junior Grade Commander First Lieutenant Captain Major Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant Colonel

Rear Admiral Rear Admiral Vice Admiral Admiral Fleet Admiral of Brigadier Major Lieutenant General General Lower Half Admiral the Navy General General General of the Air Force

44 45 US Marine Corps US Coast Guard

Non-commissioned Officers (NCO) Non-commissioned Officers (NCO)

Private Lance Corporal Sergeant Staff Gunnery Seaman Seaman Fireman Airman First Class Corporal Sergeant Sergeant Recruit Apprentice Apprentice Apprentice

Master First Master Gunnery Sergeant Sergeant Major Seaman Fireman Airman Sergeant Sergeant Sergeant Major of the Marines Corps Warrant Officers

Petty Officer Petty Officer Petty Officer Chief Senior Chief Master Chief Third Class Second Class First Class Petty Officer Petty Officer Petty Officer Warrant Warrant Warrant Warrant Warrant Officer 1 Officer 2 Officer 3 Officer 4 Officer 5 Officers

Command Master Gold Badge Master Master Chief Petty Chief Petty Officer Chief Petty Officer Officer of the Coast Guard First Lieutenant Captain Major Lieutenant Colonel Warrant Officers Lieutenant Colonel

Brigadier Major Lieutenant General General Chief Warrant Chief Warrant Chief Warrant General General General of the Officer 2 Officer 3 Officer 4 Marine Corps 46 47 Officers Unfortunately most of my free- ing to leave up to the readers. I have a good month and that you lance work has dried up due to the really enjoy doing the magazine will all keep safe. Covid-19 Pandemic. Yet bills still each month and I trust that people need to be paid each month. enjoy reading it. Until next time. My dilemma is should I still If enough readers want me to be spending so much time doing continue doing the magazine, then Military Despatches each month, I will. If not then the September Ensign Lieutenant Lieutenant Lieutenant Commander or should I be using that time to issue of the magazine will proba- Junior Grade Commander focus on other projects that can bly be the last. actually bring in an income? Well, enough bitching for one This is something that I am go- month. I trust that you will all Matt

Captain Rear Admiral Read Admiral Vice Admiral Lower Half Admiral Journal of the South African Legion Tydskrif van die Suid-Afrikaanse Legioen

The SA Legion is a national organisation, part of a world- wide family that addresses the needs of ex-service per- sonnel and their dependents by way of housing, pensions, employment and general welfare. It is apolitical, non-sec- tarian, non-racial, non-sexist and non-partisan.

The Springbok is the official journal of the South African Legion. Read the February issue of Springbok by clicking on the cover to the left.

Click on the photograph below to take a virtual tour of Warrior’s Gate Chief of the US Army Chief of the US Navy Chief of the US Air Force and find out more about the Memorable Order of Tin Hats. General James C. McConville Admiral Michael M. Gilday General David Lee Goldfein

Commandant of the US Marine Commandant of the US Coast Guard Corp General David H. Berger Admiral Karl L. Schultz 48 49 head to head head to head ican weaponry, and its air force civilian centres. could not be sustained, as the was composed of British air- Israeli weapons were mainly reservists were vital to civilian The Six Day War craft. of Western origin. Its air force life. This month the Israeli Defence Force face off against the Egyptian Army during the Egypt had by far the largest was composed principally of On the eve of the war, Egypt 1967 Six Day War. and the most modern of all the French aircraft, while its ar- massed approximately 100,000 Arab air forces, consisting of moured units were mostly of of its 160,000 troops in the Si- he Six-Day War (Mil- 1967 by Israel and the neigh- In this first article we will be about 420 combat aircraft, all British and American design nai, including all seven of its hemet Sheshet Ha Yam- bouring states of Egypt (known looking at the small arms used of them Soviet-built and with a and manufacture. Some in- divisions (four infantry, two ar- Tim in Herbrew), was also at the time as the United Arab by both the Israeli Defence heavy quota of top-of-the-line fantry weapons, including the moured and one mechanized), known as the an-Naksah (The Republic), , and Syria. Force and the Egyptian Army. MiG-21s. Of particular concern ubiquitous Uzi, were of Israeli four independent infantry bri- Setback in Arabic), the June In a series of articles we will With the exception of Jordan, to the Israelis were the 30 Tu- origin. gades and four independent ar- War, 1967 Arab–Israeli War, be examining the weapons and the Arabs relied principally 16 “Badger” medium bomb- The Israeli army had a total moured brigades. or Third Arab–Israeli War, was equipment used by Israel and on Soviet weaponry. Jordan’s ers, capable of inflicting heavy strength, including reservists, fought between 5 and 10 June primarily Egypt. army was equipped with Amer- damage on Israeli military and of 264,000, though this number

a) Uzi submachine gun e) Port Said submachine gun

b) FN FAL f) AK 47

c) FN MAG light machine gun

h) RPD light machine gun d) AK 47

50 51 head to head head to head a) Uzi submachine gun d & f) FN MAG The Uzi is a family of Israeli submachine guns. The Uzi was The AK-47, officially known one of the first weapons to use a telescoping bolt design which as the Avtomat Kalashnikova, allows the magazine to be housed in the pistol grip for a shorter is a gas-operated, 7.62×39mm weapon. assault rifle, developed in the The first Uzi submachine gun was designed by Major Uziel Soviet Union by Mikhail Kal- “Uzi” Gal in the late 1940s. he Uzi has found use as a personal ashnikov. defence weapon by rear-echelon troops, officers, artillery troops • Cartridge: 9 mm parabellum While it was the standard is- and tankers, as well as a front-line weapon by elite light infantry • Action: Blowback, breach sue assault rifle for the Egyptian General Specifications ing bolt assault forces. open Army, captured AK-47 rifles • Weight: 3.47 kg • Rate of fire: 600 rounds/min • Rate of fire: 600 rounds/min were also used by the Israeli • Length: 880 mm • Feed system: 30 round box General Specifications • Feed system: 25 round box Army. • Cartridge: 7.62×39mm magazine • Weight: 3.5 kg magazine • Action: Gas-operated, rotat- • Effective range: 350 metres • Length: 470 mm (stock folded), 640 mm (stock extended) • Effective range: 200 metres b) FN FAL e) Port Said submachine gun The FAL (French: Fusil Au- The Kulsprutepistol m/45 tomatique Léger, English: Light (Kpist m/45), also known as Automatic Rifle) is a battle rifle the Carl Gustaf M/45 and the designed by Belgian small arms Swedish K SMG, is a 9×19mm designer Dieudonné Saive and Swedish submachine gun (SMG) designed by Gunnar manufactured by FN Herstal. General Specifications (straight) Mauser Kar 98k and some Brit- General Specifications Johnsson. After the 1948 Arab–Israeli • Weight: 3.35 k • Rate of fire: 600 rounds/min ish Lee–Enfield rifles, the IDF • Weight: 4.25 kg The m/45 has been manufac- War, the Israeli Defense Forces • Length: 550 mm (stock folded) • Feed system: 36 round box decided in the same year to • Length: 1,090 mm tured under license in Egypt as (IDF) had to overcome several • Cartridge: 9 mm parabellum magazine adopt the FN FAL as its stand- • Cartridge: 7.62×51mm NATO the Port Said and the Akaba. logistics problems which were • Action: Blowback, Simple • Effective range: 250 metres a result of the wide variety of ard-issue infantry rifle, under • Action: Short-stroke gas old firearms that were in - ser the name Rov’ve Mitta’enn piston, tilting breechblock vice. or Romat , an abbreviation of • Rate of fire: 700 rounds/min g) RPD “Self-Loading Rifle”. • Feed system: 20 round box In 1955 the IDF adopted the The RPD (Russian: Ruch- magazine IMI-produced Uzi submachine noy Pulemyot Degtyaryova) is • Effective range: 600 metres gun. To replace the German a 7.62mm light machine gun developed in the Soviet Union c) FN MAG by Vasily Degtyaryov for the The FN MAG is a Belgian 7.62×39mm M43 intermediate 7.62 mm general-purpose ma- cartridge. chine gun, designed in the ear- It was the standard squad ly 1950s at Fabrique Nationale weapon for the Egyptian Army (FN) by Ernest Vervier. although some special units • Action: Gas operated long ed belt stored in a drum con- also had access to the newer stroke piston, flapper lock- tainer General Specifications RPK light machine gun ing and fires from the open • Effective range: 100–1,000 • Weight: 11.8 kg bolt metre sight adjustments • Length: 1,263 mm • Rate of fire: 650–1,000 ing M13 linked belt General Specifications • Rate of fire: 650–750 • Cartridge: 7.62×51mm NATO rounds/min • Effective range: 3,500 me- • Weight: 7.4 kg rounds/min • Action: Gas-operated long- • Feed system: Non-disinte- tres • Length: 1,037 mm • Feed system: Non-disinte- stroke piston, open bolt grating DM1 or disintegrat- • Cartridge: 7.62×39mm grating 100-round segment- 52 53 Famous figures in military history Famous figures in military history girls, however, it was not that At her wedding she wore a gan experimenting with various Mary Walker important. short skirt with trousers under- skirt-lengths and layers, all with An obstinate nonconformist, the second woman to become a medical doctor in America, The Walkers had different neath, refused to include the men’s trousers underneath. By and a surgeon during the US Civil War. She is also the only woman to have been awarded ideas. They were determined word ‘obey’ in her vows, and 1861, her typical ensemble in- the US Medal of Honour. that their daughters would be as retained her last name. These cluded trousers with suspenders well educated as their son. were all characteristic of her under a knee-length dress with n January 2013 the US mil- highest award for bravery is Edwards Walker. Doctor Mary To achieve this, the Walkers obstinate nonconformity.. a tight waist and full skirt. itary lifted the ban on wom- the Medal of Honour. Since Walker to be precise. And she established the first free school- They set up a joint practice While her parents may have Ien serving in combat. Tech- it was instituted in 1861 the wasn’t a soldier. In fact she nev- house in Oswego in the late in Rome, New York. It did not supported her views, she was nically this means that women medal has been awarded 3,519 er even served in the military. 1830s and it was here that Mary do well as most men refused to often faced with criticism. As can now be decorated for acts times. The first Medal of Hon- received her primary school ed- be treated by a female doctor. a school teacher she was of- of valour in combat. our was awarded on 25 March Early life ucation. They were generally not trusted ten teased about her wardrobe In fact one woman, Sergeant 1863. The last was awarded on Mary Edwards Walker was Mary and two of her old- nor respected at the time. choice and was once even at- Leigh Ann Hester, was awarded 26 June 2018. Only 19 people born on 26 November 1832 in er sisters then attended Falley As a result of her husband’s tacked by a neighbouring farm- the Silver Star, the US Armed have been awarded the med- Oswego, New York. She was Seminary in Fulton, New York. infidelity, Mary sought a di- er and a group of boys. Forces third-highest decoration al twice, and 622 awards were the youngest of seven children It had been carefully chosen by vorce. She had to fight for Colleagues in medical school for valour in combat. And this made posthumously. with five sisters and a brother. the Walkers. Not only was it an ten years before it was finally were critical about the way was back in 2005, eight years Only one woman has ever Her parents, Alvah and Ves- institution of higher learning, granted. she dressed and patients often before women could officially been awarded the Medal of ta, were devout Christians, but but a place that emphasized Mary briefly attended Bow- teased her. Some even refused serve in combat units. Honour. Her name was Mary regarded as ‘free thinkers’ and modern social reform in gender en Collegiate Institute (later to be treated by her. She never- Sergeant Hester was a United it was in this environment that roles, education, and hygiene. named Lenox College) in Hop- theless persisted in her mission States Army National Guard Mary was raised. This all further cemented kinton, Iowa, in 1860, until she to reform women’s dress. soldier assigned to the Her parents raised the chil- Mary’s determination to defy was suspended for refusing to In 1870 she was arrested in 617th Military Police dren to question the regulations traditional feminine standards resign from the school’s de- New Orleans and mocked by Company. and restrictions of various de- on a principle of injustice. bating society, which until she men because she was dressed On 20 March 2005 nominations, as well as tradi- From an early age Mary dis- joined had been all male. as a man. The arresting officer she was part of a sup- tional gender roles. The Walk- played an interest in medicine. twisted her arm and asked her ply convoy that was ers lived on a farm and the She would pore over medical Doing things her way if she had ever had sex with a ambushed near the work load was shared among texts on anatomy and physiol- Inspired by her parents ‘free man. Mary was released from town of Salman Pak the children. ogy. thinking’ and her education, custody when she was recog- in Iraq. For her heroic Mary did not wear wom- After graduating from Falley Mary was infamous for contest- nized at Police Court. actions during the am- en’s clothing during farm la- Seminary, Mary worked as a ing traditional female dress. bush she was awarded bour because she considered teacher at a school in Minetto, In 1871, she wrote, “The The Civil War the Silver Star in June it too restricting. Her moth- New York. She saved until she greatest sorrows from which At the outbreak of the Amer- 2005. er agreed with her and had enough money to pay her women suffer to-day are those ican Civil War, Mary saw it as Hester was the first thought that corsets way through Syracuse Medical physical, moral, and mental her duty to volunteer. female US Army and tights were College. ones, that are caused by their She tried to join the army as soldier to re- unhealthy. She was the only woman in unhygienic manner of dress- a surgeon but, even though the ceive the Sil- her class and, in 1855, she grad- ing!” army, but even though they had ver Star since Education uated with honours as a medi- She strongly opposed wom- fewer than 100 licensed sur- World War II, At the time cal doctor. She became only the en’s long skirts with numerous geons at the beginning of the and the first it was com- second woman in the country to petticoats, not only for their war, the Army refused to hire ever to be cit- mon practice become a medical doctor. discomfort and their inhibition her. ed for valour in for boys to On 16 November 1855 she to the wearer’s mobility but for The army her offered her a close quarters receive some married fellow medical school their collection and spread of position as a nurse, but she de- combat. form of ed- student Albert Miller. She was dust and dirt. clined and chose to volunteer as America’s ucation. For 23 years old at the time. As a young woman, she be- a surgeon for the Union Army

54 55 as a civilian. After a long illness, Walker During this period, she served died at home on 21 February at the First Battle of Bull Run 1919, at the age of eighty-six. (Manassas), 21 July 21 1861, She was buried at Rural Ceme- and at the Patent Office Hos- tery in Oswego, New York, in a pital in Washington, D.C. She plain funeral, with an American worked as an unpaid field sur- flag draped over her casket, and geon near the Union front lines, wearing a black suit instead of including at the Battle of Fred- a dress. ericksburg and in Chattanooga Her death in 1919 came one after the Battle of Chickam- year before the passage of the auga. She wore men’s clothing Nineteenth Amendment to the during her work, claiming it to AMPUTATION BOX: The most common operation performed United States Constitution, be easier for high demands of on soldiers during the Civil War was amputation. The best which guaranteed women the her work. surgeon could have a limb severed and discarded within five right to vote. She she was finally given an minutes. Civil War doctors were nicknamed “sawbones.” There appointment as a contract sur- were 60,000 partial or complete amputations during the war. Legacy geon for the 52nd Ohio Infantry Surgeons never washed their hands after an operation, be- • During World War II, a Lib- Regiment in 1863, albeit as a ci- cause all blood was assumed to be the same, nor did they MEDAL OF HONOUR RECIPIENT: Mary Walker proudly wore erty ship, the SS Mary Walk- wash their instruments. vilian. The move was regarded as her Medal of Honour until the day she died. er, was named for her. “a medical monstrosity” by col- captured by Confederate troops, duty and served as an assistant Mary E. Walker, and that the In 1977 President Jimmy • In 1982, the U.S. Postal Ser- leagues who objected to practic- and arrested as a spy, just after surgeon in charge of female usual medal of honor for meri- Carter restored her medal post- vice issued a twenty-cent ing medicine next to a woman. she finished helping a Confed- prisoners at Louisville, Ky., torious services be given her. humously. She is one of only six stamp in her honour, mark- In September 1862 Mary wrote erate doctor perform an ampu- upon the recommendation of On 11 November 1865, Presi- people to regain the award, as ing the anniversary of her to the War Department and re- tation. Major-Generals Sherman and dent Andrew Johnson signed a well as only one of six civilians birth. quested that she be employed as She was sent to Castle Thun- Thomas, and faithfully served bill to award her the medal. ever to be awarded the medal. • The medical facilities at a spy. They declined. der, a Richmond prison known as contract surgeon in the ser- In 1917 the US Congress cre- SUNY Oswego are named Eventually she was employed for its brutality. While she was vice of the United States, and ated a pension act for Medal of Later life in her honour. as a ‘Contract Acting Assistant imprisoned, she refused to wear has devoted herself with much Honor recipients, and in doing She went on to serve as su- • There is a United States Surgeon (civilian)’ by the Army the clothes provided her, said to patriotic zeal to the sick and so created separate Army and pervisor of a female prison in Army Reserve centre named of the Cumberland, becoming the be more “becoming of her sex” wounded soldiers, both in the Navy Medal of Honor Rolls. Louisville, Kentucky, and as for her in Walker, Michigan. first female surgeon employed by On 12 August 1864 she was field and hospitals, to the det- Only the Army decided to re- the head of an orphanage in • The Whitman-Walker Clin- the U.S. Army Surgeon. released as part of a prisoner riment of her own health, and view eligibility for inclusion on Tennessee. ic in Washington, D.C., is She was later appointed assis- exchange. has also endured hardships as the Army Medal of Honor Roll. After the war, she was award- named in honour of Walker tant surgeon of the 52nd Ohio a prisoner of war four months The 1917 Medal of Honor ed a disability pension for par- and the poet Walt Whitman. Infantry. Technically though, Medal of Honour in a Southern prison while act- Board deleted 911 names from tial muscular atrophy suffered • The Mary Walker Clinic at she remained a civilian. After the war Mary Walker ing as contract surgeon; and the Army Medal of Honor Roll, while she was imprisoned by Fort Irwin National Train- The common method of treat- was recommended for the Med- Whereas by reason of her not including those of Dr. Mary the enemy. She was given $8.50 ing Centre in California is ing a serious wound to a limb al of Honour by Generals Wil- being a commissioned officer Edwards Walker and William F. a month, beginning 13 June 13 named in honour of Walker. was to amputate. Mary’s philos- liam Tecumseh Sherman and in the military service, a bre- “Buffalo Bill” Cody (who also 1865, but in 1899 that amount • The Mary E. Walker House ophy that amputations should George Henry Thomas. vet or honorary rank cannot, fought in the Civil War as a ci- was raised to $20 per month. is a thirty-bed transitional be avoided whenever possible The citation read: under existing laws, be con- vilian). She became a writer and lec- residence run by the Phila- was incompatible with prevail- Where as it appears from of- ferred upon her; and Whereas Those stripped of the med- turer, supporting such issues as delphia Veterans Multi-Ser- ing Army practices, and mul- ficial reports that Dr. Mary E. in the opinion of the President al were ordered to return their health care, temperance, wom- vice & Education Centre for tiple colleagues requested that Walker, a graduate of medicine, an honorable recognition of her medals. Mary refused to send en’s rights, and dress reform for homeless women veterans. she be removed from her post. “has rendered valuable service services and sufferings should her medal back and wore it dai- women. She was frequently ar- • In May 2012, a 400 kilo- During her service she would to the Government, and her ef- be made. ly for the rest of her life, report- rested for wearing men’s cloth- gram bronze statue honour- frequently cross battle lines to forts have been earnest and It is ordered, That a testi- edly telling the government that ing, and insisted on her right to ing Walker was unveiled in treat civilians. untiring in a variety of ways,” monial thereof shall be hereby “you will receive it over my wear clothing that she thought front of the Oswego, New On 10 April 1864 she was and that she was assigned to made and given to the said Dr. dead body.” appropriate. York Town Hall. 56 57 Forged in Hornet radial engines, each On seeing the bristling mul- Disaster strikes producing 750 hp (600 kW) at tiple machine guns during that On its second flight, the test battle 2,100 metres. first flight Richard Williams, pilots forgot to disengage the The B-17 went far beyond a journalist from the Seattle ‘gust lock’ before take off. the requirements of the compe- Times, remarked, “Why, it’s a The gust lock locked control B-17 Flying Fortress tition and was streets ahead of flying fortress!” Boeing liked surfaces in place while the air- every other current airplane in the name and quickly copy- craft was parked on the ground. From its introduction in 1938, the B-17 Flying Fortress would go on to become the the world. righted it. The B-17 now be- The plane went into a stall just third most produced bomber of all time. It was the first all-metal came known as the B-17 Flying after takeoff and crashed, kill- bomber with an enclosed cock- Fortress. ing everyone on board. Boeing n 1934 the United States around 3,200 km. This meant B-17. pit. It was capable of flying and the B-17 Flying Fortress Army put out a tender for a that it would have stay in the air The prototype B-17, with the much higher and faster, and it were immediately disqualified new multi-engined bomber for around 10 hours without re- Boeing factory designation of could carry more bombs. from the competition. I The procurement of- The Air Corps gave the con- to replace the Martin B-10. The fuelling. Model 299, was designed by a Air Corps had a number of re- Three companies would com- team of engineers led by E. Gif- ficers were sold and im- tract to the Douglas Air Craft quirements. pete and the contract would be ford Emery and Edward Curtis mediately decided after company for 133 of its twin en- The aircraft would have to decided by a ‘fly-off’ at Wilbur Wells, and was built at Boeing’s the first flight on 28 gine B-18 Bolos. That should carry a “useful bombload” at an Wright Field in Dayton, Ohio. own expense. July 1935 that the Air have been the end of the B-17. altitude of 3,048 metres with a The aircraft selected were It combined features of the Corps should buy Yet the Air Corps officers that top speed of at least 320 km/h. the Douglas DB-1, the Mar- company’s experimental XB- sixty-five B-17s. had seen the B-17 Flying For- It should also have a range of tin Model 146, and the Boeing 15 bomber and 247 transport. tress could not let it go. They The B-17’s armament consisted were convinced that the B-17 of five 7.62 mm machine guns, was still the better plane. with a payload of up to 2,200 The persuaded their friends kg of bombs on two racks in the in congress not to abandon the bomb bay behind the cockpit. Boeing project and Generals The aircraft was powered by Andrews and Westover man- four Pratt & Whitney R-1690

58 59 Equipment worn by 8th Air Force bomber crews on high-altitude missions 1944-45 Bomber defence Helmet with C-D The B-17 dropped more Parachute Flak helmet Oxygen headset E bombs than any other US air- Dog tags harness Polaroid mask F H goggles A craft during World War II. Of Maewest the 1.5 million tonnes of bombs A Flak J dropped on Nazi Germany and Electric I Armour B its occupied territories by U.S. gloves G aircraft, 640,000 tonnes were B dropped from B-17s. Escape Oxygen B-17 CREW: A - Bombardier, B - Navigator, C - Pilot, D - Co- hose kit pilot, E - Flight Engineer, F - Radio Operator, G - Ball Turret Before the advent of long- Gunner, H - Starboard Waist Gunner, I - Port Waist Gunner, J - range fighter escorts, B-17s C Tail Turret Gunner. had only their 12.7 mm calibre M2 Browning machine guns to Wool underwear A - F2 heated suit Heavy wool Flying rely on for defence during the Light wool socks B - Silk lined gloves socks boots where it continued in combat The U.S. did not even share bombing runs over Europe. As C - Felt heated socks until it was sent back home. the bombsight with the British the war intensified, Boeing used aged to keep Boeing in the was renamed the United States In July 1942, the first USAAF for fear that it might fall into feedback from aircrews to im- game with a limited contract to The B-17 goes to war Army Air Forces (USAAF). B-17s were sent to England to enemy hands. It was developed prove each new variant with in- produce thirteen more B-17s. Strangely enough, it wasn’t The 19th Bomber Group had join the Eighth Air Force. Lat- by an eccentric Dutch engineer, creased armament and armour. It was hardly what Boeing the Americans that were the been deployed to Clark Field er that year two groups moved Carl Norden, who had emigrat- Defensive armament in- had hoped for, but it kept the first to use the B-17 during in the Philippines a few weeks to Algeria to join Twelfth Air ed to the U.S. in 1904. Norden creased from four 12.7 mm company afloat and in the game. World War II. It was rather the before the Japanese attack on Force for operations in North developed the bombsight for machine guns and one 7.62 Boeing’s engineers redesigned British Royal Air Force (RAF). Pearl Harbour. This was the Africa. the Air Corps while he worked mm nose machine gun in the the B-17 Flying Fortress with The RAF had entered the first of a planned heavy bomber The B-17s were primarily in- for the Sperry Corporation. B-17C, to thirteen 12.7 mm even more powerful engines war with no heavy bombers in buildup in the Pacific. volved in the daylight precision A bomb does not fall in a machine guns in the B-17G. and added other improvements. service. The largest they had On 8 December 1941, the day strategic bombing campaign straight line from a moving But because the bombers could One of the positives taken were medium bombers such as after Pearl Harbour, half of the against German targets rang- plane. It follows a parabolic not manoeuvre when attacked from the crash of the B-17 was the Vickers Wellington, which groups B-17s were wiped out ing from U-boat pens, docks, trajectory as the various forc- by fighters, and needed to be the introduction of a pre-flight could carry up to 2,000 kg of when they were caught on the warehouses and airfields to in- es of physics— speed, gravity, flown straight and level during check list. This is still used to bombs. ground. They were busy refue- dustrial targets such as aircraft and inertia—carry it on its long their final bomb run, individual this day by all pilots to prevent It was only in 1941 that the ling and rearming for a planned factories. journey to the ground. aircraft struggled to fend off a potential problems before take- Short and Handley attack on Japanese airfields in In the campaign against Ger- The bombsight computed all direct attack. off. Page Halifax became its prima- Formosa. man aircraft forces in prepara- these factors to guide the bomb To address this problem, the The 13 planes were delivered ry bombers. So in early 1940 the The remaining B-17s oper- tion for the invasion of France, to its target. It used a series of United States developed the to Langley Field on 1 March RAF entered into an agreement ated against the Japanese inva- B-17 and B-24 raids were di- gears, gyroscopes, and ball bomb-group formation, which 1937 and they quickly became with the US Army Air Corps to sion force until they were with- rected against German aircraft bearings that the bombardier evolved into the staggered the planes that every pilot want- acquire 20 B-17Cs, which were drawn to Darwin, Australia. production while their presence would look through over a tar- combat box formation in which ed to fly. given the service name Fortress In early 1942, the 7th Bom- drew the Luftwaffe fighters into get. By inputting the speed and all the B-17s could safely cov- When Douglas ran into man- I. bardment Group began arriving battle with Allied fighters. altitude, the bombsight could er any others in their formation ufacturing problems and its They carried out their first in Java with a mixed force of calculate the trajectory of a with their machine guns. This plane was stalled on the assem- operation against Wilhelms- B-17s and LB-30/B-24s. Secret Weapon bomb. made a formation of bombers a bly line, the way was clear for haven on 8 July 1941, but it was A squadron of B-17s from At this time the Army Air The bombardier even con- dangerous target to engage by Boeing. unsuccessful. On 24 July they this force detached to the Mid- Corps came into the possession trolled the flight of the plane enemy fighters. German pilots From its initial humble order attacked the German battleship dle East to join the First Pro- of a device that, along with the through the site during the time nicknamed the B-17 fliegendes of 13 planes, more than 12,000 Scharnhorst, anchored in Brest, visional Bombardment Group, B-17 Flying Fortress, would over the target. The U.S. would Stachelschwein (flying porcu- B-17s would be built by the end and inflicted considerable dam- thus becoming the first Ameri- revolutionize bombing - the eventually buy 90,000 bomb- pine). of World War II. It became the age on the vessel. can B-17 squadron to go to war Norden bombsight. It would sights from Norden at a cost of After examining wrecked third-most produced bomber of On 20 June 1941, less than six against the Germans. prove to be one of the great in- $1.5 billion between 1933 and B-17s and B-24s, Luftwaffe all time, behind the B-24 and months before America entered After the defeat in Java, the ventions and greatest secrets of 1945. officers discovered that on av- the multi-role Ju 88. World War II, the Air Corps 19th withdrew to Australia World War II. erage it took about 20 hits with 60 61 20 mm shells fired from the for his crew and their actions, He would also render position On 30 April 1989 six armed men stormed the Iranian rear to bring them down. Pilots 24 hours a day. reports every 30 minutes. He embassy in London, taking 26 people hostage. A small of average ability hit the bomb- would also keep a flight log. group of elite soldiers were put on standby. Six days Co-Pilot ers with only about two percent battlefield later this group launched an assault as the entire world of the rounds they fired, so to The co-pilot was the second Ball Turret Gunner obtain 20 hits, the average pilot in command. On long flights he The Sperry ball turret was watched. had to fire one thousand 20 mm would often have to relieve the very small in order to reduce he Iranian Embassy was situated on Princes embassy and the hostages if this rounds at a bomber. pilot and take over the controls. drag, and was typically operat- Gate, South Kensington, London. On Wednes- were not done by noon on 1 May. In the event of the pilot being ed by the smallest man of the day 30 April 1980 at 11h30 the building was A large number of journalists B-17 crew wounded or killed, the co-pilot crew. There was no room inside T stormed by six heavily armed men. and television crews were on Prior to 7 June 1944, a B-17 would take over as commander. for a parachute, which was left The men were members of the Democratic Revo- the scene quickly and they were crew consisted of 10 men. in the cabin above the turret. lutionary Front for the Liberation of Arabistan (DRF- moved into a holding area to the There were four officers and six Navigator O Waist Gunners LA), Iranian Arabs protesting for the establishment west of the front of the embassy. enlisted men. The responsibility of the nav- p of an autonomous Arab state in the southern region of The British government’s igator was to direct the flight The waist gunners were re- the Iranian province of Khūzestān. emergency committee COBRA Officers from departure to destination sponsible for defending either Police Constable (PC) Trevor Lock of the Metro- (Cabinet Office Briefing Rooms) • Pilot and return. He had to know the the left or right side of the air- e politan Police’s Diplomatic Protection Group (DPG) was assembled. COBRA is • Co-pilot exact position of the aircraft at craft. The B-17 was not pres- was on duty at the time. He was quickly overpow- made up of ministers, civil ser- • Navigator / Flexible Gunner all times. If the aircraft came surised, so at high altitude r ered, but he managed to press the panic button on his vants and expert advisers, in- • Bombardier / Flexible Gun- under attack he would man one there was not enough oxygen radio. cluding representatives from the ner, Chin Turret Gunner of the flexible machine guns. to breath and the temperature a Lock was armed with a concealed Smith & Wesson police and the armed forces. The (B-17G) would be below zero. The crew Bombardier .38 calibre revolver. Although he was searched, the meeting was chaired by William would have to wear specially t weapon was not discovered. Whitelaw, the Home Secretary, Enlisted Men The main function of the heated flight suits and make use A total of 26 people, mostly embassy staff, but also as Margaret Thatcher, the Prime • Flight Engineer / Top Turret bombardier was to ensure that of oxygen masks. a number of visitors, were taken hostage. This includ- Minister, was unavailable. Gunner the bombs hit the target. On the i Tail Turret Gunner ed PC Lock. Also among the hostages were two BBC The gunmen released their first • Radio Operator / Flexible run in on the target he took con- o journalists. Simeon “Sim” Harris and Chris Cramer hostage, embassy press officer Gunner trol of the plane. He would tell The tail turret gunner was re- were at the embassy attempting to obtain visas to visit Frieda Mozaffarian, at 16h30. • Ball Turret Gunner the pilot what to do, and until sponsible for defending the air- . She had been unwell since the • Port Waist Flexible Gunner he said “Bombs away” his word craft from any attack from the n start of the siege and the other • Starboard Waist Flexible was law. rear. Day 1 - 30 April 1980 hostages convinced Oan that she Gunner Almost immediately after the first reports of gunfire was pregnant and needed medi- • Tail Turret Gunner Flight Engineer Many B-17 crew members re- were reported, seven DPG officers were on the scene. cal treatment. He worked closely with the ceived military honours and 17 They surrounded the building but had to retreat when Margaret Thatcher, kept From 7 June 1944 there were co-pilot, checking engine oper- received the Medal of Honor, a gunman appeared at a window and threatened to apprised of the situation by nine crewmen. One of the two ation, fuel consumption, and the the highest military decoration N open fire. Whitelaw, determined that Brit- Waist Gunners removed from operation of all equipment. He awarded by the United States. Deputy Assistant Commissioner John Dellow ar- ish law would be applied to the crews. It was a gradual adjust- would also have to able to work The last B-17 in active ser- i rived half an hour later and took command of the situ- embassy, despite the Vienna ment over about two weeks. with the bombardier, and know vice, with the Brazilian Air ation. Convention, under which the From 23 February 1945 there how to cock, lock, and load the Force, was retired in 1968. Dellow coordinated the police response, which in- embassy is considered Iranian were eight crewmen. Remain- bomb racks. If the aircraft came m cluded the deployment of D11, the Metropolitan Po- soil. ing Waist Gunner removed under attack he would man the lice’s marksmen and officers with specialist surveil- from crews. top gun turret. r lance equipment. Day 2 - 1 May 1980 Police negotiators made contact with Oan Ali Mo- While the COBRA meetings Pilot Radio Operator o hammed, the leader of the group. Contact was made continued through the night, two Besides flying the aircraft, the He was responsible for all ra- via a field telephone passed through one of the em- teams were dispatched from the pilot was also the aircraft com- dio communication. He would d bassy windows. Special Air Service (SAS) near mander. He would be responsi- ensure that the liaison and com- Oan demanded the release of 91 Arabs held in . ble for discipline and training mand sets were properly tuned prisons in Khūzestān, and threatened to blow up the The teams were from B Squad- of his crew and was responsible and in good operating order. 62 63 ron, with specialists from other 4 3 squadrons. They were under the 2 SAS CRW Kit command of Lieutenant Colonel 20 Michael Rose, the officer com- 1. Nomex III Assault Suit. manding 22 SAS Regiment. 2. AC200 Kevlar Assault They set up at a holding area Helmet. in Regent’s Park Barracks. At 3. AC900 Kevlar Assault 03h30 one of the SAS teams Helmet. moved into the building next 4. Avon SF10 Respirator. door to the embassy. They were 6 5 5. Nomex Hood. briefed on Colonel Rose’s “im- 18 6. Nomex Gloves. mediate action” plan, to be im- 7. Assault Vest. plemented should the SAS be 8. PE Assault Belt. required to storm the building 7 9. GQ Abseil Harness. before a more sophisticated plan 1 10. Adidas GSG9 Assault could be formed. Boots. Early on the morning of 1 13 11. MBITR Radio. May, the gunmen ordered one 12. Earpiece/Throat Mike. of the hostages to telephone the GO: Having abseiled down from the roof, an SAS team enters 11 13. Calumite Light Sticks. BBC’s new’s desk. the embassy. 14. Aircrew Knife. Oan took the receiver and 15. Leatherman Tool. spoke directly to a BBC journal- noon Oan altered his demands, low altitude. 16. Cable Ties. ist, identifying who they were now requesting that the British 17. Claymore Clacker. and stating the non-Iranian hos- media broadcast a statement of Day 3 - 2 May 1980 18. Rope Bag (Leg). tages would not be harmed. their grievances and for ambas- At 09h30 Oan appeared at a 8 9 19. 11 mm Abseil Rope. Not long after that the police sadors of three Arab countries first-floor window and demand- 20. Petzl Descender. cut the phone lines to the embas- to negotiate the group’s safe ed access to the telex system, 21. Stun Grenade. sy, leaving the field telephone as passage out of the UK once the which had been cut along with 22. CS Gas Grenade. the only means of communica- statement had been broadcast. the phone lines. 23. H&K MP5K. tion. At about 20h00, Oan became The police refused an Oan 15 17 24. H&K MP5A5. BBC journalist Chris Cramer agitated by noises coming from threatened to kill Abdul Fazi 16 25. H&K MP5SD6. became ill and his colleague, the Ethiopian Embassy next Ezzati, the cultural attaché. 26. Remington 870. Sim Harris, was taken to the field door. PC Lock was asked to Oan then demanded to speak to 14 27. Browning L9A1. telephone and told to negotiate identify the sounds. He claimed somebody from the BBC who for a doctor. The police refused. that it was probably mice in the knew Sim Harris. 10 12 Nomex is a registered trade- Most of the morning was taken walls. The police agreed and pro- mark for flame-resistant me- up with negotiations before Cra- The sounds were actually duced Tony Crabb, managing di- ta-aramid material developed mer was released at 11H15. He technicians drilling holes in the rector of BBC Television News 19 in the early 1960s by DuPont. was rushed to hospital in an am- wall to implant listening devic- and Harris’s boss. They also wear Nomex un- bulance, accompanied by police es. COBRA decided to crate a Oan repeated his earlier de- derwear, which the SAS nick- officers sent to question him. distraction and instructed British mands for safe passage out of 23 name ‘Vindaloo’, a hot Indian As the noon deadline ap- Gas to commence drilling in an the UK, to be negotiated by three 24 curry dish. proached the police negotiated adjacent road, under the guise of ambassadors from Arab coun- The Remington 870 shot- for a new deadline of 14h00. repairing a gas leak. tries to Crabb from the first-floor gun is loaded with breaching They were convinced the gun- The drilling further agitated window, and instructed that they 26 rounds, used to blow a door men did not have the capability the gunmen, and instead Brit- should be broadcast along with a 25 22 off its hinges. to carry out their threat of blow- ish Airports Authority, owner of statement of the hostage-takers’ The H&K submachine ing the building up. London Heathrow Airport, was aims by the BBC. 27 guns will normally have a The police allowed the 14h00 told to instruct approaching air- The British Foreign and Com- torch and laser sight attached. deadline to pass. Later that after- craft to fly over the embassy at monwealth Office informally 64 65 approached the embassies of Al- The police guaranteed that the Colonel Mike Rose, Command- where the SAS expected. One geria, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, statement would be broadcast on er of 22 SAS; and Major Hector of the entry rooms turned out to Syria and Qatar to ask if their the BBC’s next news bulletin, in Gullan, commander of the team have been barricaded shut, and a ambassadors would be willing exchange for the release of two that would undertake any raid, soldier had to leave through the to talk to the hostage-takers. The hostages. spent the day refining their plans window and re-enter across the Jordanian ambassador immedi- The hostages decided amongst for an assault. balcony to get around the block- ately refused and the other five themselves that the two to be re- age. Stun grenades ignited fires, said they would consult their leased would be Hiyech Kanji Day 6 - 5 May 1980 which quickly spread. governments. and Ali-Guil Ghanzafar; the for- PC Lock was woken by Oan The staff sergeant, still hung up While the BBC did broad- mer as she was pregnant and the at dawn. Oan was convinced in his rope, was severely burnt. cast the statement that evening, latter for no other reason than that there was an intruder in the A second wave of abseilers cut Oan was not happy with it. He his loud snoring, which kept the building and sent Lock to inves- him free and he fell to the balco- claimed that it was truncated and other hostages awake at night tigate. No-one was found. ny floor below. He stood up and incorrect. and irritated the terrorists. Later that morning Oan told GOING IN: Two members of the SAS team prepare to enter the followed the rest of his team into Meanwhile SAS plans to en- Later in the evening, at ap- Lock to examine a bulge in the building via a balcony. the building. ter the embassy by battering proximately 23h00, an SAS wall separating the Iranian em- The aggressive plan paid off. the front door and ground-floor team reconnoitred the roof of bassy from the Ethiopian embas- at short notice. He passed this on over control of the operation to Taken by surprise the gunmen windows were quickly scrapped the embassy. They discovered a sy next door. to Mike Rose at 15h50 and by Lieutenant Colonel Mike Ros, were only able to kill one of their when it was discovered that the skylight, and succeeded in un- The bulge was actually caused 17h00 the SAS were in a posi- authorising Rose to order an as- hostages before being gunned embassy’s front door was rein- locking it for potential use as an by the removal of bricks to al- tion to carry out the assault at ten sault at his discretion. down, most in a hail of bullets forced by a steel security door, access point, should they later low and assault team to break minute’s notice. The police negotiators began from several SAS troops at once. and that the windows on the be required to storm the build- through the wall, and to implant The police had recruited an stalling Oan, offering conces- Two of the gunmen were tak- ground floor and first floor were ing. They also attached ropes to listening devices. imam from a local mosque at sions in order to distract him and en alive, but as they were passed fitted with armoured glass. the chimneys to allow soldiers Lock told Oan that he didn’t 18h20 and asked him to talk to prevent him from killing further hastily from man to man down to abseil down the building and think that the police were about the gunmen. hostages. At the same time the the stairs, the SAS realised that Day 4 - 3 May 1980 gain access through the win- to storm the building, but Oan While the imam was talking to SAS made their final prepara- one of them was clutching a gre- Oan, angered by the BBC’s in- dows if necessary. was not convinced. Oan via the field telephone, an- tions. nade. He was flung to the ground correct reporting of his demands At 13h00 Oan told the police other three shots rang out. Oan and shot dead before he could the previous evening, contacted Day 5 - 4 May 1980 that he would kill a hostage if he announce that another hostage The Assault pull the pin. the police negotiators shortly Throughout the day the For- was unable to speak to an Arab has been killed and that the rest Two SAS teams, Red Team The success was aided by PC after 06h00 and accused the au- eign Office were in talks with ambassador within 45 minutes. would die in 30 minutes unless and Blue Tea, were ordered to Lock. Realising that the assault thorities of deceiving him. He diplomats from Arabian coun- At 13h40, PC Lock informed his demands were met. begin their simultaneous as- had begun, Lock knocked the demanded to speak with an Arab tries in an effort to get them to the negotiators that the gunmen Police believed that two hos- saults at 19h23. terrorist leader to the ground ambassador, but the negotiator talk to the hostage-takers. The had taken the embassy chief tages had been killed, although While snipers provided cover, and grappled with him. Despite on duty claimed that talks were talks ended in a stalemate. press officer, Abbas Lavasani, only Lavasani had been shot. 32 men stormed the embassy. suffering from the effects of CS still being arranged by the For- Karkouti, the journalist, be- downstairs and were preparing Lavasani’s body was dumped Each assault team had a set area gas, Lock kept the terrorist from eign Office. came increasingly ill throughout to execute him. out of the front door and was re- to cover. They were not to stray firing his gun, then rolled clear at Oan saw through the delaying the day and by the evening was Exactly 45 minutes after Oan’s covered by the police. beyond these, to avoid friendly a shout from the SAS, who shot tactic and threatened that a hos- feverish. This led to speculation demand to speak to an ambassa- Sir David McNee, Commis- fire incidents. the terrorist before he could fire. tage would be killed unless Tony that the police had spiked the dor, three shots were heard from sioner of the Metropolitan Po- At the ‘Go’ signal men burst PC Lock was later awarded Crabb was brought back to the food that had been sent into the inside the embassy. lice, contacted the Home Secre- in through the French windows the George Medal, the United embassy. embassy. Home Secretary Willie tary to request approval to hand at the rear of the building while Kingdom’s second-highest civil Crabb did not arrive at the While the police had consid- Whitelaw rushed through and control of the operation over to others came in through a skylight honour, as well as the Freedom embassy until 15h30, nearly ered this option, it was not done was briefed on the SAS plan by the British Army, under the pro- on the roof while abseil teams of the City of London. ten hours after Oan demanded on the advice of a doctor who de la Billière, who told him to visions of Military Aid to the reached the floors in between. Most of the raid, which lasted his presence. Oan then relayed dismissed it as “impracticable”. expect that up to 40 percent of Civil Power. Not everything went off for 17 minutes, was watched live another statement to Crabb via The SAS officers involved in the hostages would be killed in This request was relayed by smoothly. The staff sergeant on television. It made the SAS a Mustapha Karkouti, a journal- the operation, including Briga- an assault. Whitelaw to Margaret Thatcher leading the abseiling team be- household name. ist also being held hostage in the dier Peter de la Billière, Direc- De la Billière was instructed would immediately agreed. came entangled in his rope. embassy. tor Special Forces; Lieutenant to prepare to assault the building At 19h07, John Dellow signed Some of the hostages were not 66 67 Gaming Matt O’ Brien is on the warpath again with one of his favourite military simulators. And he’s also going from soldier to film director.

did a review of ARMA 3 in and complete campaigns. good at it. This should come us the very second edition of One of the big game changers no surprise because five of them I Military Despatches way are mods or modifications. Cur- are current serving F-16 pilots back in August 2017. rently there are 14,465 availa- in real life. The other three are I followed that up with a sec- ble. all retired F-16 pilots. ond review of the game in June While the original ARMA 3 And bear in mind that the 2019 and this time we looked at is set in the mid-2030s, there modded version of the F-16 in DLC (downloadable content) are mods that recreate Vietnam, ARMA 3 uses 600 key controls Part of the content that comes am also very interested in mili- footage and then edited it, add- for the game. World War II and most oth- to fly it. with ARMA 3 is called ‘Eden tary history and this is where I ing music and effects. So here we are in August er wars and conflicts you can Some of the groups that play Editor’. This is used to set up find ARMA 3 invaluable. This is a great boon for those 2020 and we’re taking a third think of. And this includes our together regularly get togeth- your own missions, scenarios “For example, I wanted to do that want to try their hand at look at the game. own Bush War and the Rhode- er once a week for training. or even campaigns. a short documentary on the Bat- filming military related foot- AMRA 3 is not new. The sian War. They will use a map such as You choose a map and then tle of Stalingrad. Now obvious- age and there are many tutorials game was originally released Many people use mods for the Hebontes Military Training set it up as you wish. You can ly there is film footage around available online. in 2013, making it seven years what is known as Mil Sim, or Ground. add buildings, props, vehicles, that was taken during the actual old. And it’s not exactly a game military simulation. These are Here they practice unit tac- troops - whatever you wish. battle. The problem is that it is as such, but rather a military groups that get together online tics, ambushes, patrolling, han- You then decide what each difficult to find exactly the right sandbox or military simulator and create missions or scenari- dling vehicles, flying planes item you laid down should be footage that I am looking for. (mil sim). os. These groups can be as large and helicopters, piloting boats doing. You can then film and “And even if you do find What has given ARMA 3 it’s as 200 players. and they also make use of the capture the footage and later footage that you can use it is longevity is the creator content Sometimes a large group will many shooting ranges. edit it. normally copyrighted. So you that has been produced by mod- play a mission against AI (ar- There are shooting ranges for One of the most useful mods can’t use it anyway.” ers. tificial intelligence) or some- pistols, submachine guns, light for this is called G Cam, a cam- This is where Gary found These are people that create times players will go up against and heavy machine guns, sniper era that you can move around, help via ARMA 3. content for the game and then each other. rifles, and even artillery. zoom in and out, raise or lower, “I was able to download upload it to the Steam Work- Often these players will con- The vast majority of those or even get to follow anyone or buildings and terrain that could shop. From here you can down- centrate on a specific objective. that play online are over the age anything. represent Stalingrad. I also load it for free. For example I know one player of 21 and most are military vet- Gary is 33 and he bought found World War II German Currently there are more that that does nothing but fly hel- erans. ARMA 3 two years ago, but not and Russian uniforms, weap- 100,000 items of creator con- icopters. And not attack heli- to play the game. ons, equipment, tanks, aircraft tent available and each brings copters either. All he does is fly Machinima “I’m not really that interested and everything else I needed. something new and different to troops into combat, fly supplies Something else that has be- in gaming and, truth be told, “I used the Eden Editor to set the base game. in, and carry out casevacs. come popular in ARMA 3 is I’m not very good at it,” he ad- up and then script the scenes Publisher - Bohemia Interactive These include weapons, vehi- Another group of eight play- what is called Machinima. mits. that I wanted and used the G Genre - Mil Sim cles, boats, planes, helicopters, ers that I came across fly F-16 This is using ARMA 3 to cre- “But what I am interested in Cam to film them.” Score - 9/10 uniforms, maps and terrain. fighter jets. They fly together as ate cinematics, training videos and something that I believe Gary then used a screen cap- Price - R479 (on Steam) There are also single missions a squadron and they’re pretty and even short films. I’m good at is film-making. I ture programme to capture his 68 69 Movie My Father’s War Book Review Review Released: 2016 Running time: 97 minutes Director: Peter Lamberti Pathfinder Company

his locally produced film prays to God to somehow show Border War. The Philistines is one of the best I’ve his son what it had really been “I wish my ex-wife and chil- olonel Jan Breytenbach Australasia, and seen in a long while. It is a like. It is a prayer that does not dren could see this movie,” he T Cwrites in the foreword: elsewhere, from such Special movie that every military veteran go unanswered. said. “On Ascension Day, 1978, a Forces units as the SAS, Selous needs to watch. Especially those Dap has a troubling dream in If you haven’t seen My Fa- composite South African para- Scouts and the RLI. “This is that were involved in the Border which he is a combat soldier in ther’s War, then go out and rent chute battalion jumped onto the their book, a collection of sto- War. the Border War. In the dream ev- it. Or even better, buy a copy of tactical HQ of SWAPO’s PLAN ries about the founding and de- In fact whether you’re a former eryone calls him Dap. The dream the movie. army, based at Cassinga, 250 ployment of a unit of ‘Foreign soldier, a wife, or child (in South seems so realistic and the follow- kilometres north of the Angolan Legionnaires’, from different Africa or anywhere in the world), ing morning he cannot get it out Cast border to destroy the facility, parts of the world who became this is a must-see film. of his mind. Stian Bam - David Smit their logistics, and to wipe out welded together into a remark- Written and directed by Craig Then he has another dream. Edwin van der Walt - Dap Smit a strong concentration of SWA- able combat unit, unsurpassed Gardner and produced by Peter This time he meets his father Erica Wessels - Karina Smit PO guerrillas. by any other South African De- Lamberti, the bilingual film (Af- who, in the dream, is the same Richard Lukunku - Joao The airborne assault, part of fence Force unit in their posi- rikaans/English) focuses on the age as him. They are both togeth- Duane Behrens - Kobus , was an tive and aggressive approach to broken relationship between a fa- er in the same unit. He experi- David Dukas - Bill unqualified success; the whole battle. For me it was an honour ther and a rebellious teenage son. ences events in great detail dur- Vian Singleton - Young Dap base was destroyed. 608 PLAN to have faced incoming lead to- finder Company, 44 Parachute Set in 2003, 19 year old Dap ing the dream. Francois Jacobs - Warrick fighters were killed, with many gether with them.” Brigade. He returned to Eng- Smit is at constant loggerheads Dap realises that in his dream Damon Berry - Carrots more wounded which pushed Graham Gillmore enjoys land still on crutches after being with his father Dawid, a veteran he is a member of the elite Spe- Neels Clasen - Wynand the final SWAPO death toll to country life in the natural wounded in and joined of the Border War. They two of cial Forces unit, 5 Reconnais- David Rees - Colonel Swartz well over a thousand. We lost beauty of East Anglia and the the Territorial Army. After a them cannot see eye to eye on sance Regiment and that they are Alan Glauber - Army chaplain only four paratroopers killed Fens but was born a Londoner career in VIP security Graham anything. Caught between them somewhere in Angola. Nathaniel Ramabulana - Chunky in action plus a dozen or so in 1952. An innate fascination is now a leading member of is Karina, Dawid’s wife and He begins doing research on wounded. According to airborne with history and all things mili- the Victorian Military Society Dap’s mother. the Internet and finds that all the experts in Britain and Austra- tary inevitably led him to join- for whom he runs The Diehard Dawid has no idea of how to facts he has dreamt about seem to lia, this was the most audacious ing the Grenadier Guards, and Company, an internationally communicate with his son. Dap check out. parachute assault since the Sec- for six months the Guards De- renowned re-enactment group. on the other hand seems to hate As he has more dreams he be- ond World War; the mounting pot drilled into him soldiering He advises and writes articles his father. He feels that he was gins to understand his father more airfield was well over 1,000 skills of the highest standard. on the British Army on Home not there while he was growing The dreams give him insight and nautical miles away. I was the Graham left the British Army Service and on campaign dur- up, and that his father abandoned compassion, and he is finally able commander of that airborne as- in 1977 to join the Rhodesian ing Queen Victoria’s reign. both him and his mother because to let go of his life-long feelings sault, which although success- Light Infantry in their war to he preferred being on the border. of abandonment and anger. ful above all expectations, also prevent communist guerril- Softcover: 160 pages with He also believes that he is an Finally father and son are rec- highlighted many shortcom- las overthrowing the country. 200 colour and B/W photos & only child because his father onciled. He accompanies his fa- ings, some of which nearly led After two years as the signals maps. didn’t want any more children ther to a reunion of some of the to a disastrous outcome.” rep to Support Commando, after him. men that were in his unit. 44 Parachute Brigade was 1RLI, Graham was promoted Available from Bush War Eventually Dap tells his father There Dap learns why he was formed later that year, with the to Signals Troop Sergeant, but Books. that he hates him and says that named Dap. He also learns the need for a specialist Pathfinder with the fall of Rhodesia to the R255.00 he wished that he had died in the reason why he was an only child. Company patently clear. Into Marxists in 1980, he moved to war. I watched this film with a mate Click on the box cover to the ranks came professional South Africa to continue the an- Dawid is heartbroken and of mine, himself a veteran of the watch a trailer of the film. veterans from the UK, USA, ti-terrorist fight with the Path- 70 71 This month in military history ... August This month in military history ... August Mamba Armoured Person- Battalion was Killed in Ac- a police station, airport and This month in military history nel Carrier overturned near tion during a contact with the Namibian Broadcasting Table Mountain outside Pi- enemy forces in Southern Corporation (NBC) in and Some of the significant military events that happened in July. Highlighted in blue are the names of those members of the South African Defence Force (SADF) that lost their lives during the month of etermaritzburg. The casual- Angola. He was 27. around . August. ties were: Lance Corporal • 1983 - Rifleman Schaullum • 2007 - Holden Roberto, An- L. P. Petersen (19). Lance Lennox Silverton from Reg- golan founder and leader of Corporal Johnathan Mervin iment Christiaan Beyers was the FNLA, dies at 84. H.G. Willmot is first perma- death is unknown. He was 1 August Thomas (20). Killed in Action in a land- nent Officer Commanding. 17. • 1798 - The British fleet un- • 1996 - Mohammed Farah mine explosion in the Kao- 3 August der Lord Nelson defeats the • 1944 - The Warsaw Up- • 1982 - The Kenyan Air Aidid, who has controlled koveld. He was 21. • 1900 - During the 2nd An- French fleet at the Battle of rising began as the Polish Force disbands following an much of Somalia during its • 1989 - Private Jacobus glo-Boer War, in a breach of the Nile, at Aboukir Bay, Home Army, numbering attempted coup by non-com- civil war, dies of wounds Petrus Du Plessis from neutrality, Colonel Stowe, Egypt, thus thwarting Napo- about 40,000 Polish patri- missioned officers in which suffered during a skirmish Quartermaster General was Consul-General of the USA, leon’s conquest of the Mid- ots, began shooting at Ger- 159 died. with another faction. shot dead while on duty at allows a British Intelli- dle East. Napoleon Bona- man troops in the streets. • 1987 - Corporal Marius Al- the Karl Kling Building in gence officer, carrying im- parte and his forces are left The Nazis then sent eight bertus van Zyl from Infan- 2 August . He was 18. portant papers from Milner stranded in Egypt. divisions to battle the Poles, try School was killed in a • 1900 - During the 2nd An- • 1989 - Rifleman Rudolph to Kitchener, to hide from • 1900 - During the 2nd An- who had hoped for, but did private motor vehicle acci- glo-Boer War Lord Roberts Ernst Thiel from 1 Recon- Danie Theron in his railway glo-Boer War General Ian not receive, assistance from dent at Oudshoorn while on sends his Chief of Staff, Lord naissance Regiment was carriage. Hamilton, commanding a the Allies. Two months later, weekend pass. He was 20. Kitchener, to take overall accidentally killed in the • 1900 - War correspondent force of about 6,000 men the rebellion was quashed. • 1988 - Seaman Willem command of the forces en- Duku-Duku Forest Training Ernie Pyle (1900-1945) was with twenty-six field guns, • 1946 - Andrei Vlasov, Rus- Schalk van der Merwe from gaged against Gen. De Wet. area near Mtubatuba when born in Dana, Indiana. His is sent to capture Comman- sian general (who fought for SAS Rand was killed in • 1934 - Paul von Hinden- his overturned on a syndicated column offered do Nek and Silkaatsnek, be- both the Red Army and the a military bus accident in burg, German WW1 general gravel road during a training sympathetic insights into the tween Brits and Pretoria, and German Wehrmacht) is exe- Durban. He was 19. and President of Germany exercise. He was 19. experiences of common sol- to cover Baden-Powell’s re- cuted at age 45. • 1990 - ANC and its armed (1925-34), dies of lung can- • 1990 - The Iraqi army in- diers during World War II. treat to Pretoria. • 1957 – The United States wing, we Si- cer at 86. vaded Kuwait amid claims He received a Pulitzer Prize • 1901 - During the 2nd An- and Canada form the North zwe (MK) suspends armed • 1956 - Having held talks that Kuwait threatened for his reports of the bomb- glo-Boer War the British par- American Air Defense Com- actions after twenty-nine on the escalating crisis over Iraq’s economic existence ing of London in 1940 and liament votes an additional mand (NORAD). years. control of the Suez Canal by overproducing oil and later war reports from Afri- £12,500 00 for munitions. • 1975 - An order is issued • 1990 - Two members of the with France and the US, driving prices down on the ca, Sicily, Italy and France. • 1901 - During the 2nd An- withdrawing the remaining Cape Regiment were killed Britain mobilises its forces. world market. An Iraqi mil- He was killed by ma- glo-Boer War Sir G. Lagden, from in a military vehicle acci- • 1965 - Assistant Veldkor- itary government was then chine-gun fire near Okinawa formerly Resident Commis- Rhodesia. dent at Hammersdale. The net N.R. Pullen from the 42 installed in Kuwait which in the South Pacific on April sioner in Basutoland, is ap- • 1979 - Lieutenant Sid- casualties were: Rifleman Army Air Reconnaissance was annexed by Iraq on the 18, 1945. pointed by the British as the ney Edward Watts from 1 Johannes Jacobus Lourens Squadron was killed when claim that Kuwait was his- Commissioner of Native Af- Squadron (27). Rifleman Cupido Jo- his Cessna 185A crashed torically part of Iraq. This fairs in the Transvaal and the SWATF was killed when hannes Mentoor (21). near Derby while on a rou- resulted in Desert Shield, ‘Orange River Colony’. his private Cessna 182 air- • 1992 - Corporal Michael tine low level reconnais- the massive Allied military • 1938 - Air Force Base Wa- craft crashed at Eros Airport Paul Bankenberg from sance training flight. He was buildup, and later the 100- terkloof is founded with two outside Windhoek during Group 39 was shot dead by 20. hour war against Iraq, De- hangars, a runway and No’s Squadron night flying exer- a fellow soldier in Queens- • 1976 - French officials dis- sert Storm. 1 and 2 Fighter-bomber cises. He was 28. town. He was 21. The sol- close that France is to sup- • 1999 - At least twelve people Squadrons and No 3 Com- • 1981 - Private Rocco Ber- dier who did the shooting ply South Africa with two are killed in rebel attacks on munication Squadron, main- nard Du Plooy from 2 then committed suicide. He destroyer escorts. ly equipped with Hawker Squadron was accidentally was 21. • 1982 - Lance Corporal Hartebeest Aircraft. Lt. Col. killed while on official duty • 1993 - Two members from 3 but the exact cause of his SAI were killed when their Matheus Bambi from 32 72 73 This month in military history ... August This month in military history ... August • 1900 - President Paul Kru- and crashed into the sea 28 Lamari, head of Algeria’s garrison of British troops Craig Adrian Maguire from self-sufficient in the manu- ger and Commandant Gen- miles off Green Point near army, resigns for health rea- was unable to stop the Duke the Army Battle School died facture of arms. The coun- eral Louis Botha issued a Scottburgh and exploded on sons. d’Acota’s 25,000 soldiers from a gunshot wound ac- try is considering exporting proclamation in Pretoria impact with the water. He • 2005 - The Military Council who swarmed across the cidentally sustained in the weapons. which promised to pay those was 27. for Justice and Democracy border. Army Battle School training • 1983 - Rifleman Johannes Burghers who remained ac- • 1979 - President Francisco overthrows President Taya • 1967 - Military conscription area. He was 21 Jacobus Christoffel Stols tive with their Commandos Macías Nguema of Equato- of Mauritania in a coup, became compulsory for all • 2003 - The first 200 -mem from 3 SAI Support Compa- for damage done to their rial Guinea is overthrown in while he is in White men in South Africa bers of a West African ny attached to 52 Battalion, farms by the British troops. a military coup by his neph- for the funeral of King Fahd. over the age of 16. Defer- peacekeeping force arrive was Killed in Action when • 1911 - An Italian, Command- ew Colonel Teodoro Obiang ment to complete school- in Liberia in an effort to his Troop Carrier er Piazza, is the world’s first Ngueme Mbasogo. 4 August ing or a university degree stop more than two months detonated a boosted TMA-3 pilot to fly a military mis- • 1980 - Two members from • 1578 - A Portuguese at- was granted, but hardly any of fighting between govern- Cheese Mine while on patrol sion he flies reconnaissance 32 Battalion were Killed in tempt at an invasion against White men were exempt ment forces and rebels, and near Ogongo. He was 20. missions over Tripoli. Action in Southern Angola the Moors of Morocco is from conscription. allow food and medicine to • 1990 - The United States • 1934 - Jonas Savimbi, for- when they triggered a booby thwarted at the Battle of Al- • 1972 - Signaler Victor enter Monrovia. sends a Marine company mer leader of Unita, was trap inside an enemy bun- cazar-el-Kebir. King Sebas- Donald Devenish from 23 into Monrovia, Liberia’s born on this day in Mun- ker during Operation Vas- tian of Portugal, the King Squadron, 2 Signals Regi- 5 August capital, to evacuate US cit- hango, Angola. trap. They were: Corporal of Fez and the Moorish pre- ment was accidentally killed • 1815 - A peace treaty with izens because of a rebel • 1940 - Italy begins occupa- Michael Christian Coetzee tender to the throne of Fez, in a Military Vehicle Acci- Tripoli, which follows trea- threat to arrest Americans tion of British Somaliland. (26). Corporal Daniel Hein- are all killed. dent at Binga in Rhodesia ties with Algeria and Tunis, in order to provoke foreign • 1956 - An event unique rich Grobler (20). • 1900 - During the 2nd An- while deployed there during brings an end to the Barbary intervention in the civil war. in the SAAF history takes • 1983 - Rifleman Adriaan glo-Boer War the Battle of Ops Falcon (Clandestine Wars. • 1985 - Gunner Riaan Jakob place. The SAAF squadron Jacobus Booysen Thirion Elands River (Brakfontein), Electronic Warfare Deploy- • 1863 - The Alabama, an Rautenbach from 61 Mecha- that was placed at the dis- from the Boksburg Com- near present-day Swartrug- ment). He was 18. American Civil War raider, nised Battalion was acciden- posal of the United Nations mando was killed in an ac- gens, that lasted several • 1978 - Corporal Barend captures the Northern bark, tally killed when a 120mm Organisation during the Ko- cidental mortar bomb ex- days, starts. Phillippus Hendrikis Du Sea Bride, outside Table Mortar Tube exploded after rean War, is presented with plosion during operations • 1901 - During the 2nd Plessis from the South Af- Bay. The Alabama was built firing an over-boosted mor- the prestigious United States in Southern Angola. He was Anglo-Boer War Lord rican Air Force died in H.F. during the American Civil tar bomb during training at presidential unit citation, 25. Methuen, British gener- Verwoerd Hospital in Preto- War to prey on the mercan- Omuthiya. He was 20. awarded for ‘extraordinary • 1985 - Rifleman Mark John al, destroys the village of ria from injuries sustained tile shipping of the Northern • 1986 - Four members from heroism against the armed Littrell from 1 Parachute Schweizer-Reneke, leaving in a private motor cycle ac- states. Her captain and of- the Intelligence School in enemy of the United Na- Battalion Died of Wounds only the church standing. cident. He was 21. ficers were Southeners, her Kimberley were killed when tions from November 1951 accidentally sustained while • 1907 - The French fleet bom- • 1983 - Captain Thomas San- crew British. The Malays their SAMIL 50 vehicle to April 1952’. based in the Northern Oper- bards Casablanca, northwest kara seizes power in a mil- composed the well-known overturned approximately • 1974 - Lieutenant Hen- ational Area. He was 19. Morocco, following an- itary coup in . folksong Daar Kom Die Al- ri Cornelius Lotz from 41 • 1986 - Three members from ti-foreign outbreaks. • 1987 - Private Francois du ibama with reference to this Squadron was killed when Durban Regiment were • 1914 - Germany invades Preez Smit from the Provost ship. his AM-3C Bosbok crashed killed when their Buffel Belgium and when Lon- School was killed in a mil- • 1916 - The British navy de- near Johannesburg. . He was Troop Carrier overturned don’s ultimatum to Berlin itary vehicle accident at the feats the Ottomans at the 25. in Durban. The casualties to withdraw expires at mid- Far North Command Head- naval battle off Port Said, • 1978 - Captain Anthony were: Lance Corporal Rob- night, Britain declares war quarters Unit in Pietersburg. Egypt. Howard Brinkworth from ert Dennis Sterling (26). Ri- on Germany. He was 18. • 1971 - PW Botha, the Min- 24 Squadron was Report- fleman Trevor Reginald Wil- • 1940 - Italy invades Brit- • 1988 - Staff Sergeant Mar- ister of Defence, says that ed Missing when his Buc- liam Holland (24). Rifleman ish Somaliland and occu- ius Horn from 5 SAI was South Africa has become caneer SMk.50, flown by Eric Cornelius Koekemoer pies some towns in accidentally killed near Es- Captain Dries Marais, suf- (21). and Kenya. General God- howe. He was 27. Hugo Bierman fered a double flame-out • 2004 - General Muhamed win-Austin and his small • 1990 - Lance Corporal 74 75 This month in military history ... August This month in military history ... August

5 km from the Unit Head- cob from 35 Battalion was her execution, she refused a • 1963 - The United States in the H.F. Verwoerd Hos- • 1989 - Rifleman Jacques quarters. The casualties Killed in Action during blindfold and instead threw (US) informed the United pital in Pretoria after being Stefan Barkhuizen from In- were: Lance Corporal Alan a contact with SWAPO/ a kiss to the French firing Nations (UN) that it would critically injured in a private fantry School was killed in Bernard Clarke (18). Lance PLAN insurgents in North- squad. suspend sales of arms to motor vehicle accident. He a private motor vehicle acci- Corporal Jacob Johannes de ern Owamboland. He was • 1900 - During the 2nd An- South Africa. The Security was 21. dent at Hopetown while on Jager (18). Lance Corporal 19. glo-Boer War the Battle of Council adopted Resolution • 1983 - Two members from route to a tug of war compe- Jacques Delport (18). Lance • 1980 - Rifleman Neels Tygerpoort (Venterskroon) 181 calling upon all states to 202 Battalion SWATF were tition. He was 19. Corporal Jacobus Frans Jacobus Reynolds from 41 takes place between the cease the sale and shipment Killed in Action during a • 1990 - Just five days after Hamman (18). Battalion was Killed in Ac- British under Lord Methuen of arms, ammunition and contact with SWAPO/PLAN the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, • 1998 - Otto Kretschmer, tion during a contact with and the Boers under De military vehicles to South insurgents. The casualties President George Bush or- German U-boat commander, SWAPO/PLAN insurgents Wet. De Wet, with the aid Africa. The arms embargo were: Rifleman S. Kavarata dered Desert Shield, a mas- dies at 86. in Northern Owamboland. of Capt. Danie Theron and was made mandatory on 4 (21). Rifleman A.H. Katan- sive military buildup to pre- He was 18. fourteen of his men, escapes November, 1977. ga (22). vent further Iraqi advances. 6 August • 1986 - Lance Corporal Jaco- and Methuen falls back to • 1964 - Following an attack • 1984 - Rifleman Johannes • 1991 - Commandant Freder- • 1891 - British Field Marshall bus Andries Cornelius Nel regroup. on two U.S. destroyers in Hendrik Strydom from the ick Marthinus Ferreira from William Joseph Slim is born from the Intelligence School • 1901 - During the 2nd An- the Gulf of Tonkin off North Infantry School died from a on this day. in Kimberley died in the Uni- glo-Boer War Lord Kitchen- Vietnam, the U.S. Congress gunshot wound sustained as was killed when his military • 1900 - During the 2nd An- versitas Hospital after being er publishes his most famous approved the Gulf of Tonkin a result of an accidental dis- vehicle was involved in a glo-Boer War the Battle of critically injured on 05 Au- of what the Boers call his Resolution, granting Presi- charge of a fellow soldiers head-on collision with a ci- Elands River takes place. gust 1986 when his SAMIL ‘paper bombs’, proclaiming dent Lyndon B. Johnson au- rifle while at the De Brug vilian vehicle at Grahams- British Gen. Carrington re- 50 vehicle overturned 5km that all officers of the ‘late thority “to take all necessary Training Area. He was 19. town. He was 51. treats to the Marico River from the Unit Headquarters. ‘ Republics still engaged in measures to repel any armed • 1987 - Two members from • 1998 - Terrorist bombs deto- and Zeerust, Western Trans- He was 18. fighting and all members of attack against the forces of 121 Battalion were killed nate within minutes of each vaal, pursued for part of • 1997 - The SA Air Force an- their governments will be the United States and to pre- when their Buffel Troop other outside US embas- the way by Boer forces. He nounces that Mirages will permanently banished from vent further aggression.” Carrier overturned at Ng- sies in buildings in Nairobi, burns his baggage train and be phased out because of a South Africa unless they • 1970 - Fighting along the wavuma near Pongola. They Kenya and Dar-es-Salaam, surplus supplies and retires cut to the defence budget. surrender before 15 Septem- Egyptian-Israeli border is were: Rifleman Sikhumbu- Tanzania killing more than towards Mafeking. ber. brought to a halt as a new zo Eric Mbambo (21). Ri- 250 people and wounding • 1916 - Admiral Hugo (Hen- 7 August • 1901 - During the 2nd An- 90-day cease-fire takes ef- fleman Alpheus Dumdum approximately 5,000. drik) Bierman, former Chief • 1795 - The Battle of Muizen- glo-Boer War the Battle of fect. Mbambo (24). of the Navy and Chief of the berg takes place during Fort Mpisane, the final big • 1973 - Three members from • 1988 - Angola, Cuba and 8 August SADF, is born in Johannes- the Napoleontic War when battle of this war fought in 2 SAI were killed while un- South Africa agreed to a • 1802 - Tjaart van der Walt, burg. British troops disembark the Lowveld, takes place. dergoing Driver and Main- formal ceasefire. Under the frontier farmer and field • 1945 - The first Atomic at Muizenberg and move • 1901 - During the 2nd An- tenance training when their terms of the ceasefire and commandant who played an Bomb was dropped over towards , not- glo-Boer War Comman- Bedford truck collided with later treaty, Cuba was to important role in the third the center of Hiroshima at withstanding brave defence dant Manie Maritz attacks an on a withdraw its forces from 08h15, by the American by Lieut. P.W. Marnitz and Vanrhynsdorp in the Cape narrow bridge on the Walvis Angola, and South Africa B-29 bomber Enola Gay. Capt. C. Kemper after De Province. Many vehicles, Bay to Windhoek road and was to grant Namibia inde- The bomb detonated about Lille vacated his position. including three laden supply overturned. The casualties pendence and withdraw its 850 metres above ground, • 1876 - International spy wagons, are taken from the were: Rifleman Kenneth forces and elections were to killing over 105,000 per- Mata Hari (1876-1917) was British. Frampton Beghin (18). Ri- be held in Angola. The trea- sons and destroying the city. born (as Margaret Gertrude • 1942 - The U.S. 1st Marine fleman Christos Constati- ty was signed on 22 Decem- Another estimated 100,000 Zelle) in Leewarden, Neth- Division lands on the islands nou (18). Rifleman Ralph ber 1988. persons later died as a result erlands. Arrested by the of Guadalcanal and Tulagi George Leggett (18). of radiation effects. French in 1917 as a German in the Solomon Islands. It is • 1981 - Lance Corporal Jan • 1980 - Rifleman Petrus Ja- spy, she was tried, convicted the first American amphibi- Mathys de Beer from Air George H. Bush and sentenced to death. At ous landing of the war. Force Base Waterkloof died 76 77 This month in military history ... August This month in military history ... August

frontier war against the Lance Corporal Michel Ad- 5 Reconnaissance Regiment down during the night. He poral Karl Paul Viljoen (22). Organisation (SWAPO) combined force of the Xho- olf Brodreiss (21). Lance were Killed in Action while was 32. Rifleman Johannes Gerber fighters are believed to have sa and Khoi-Khoi, is killed Corporal Matthys Johannes carrying out pseudo oper- • 2004 - Several military of- le Roux (18). been killed, with upwards of in a skirmish in the Kouga Taljaard (27). Air Mechanic ations in enemy territory. ficers and civilians are- ar • 1983 - With support from another hundred injured at mountains, district Humans- Johannes Chamberlain (20). They were: Rifleman Mahl- rested in Mauritania for Libya in their long-running a forward base in the Cam- dorp. • 1988 - South African For- omola Samuel Mokoena plotting a coup. civil war, Chadian insur- beno Valley. A significant • 1945 - Soviet Russia de- eign Minister Pik Botha (25). Lance Corporal I van gents overrun the outpost amount of equipment and clared war on Japan and sent announces agreement has Maleta (23). 10 August of Faya-Largeau in northern material was taken and de- troops into Japanese-held been reached for a cease-fire • 1983 - Rifleman M. Frans • 1900 - British General Car- . stroyed, including rations Manchuria. in the Angolan conflict be- from 5 Reconnaissance rington reaches Mafeking • 1985 - Two members from originally obtained from the • 1960 - Dag Hammarskjöld, tween South Africa, Angola Regiment was Killed in Ac- and narrowly avoids be- Sector 30 SWATF were UN High Commission for UN secretary-general, in- and Cuba. This ends twenty tion while carrying out oper- ing court-martialled for his killed when their Buffel Refugees. structs Belgium to withdraw years of bush warfare. The ations against enemy forces. inexplicable flight from Troop Carrier overturned at • 1990 - Egyptian and Mo- its troops from the Congo. treaty is formally signed at He was 22. Elands River (Brakfontein). Welinitschia. The casualties roccan troops land in Saudi • 1963 - During Operation Ruacana in late August. • 1983 - Two members from He later explains his actions were: Corporal Albert Johan Arabia to prevent Iraqi inva- CAPEX (Cape Exercise), • 1945 - The second Atom- 40 Squadron were killed to Lord Roberts in Pretoria Kotze (19). Rifleman Jo- sion. a joint training exercise in- ic bombing of Japan oc- when their Atlas MB326M but a furious Roberts trans- hannes Frederik Louw (20). • 1993 - UN forces kill seven volving elements of Brit- curred as an American B-29 Impala Mk I crashed near fers him back to Somali gunmen who shot at ain’s Royal Navy and both bomber headed for the city . The casual- in Rhodesia. 11 August a surveillance helicopter, as the SA Navy and Air Force, of Kokura, but because of ties were: Lieutenant Leon • 1945 - Japan offers to sur- • 1940 - A week before Mus- militias of warlord Moham- a 35 Squadron Avro MR. poor visibility then chose a Jacobs (22). Lance Corpo- render in World War 2 if solini orders General Rodol- med Farah Aidid intensify Mk 3 Shackleton struck secondary target, Nagasaki. ral Pieter Johannes Terburgh Emperor Hirohito is permit- fo Graziani to invade Egypt an offensive against peace- high ground before crash- About noon, the bomb det- (21). ted to keep his throne. from Libya, the British RAF keepers. ing into the Wemmershook onated killing an estimated • 1984 - Rifleman Stephanus • 1961 – First use of the Agent raids airfields and Italian • 1998 - Congolese rebels mountain range just out- 70,000 persons and destroy- Badenhorst from 1 Para- Orange in Vietnam by the military bases. fighting President Laurent side the town of Worcester, ing about half the city. chute Battalion died from a U.S. Army. • 1977 - Rifleman Michael Kabila say they are closing some 96 km east of its des- • 1967 - Biafran troops, un- gunshot wound accidental- • 1972 - Naval Headquarters Gerrard Lemmer from 2 in on the capital, while the tination. All thirteen crew der the command of Colonel ly sustained at the De Brug at Simon’s Town announce SAI was accidentally killed government rounds up Tut- members on board were Ojukwu, have crossed the Training Area during COIN that the second series of during a training exercise sis, suspected of supporting killed. The casualties were: Niger River into Nigeria’s OPS Training. He was 19. joint British South African near Otjiwarongo. He left the rebellion. Captain Thomas Howard Mid-Western State and are • 1985 - Bombardier Hendrik exercises off the Cape Coast the confines of the Tempo- Sivertsen (34). Captain heading towards City. Petrus Uys from the School will begin on 14 August rary Base (TB) during the Jaques Guillaume Labus- Nigeria’s leader General of Artillery was killed in a 1972 and will continue for night and on returning, was chagne (29). 2nd Lieutenant Yakubu Gowon, promoted military vehicle accident seven days. shot dead by the Bren Gun- George James Smith (21). since his reinstatement of near Potchefstroom. He was • 1973 - Leading Seaman ner who mistook him for an Lieutenant Abraham Gert Federal rule, is planning an 20. Hendrik van der Merwe insurgent. He was 18. Willem Coetzee (24). 2nd offensive against the Bia- • 1985 - Rifleman Edwin Wil- from SAS Protea was killed • 1982 - The South African Lieutenant Charles Alwyn fran capital Enugu. liams from 8 SAI died from in a military vehicle acci- government has released du Plooy (19). Candidate • 1975 - The French govern- a gunshot wound resulting dent. He was 27. details of a South African Officer Derrick Ian Strauss ment has decided to sup- from the accidental dis- • 1978 - Two members from 5 Defence Force (SADF) raid (19). Warrant Officer II ply no further continental charge of a fellow soldiers SAI attached to “B” Compa- into Southern Angola. Be- Sydney Shields Scully (46). (ground or air) armaments rifle while he was stationed ny, 2nd Platoon, 54 Battalion tween two and three hundred Flight Sergeant David Hope to South Africa. This polit- at . He was 23. SWATF, were killed after South West African People’s Sheasby (27). Lance Corpo- ical decision does not affect • 1986 - Rifleman M.C. Joao suffering multiple shrapnel ral Charl Paul Viljoen (28). naval armaments or existing from 32 Battalion was burnt wounds in an accidental Ri- Lance Corporal Marthienus contracts. to death at Buffalo when his fle Grenade explosion. The Emperor Hitohito Christoffel Vorster (23). • 1981 - Two members from house caught fire and burnt casualties were: Lance Cor- 78 79 This month in military history ... August This month in military history ... August 12 August were from the hunt on De Wet to The casualties were: Colo- 14 August without actually using the • 1900 - The rearguard of the Killed in Action after walk- relieve Col. Hore. nel Jacobus Cornelius Ther- • 1870 - David Farragut, word. The announcement Boer forces under De Wet ing into an enemy ambush • 1926 - Communist revo- on (63). Lieutenant Josef Jo- American Admiral who was broadcast via radio to fights a running battle with in Southern Angola while lutionary and President of hannes Fourie (41). coined the phrase“Damn the Japanese people at noon Lord Methuen’s British in hot pursuit of a SWAPO/ Cuba, , was • 1983 - Rifleman Gavin Vil- the torpedoes, full speed the next day. The formal sur- force. Methuen seizes wag- PLAN insurgent group ap- born on this day. joen from 7 SAI was killed ahead!”), dies at 69. render ceremony occurred ons and prisoners abandoned proximately 45 men strong. • 1967 - Umkhonto we Si- in a Military Vehicle Acci- • 1896 - English World War I later, on 2 September 1945, by the Republicans, as well The casualties were: Lance zwe’s (MK) Luthuli De- dent near Phalaborwa. He fighter pilot Albert Ball VC, on board the USS Missouri as one of the Armstrong Corporal Pierre Johannes tachment in Rhodesia (Zim- was 19. DSO & Two Bars, MC was in Tokyo Bay. guns captured at Stormberg. Du Bois (19). Rifleman Jo- babwe) and Zimbabwean • 1984 - Two members from born on this day. At the time • 1960 - UN peace-keeping • 1918 - Wing Commander hannes Barend Greyling African People’s Union the South African Cape of his death he was the Unit- forces finally replace Bel- Guy Penrose Gibson, VC, (20). Rifleman Cornelis (ZAPU) guerrillas engaged Corps were killed when their ed Kingdom’s leading flying gian troops in the Republic DSO & Bar, DFC & Bar, Frederik van der Nest (20). Rhodesian forces in Wank- Buffel Troop carrier over- ace, with 44 victories. of Congo. was the first Commanding • 1981 - Two members from ie (now Hwange) Game turned at Eersterivier. The • 1900 - End of the ‘first De • 1974 - A sharp increase in Officer of the Royal Air 6 SAI were Killed in Action Reserve, near the border of casualties were: Rifleman Wet hunt’. De Wet’s entire South African defence ex- Force’s No. 617 Squadron, during a contact with ene- Zambia and Botswana. The Jannie van Wyk (18). Rifle- force crosses the unoccu- penditure is announced. which he led in the “Dam my forces in Southern An- operation became know as man Jan Johannes Jacobus pied Olifants Nek Pass near • 1980 - Three members from Busters” raid in 1943, was gola near the Cut-line. They the Wankie Campaign. Wildschutt (20). Rustenburg and camps on 6 SAI were Killed in Ac- born on this day. were: Corporal Marthinus • 1973 - Captain Dietlof Zieg- • 1988 - Lance Corporal Ar- the banks of the Hex River. tion when their patrol was • 1960 - UN Secretary-Gen- Johannes van Staden (19). fried Weyers from 2 SAI thur Mark Fletcher from He has achieved all his ob- ambushed by a numerically eral Dag Hammarskjold and Rifleman Jacob Jacobus died from a gunshot wound 5 SAI died from a gunshot jectives: captured a train, in- superior force of SWAPO/ UN troops enter rebel prov- Blom (19). accidentally sustained while wound accidentally sus- flicted losses on the enemy, PLAN insurgents near Een- ince of Katanga in Zaire. • 1981 - Four rockets explod- stationed at Walvis Bay. He tained due to an accidental increased his own numbers hana. The casualties were: • 1968 - Over 5,000 soldiers ed in Voortrekkerhoogte was 31. discharge of a fellow sol- and managed to rest some of Corporal Daniel Johannes supported by tanks, ar- (renamed • 1975 - Lance Corporal diers rifle while undergoing his burghers, while occupy- Deyzel (20). Lance Corpo- moured cars and air force on 19 May 1998), a large Machiel Casparus Eksteen training at Henley Dam. He ing the attention of 50,000 ral Avril Jewaskiewitz (19). units begin manoeuvres in military base in Verwoerd- Potgieter was accidently was 18. British troops. Rifleman Christoffel Jaco- an exercise code named Op- burg (now Centurion) close shot dead after being struck • 1988 - Special Constable • 1945 - Following the two bus Mijburgh (20). eration Subasa designed to to Pretoria. The African Na- by a bullet resulting from Andreas Ipinge from the Atomic Bomb drops and be- • 1981 - Corporal Cecil test the ability of South Af- tional Congress (ANC) ac- the accidental discharge of a South West Africa Police lieving that continuation of Charles McAlister from rican defence forces to deal cepted responsibility. 7.62 MAG machine-gun. He Counter-Insurgency Wing: the war would only result Regiment Schoonspruit, with terrorist activities. • 1993 - US marines open fire was 18. Ops K (Koevoet) was Killed in further loss of Japanese was Killed in Action dur- • 1970 - Rifleman Christopher on 3,000 Somali demonstra- • 1980 - Rifleman Johan Calitz in Action during a contact lives, delegates of Emper- Coetzee from 2 Parachute tors protesting against the from 3 SAI Died of Wounds with PLAN insurgents in or Hirohito accepted Allied Regiment was killed in a US presence in the country. received while on patrol in Northern Owamboland. He surrender terms original- private motor vehicle acci- the Okatopi area when his was 26. ly issued at Potsdam on 26 dent. He was 21. 13 August Section was ambushed by • 1997 - Heavy fighting rages July 1945, with the excep- • 1975 - Able Seaman Hugo • 1900 - During the Battle of approximately 50 PLAN in- in , Republic of tion that the Japanese Em- Johan Jacobus Bus from Elands River, one of Col. surgents. He was 20. Congo, between forces of peror’s sovereignty would SAS Kimberley accidental- Hore’s men, having sneaked • 1981 - Two members from the president and those of a be maintained. Japanese ly drowned at East London through the besieger’s lines, SWATF were killed while former military ruler. Emperor Hirohito, who had when the boat in which he reaches the British lines near returning to Sector 50 Head- • 1998 - Rebels fighting Con- never spoken on radio, then was a passenger, capsized Mafeking and confirms that quarters when the privately golese President Laurent recorded an announcement near Stoney Point during a the Australians and Rhode- owned civilian aircraft in Kabila capture a power admitting Japan’s surrender, Naval beach landing exer- sians are still holding out. which they were flying as transformer in western Con- cise. He was 23. Lord Roberts orders Kitch- passengers, crashed shortly go, sending the capital, Kin- Fidel Castro • 1978 - Three members from ener to divert three brigades after take-off from Gobabis. shasa, into darkness. 80 81 This month in military history ... August This month in military history ... August ing an attack on their TB by lution. Paris for trial. He is eventu- • 1901 - General De la Rey a contact with SWAPO/ 17 August SWAPO/PLAN insurgents • 1865 - Comdt Louw Wepen- ally sentenced to life in pris- protests the British mistreat- PLAN insurgents near the • 1901 - The ZAR Executive near Opuwa in the Kaok- er (53) is killed in combat on by a Paris court for the ment of women and chil- Cut-Line. He was 19. Council instructs Comman- oveld. He was 27. during an attack on Moshesh 1975 murders of two French dren. • 1986 - Lance Corporal An- dant-General Louis Botha • 1981 - Lance Corporal Wyn- at Thaba Bosigo in the Free secret agents and an alleged • 1942 - US Army Air Force dre Hercoll Erasmus from to investigate and, if nec- and Spies from 5 Reconnais- State. informer. planes see action for the the Cape Regiment was essary, to punish Assistant sance Regiment was Report- • 1973 - Leading Seaman Ivan first time in North Africa, Killed in Action after suffer- Commandant-General To- ed Missing in Action during William Kearns from SAS 16 August bombing German military ing shrapnel wounds during bias Smuts for the burning operations in Southern An- Protea died from injuries re- • 1777 - During the American positions from their base in a SWAPO/PLAN stand-off of Bremersdorp, because his gola while acting as part of ceived in a military vehicle Revolutionary War, the Bat- Egypt. attack on Ruacana. He was actions were not according a 3-man rearguard protect- accident near Bredasdorp on tle of Bennington, Vermont, • 1959 - William “Bull” F 20. to the ‘customs of civilized ing the evacuation of two 10 August 1973. He was 26. occurred as militiamen from Halsey, US vice-admiral • 1986 - Candidate Officer warfare’. wounded personnel after an • 1973 - Rifleman Mark Cor- Vermont, aided by Massa- (WW II Pacific), dies. Christopher Hugh Snyman • 1940 - The Italian inva- attack. He was shot and pre- nelius van Heerden from 1 chusetts troops, wiped out a • 1979 - Rifleman Erasmus from 101 Air Commando sion of British Somaliland, sumably killed during this SAI died at Potchefstroom detachment of 800 German- Albertus Venter from 4 SAI Squadron was killed when which began on August 4, is rear-guard action but ow- after contracting meningitis Hessians sent by British was killed during Opera- his private aircraft flew into complete. The Royal Navy ing to extremely heavy and while on his way to partici- General Burgoyne to seize tion Safraan after a fellow High Tension wires and successfully evacuated Brit- concentrated enemy fire, his pate in a military exercise in horses. soldier picked up an unex- crashed near Hoedspruit. He ish troops via the port of body could not be recovered. Gazankulu. He was 18. • 1780 - The Battle of Cam- ploded SAAF Impala DEFA was 37. Berbera. There is now little After prolonged political ne- • 1979 - Sergeant Barend den in South Carolina oc- 30 mm High Explosive can- • 1988 - Staff Sergeant Gide- to stop the Italians control- gotiations, his remains were Cornelius Roux from the curred during the American non projectile and between on van Rooyen from 2 Spe- ling the southern entrance to eventually returned to South Regiment De Wet, attached Revolutionary War. The bat- the two of them, attempted cial Service Battalion was the Red Sea. Meanwhile the Africa three years later. He to 53 Battalion was Killed tle was a big defeat for the to take the shell apart with killed instantly when his 5th Indian Division, newly was 20. in Action in Southern An- Americans as forces under a Swiss Army knife. During Armoured Car overturned at arrived in East Africa, is de- • 1986 - Sergeant Johannes gola when his patrol was General Gates were defeated this process, the cannon pro- the Rooisloot Training Area, ployed along the Sudan-Ab- Petrus Coetzer from 911 ambushed by a numerically by troops of British General jectile exploded, killing him crushing him in the turret yssinia and Sudan-Eritrea Battalion SWATF was killed superior force of SWAPO/ Charles Cornwallis, result- instantly. He was 20. hatch. He was 26. border as part of the Sudan in a private motor vehicle PLAN insurgents just North ing in 900 Americans killed • 1980 - Lance Corporal Hen- • 1991 - Rifleman Mark Wil- Defence Force, and a revolt accident near Keetman- of Oshigambo. He was 26. and 1,000 captured. drik Jacobus van der Walt liam Hein from 8 SAI was is started in Abyssinia by shoop. He was 22. • 1981 - Rifleman Melato • 1888 - Thomas Edward from 16 Maintenance Unit accidentally shot dead while those loyal to the Emperor, • 2004 - Germany apologis- Chamba from 201 Battal- Lawrence, better known as was killed at Luhebu in on duty in Tokoza Town- Haile Selassie. es for the massacre of some ion SWATF was Killed in Lawrence of Arabia (1888- South West Africa when the ship by a fellow soldier who 65,000 Hereros in South- Action when his patrol was 1935), British adventurer, military vehicle he was driv- was playing around with his West Africa (Namibia) by ambushed by a numerical- soldier, and author, is born ing, overturned. He was 18. loaded rifle. He was 18. their soldiers during the ly superior enemy force in in Tremadoc, Wales. • 1981 - Rifleman B Jacob • 2003 - Ugandan military 1904 rebellion, but rules out Southern Angola. He was • 1917 - In a renewed thrust from 101 Battalion SWATF ruler Idi Amin, 78, who compensation. 24. of the Allied offensive was critically wounded on presided over an eight-year • 1988 - Rifleman Brink launched at the end of July 14 August 1981 during a reign of terror from 1971- 15 August Stander from 1 SAI was in the Flanders region of contact with PLAN insur- 1979, where an estimated • 1769 - French Emperor Na- killed in a private motor ve- Belgium - known as the gents in the Koakoveld. He 300,000 people were killed poleon Bonaparte (1769- hicle accident on the Brand- Third Battle of Ypres, or succumbed to his wounds in and tortured to death, dies of 1821) was born on the island fort to Road simply as Passchendaele, hospital on 16 August 1981. multiple organ failure. of Corsica. Originally an of- while he was on a weekend for the village that saw the He was 22. ficer in King Louis’ Army, pass. He was 31. heaviest fighting - British • 1982 - Rifleman William he rose to become Emperor • 1994 - Carlos the Jackal, troops capture the village of Edwin van Heerden from amid the political chaos that freelance terrorist, is ar- Langemarck from the Ger- 201 Battalion SWATF was Carlos the Jackal followed the French Revo- rested in Sudan and flown to mans. Killed in Action during 82 83 This month in military history ... August This month in military history ... August • 1943 - During World War II explosion at Okalongo. He runway. He was standing on ber from 5 Reconnaissance L.F.S. Pfeiffer are executed • 1976 - Lance Corporal Car- in Europe, the Allies com- was 19. the end of the runway and as Regiment were Reported by a British firing squad for los Alberto Correia Pinto pleted the conquest of the • 1977 - Two members, one the aircraft passed overhead, Missing approximately 40 treason and the murder of Ribeiro from 1 Reconnais- island of Sicily after just 38 from 5 Squadron and the the aircraft tail wheel struck miles inside Matabeleland British troops. sance Regiment was Report- days. This gave the Allies other from 8 Squadron him on the head, killing him during Operation Drama, a • 1940 – First flight of the ed Missing in South Eastern control of the Mediterranean were killed when their At- instantly. He was 26. clandestine mission in Zim- B-25 Mitchell medium Angola during a contact and also led to the downfall las MB326M Impala Mk babwe. All three men have bomber. with enemy forces between of Benito Mussolini and I crashed at Riemvasmaak 18 August no known grave and remain • 1942 - Dieppe Raid. An Luenge and Coutada de Italy’s eventual withdrawal Bombing Range near Up- • 1914 - Germany declares unaccounted for. The casu- Allied force of 7,000 men Mucusso. He was driving a from the war. However, the ington while carrying out a war on Russia while Presi- alties were: Staff Sergeant carry out a large daytime Unimog loaded with a ton or Germans managed to evacu- night bombing exercise. The dent Woodrow Wilson is- Peter David Berry (33). Ser- raid against German posi- more of High Explosive. The ate 39,569 troops, 47 tanks, crew were: Major James sues his Proclamation of geant Robert Trevor Beech tions at the French seaport South African Force was 94 heavy guns, over 9,000 McFarlane Wilson Kerr Neutrality. (27). Sergeant John Andrew of Dieppe. Aided by tanks ambushed while the com- vehicles and 2,000 tons of (30). Major Barry Leonard • 1957 - The first two Avro Wessels (24). and aircraft, the commando pany was returning to Buf- ammunition back to the Ital- Moody (38). Shackleton Mk III anti- • 1982 - Private Wynand van force–made up of approxi- falo. His vehicle was hit by ian mainland from Sicily. • 1981 - Two members from 4 submarine aircraft arrive in Rhyn from the South African mately 5,000 Canadians, a Soviet RPG-7 Anti-Tank • 1962 - The South African Field Regiment were killed South Africa. Medical Corps, attached to 2 2,000 British soldiers, and Rocket causing the explo- Minister of Defence, J.J. in Military Vehicle accident • 1979 - Rifleman Glen Co- Millitary Hospital, Wynberg a handful of American and sive cargo to detonate. He Fouché, announces that the at Oshivello. The casualties lin Coppard from 4 SAI was was Reported Missing when Free French troops–gained has no known grave and re- striking power of the De- were: Lance Bombardier Killed in Action in a land- he failed to return after go- a foothold on the beach in mains unaccounted for. For fence Force has been in- Henri Victor Louis Olver mine explosion when he ing hiking alone on Table the face of a furious Ger- administrative purposes, he creased twenty-fold as com- (19). Gunner Dirk Jacobus stepped on the device while Mountain. His body was man defense. During nine was officially declared dead pared with two years earlier, Loubser (20). assisting with a wounded later located by other hikers hours of fighting, the Allies in 1983. He was 25. while that of Navy is to be • 1988 - Special Constable soldier. He was 20. the following day and recov- failed to destroy more than • 1982 - Rifleman R. Moses increased ten-fold in the next Filimon Ndevaumba from • 1979 - Three members from ered. It appeared that he had a handful of their targets and from 101 Battalion SWATF few years. the South West Africa Police 3 SAI were Killed in Ac- lost his way and in the dark, suffered the death of 3,600 was killed in a military ve- • 1962 - Two members from Counter-Insurgency Wing: tion in Southern Angola fallen and broken his leg and men. More than 100 aircraft, hicle accident in Northern 17 Squadron were killed Ops-K (Koevoet) was Killed when they triggered a Soviet had subsequently died from a destroyer, 33 landing craft, Owamboland. He was 24. when their Alouette II He- in Action during a contact POMZ-2M anti-personnel shock and exposure during and 30 tanks were also lost. • 1984 - Corporal Albert Ryan licopter flew into High Ten- with SWAPO/PLAN insur- picket mine during clearing the night. He was 19. • 1944 - The 6th Division from 32 Battalion died of in- sion Cables in Du Toit’s gents in Northern Owambo- operations inside an enemy • 1993 - Sergeant M. Dube entered Florence, Italy and juries sustained in a private Kloof and crashed in flames. land. He was 29. base. The casualties were: from 5 Reconnaissance was active there until 1945. motor vehicle accident at The crew were: Lieutenant • 1990 - Two members from Corporal Johannes Petrus Regiment was accidentally • 1968 - Nigeria’s Federal Port Shepstone. He was 25. Keith Lynford Martin (22). Eastern Transvaal Com- Maritz (20). Lance Corporal killed when his parachute troops have launched a ma- Sergeant Andrew Robert mand were killed when Frank Nienaber (21). Rifle- failed to deploy while carry- jor offensive against multi- Foote (39). their Samil 20 vehicle over- man Joseph Benjamin Ru- ing out a freefall parachute ple targets in Biafra. Despite • 1963 - Captain Richard Wil- turned at Pafuri. The casu- ben Jordaan (20). jump. He was 35. claims of 2,000 people be- liam Davies from 40 Squad- alties were: Rifleman Agus • 1981 - Rifleman Gavin Dick- • 1998 - Congolese reb- ing massacred, the leader of ron was killed when his AT-6 Mlahlekm Khoza (28). Ri- enson Elliott from 5 SAI els send President Laurent the Nigerian military gov- Harvard, Serial No. 7322 fleman Mphakati Isaiah Mk- died from multiple shrapnel Kabila’s troops fleeing as ernment, General Yakubu struck High Tension Cables hombo (age unknown). wounds accidentally sus- they advance to within 200 Gowon, has stated that his and crashed near Benoni. He • 1991 - Major Harper Martin tained when a 90mm High km of the capital, now de- troops are ‘behaving cor- was 27. Geldenhuys from 32 Battal- Explosive Shell exploded. prived of electricity. rectly. • 1977 - Lance Corporal ion was accidentally killed He was 22. George Allen Deacon from at Pomfret while making a • 1982 - Two members from 19 August 2 Field Engineer Regiment video of a C-47 Dakota as 44 Parachute Pathfinder • 1901 - At Graaff-Reinet, P.J. Rudolph Hess was killed in an accidental it was taking off from the Company and one mem- Fourie, J. van Rensburg and 84 85 This month in military history ... August This month in military history ... August

• 1987 - Rudolf Hess, German the second anniversary of Noord Transvaal was acci- commission by the Confed- ing a training exercise near died from a gunshot wound Nazi official (Deputy Fuhrer the French deposition of the dentally killed after being erate Secretary of War, who Pietersburg. The casualties accidentally sustained at who dramatically escaped to Sultan of Morocco, Siyyidi crushed in the Commanders labeled Quantrill’s notions were: Captain Christiaan Rundu. He was 32. Britain in 1941, sentenced Mohammed V ibn Youssef, turret when his Ratel over- of war as ‘barbarism.’ Lemmer Smith (29). 2nd • 1987 - Rifleman C.A. - Au to life in Spandau Prison), in favour of Muhammad turned approximately 40km • 1900 - The Battle of Ber- Lieutenant David Lanian gusto from 32 Battalion died commits suicide at 93. Ben Aarafa. South of Ruacana. He was gendal, near Vanwyksvlei, James Snadden (22). Cap- from causes unknown while • 1988 - Lance Corporal Ray- • 1968 - Approximately 26. starts. Gen. Joachim Fourie’s tain Frans Reitz van Zyl stationed at Buffalo. He was mond Victor Jagga, an Ops 200,000 Warsaw Pact troops • 1995 - Liberia’s main war- men force the 11th Hussars (29). 2nd Lieutenant Clif- 27. Medic from the Central and 5,000 tanks invade ring factions signed a peace to retreat at 20.00, with 7 ford Yates (23). • 1994 - The last French Medical Command was as- Czechoslovakia to crush the accord calling for a cease- killed, 3 missing, presumed • 1976 - Rifleman Dale Rob- troops pull out of Rwanda, signed to F Squadron School “Prague Spring”–a brief pe- fire after more than five dead, and 26 wounded. ert Whitter from 2 SAI died ending their controversial of Armour and attached to riod of liberalization in the years of civil war and the • 1918 - The Second Battle of from a gunshot wound ac- humanitarian mission. 61 Mechanised Brigade. He communist country. start of democratic rule in the Somme begins. cidentally sustained at the • 1998 - Angolan troops enter was Killed in Action when • 1975 - Trooper Leon Wil- one year. • 1912 - Lord Roberts, com- Farm “Woodholme No. the Democratic Republic of his Ratel was struck by two liam Bessinger from the • 1998 - US military forces at- mander-in-chief of the Brit- 202”. He was 18. the Congo (DRC) war on rockets. He was 19. Prince Alfred’s Guard was tack a chemical plant in Su- ish forces during the 3nd • 1978 - Rifleman Jacobus Al- Laurent Kabila’s side. • 1988 - Gunner Jaco Petrus killed in a military vehicle dan and what they describe Anglo-Boer War, congrat- wyn van der Berg from the van der Merwe from 10 Ar- accident near Peddie in the as a terrorist camp in Af- ulates Gen. Louis Botha on Kaffrarian Rifles died from 22 August tillery Brigade was Report- Eastern Cape. He was 26. ghanistan. Said to be linked his appointment as honorary a gunshot wound accidental- • 1864 - The first Geneva ed Missing after he went • 1977 - Two members from with terrorists, the attacks general in the British army. ly sustained at Oshakati due Convention for the Amelio- swimming in the Cunene 40 Squadron were killed are in response to the bomb- • 1939 - The Soviet Union to the accidental discharge ration of the Condition of river and disappeared. It is when their AT-6 Harvard ings of the US embassies in and Germany sign the Mol- of a fellow soldiers rifle. He the Wounded and Sick in thought that he was taken crashed while carrying out a Kenya and Tanzania 13 days otov-Ribbentrop pact, a 10- was 25. Armed Forces in the Field is by a crocodile. He has no routine general flying sortie. earlier. year non-aggression treaty, • 1980 - The United States signed by 12 countries. The known grave and remains The aircraft went into a spin • 1998 - intervenes with a secret addendum, to and Somalia sign an agree- international treaty, known unaccounted for. He was 20. from which the pilot was un- in the Democratic Repub- partition Poland. ment giving US naval and as the Geneva Convention, • 1993 - Lance Corporal able to recover and the air- lic of Congo to support the • 1940 - Leon Trotsky, Rus- air forces access to military also guarantees the neutral- Douglas Gardiner Scott craft crashed near Delmas. regime against a rebellion. sian Marxist revolutionary, facilities in the East African ity of members of the Red from 1 Special Service Bat- The casualties were: Cap- The last Zimbabwean sol- political theorist and found- country in return for Ameri- Cross and is honoured in talion was killed when two tain Keith Neil Smith (27). diers withdraw at the end of er of the Red Army, assas- can military aid. South Africa. armoured cars were 2nd Lieutenant Paul Chris- 2002. Troops from Angola, sinated at 62 by an ice-pick • 1981 - Rifleman Jan Jaco- • 1922 - Michael Collins, Irish involved in a collision and topher Sarbutt (24). Namibia, Chad, and Sudan wielding Ramón Mercader. bus Minnie from the Infan- nationalist leader, killed in overturned at Deduza. He • 1978 - Private Jacobus Jo- also intervened to support • 1965 - Air Mechanic James try School was accidentally was 18. hannes Etienne Bothma the Kinshasa regime. Roland Bolzern from 3 Sat- killed when he inadvertently from the Defence Head- ellite Radar Station died used a dud high explosive 20 August quarters Personnel Unit died 21 August from a gunshot wound ac- mortar bomb as a hammer, • 1955 - Simultaneous attacks from a gunshot wound to the • 1863 - During the American cidentally sustained in a causing the device to ex- by Algerian rebels against neck, accidentally sustained Civil War, William Quantrill shooting incident at Mafek- plode, killing him instantly. French targets in the Con- in a shooting incident while led 450 irregular Confeder- ing. He was 24. He was 18. stantine district of Algeria he was on duty in Pretoria. ate raiders on a pre-dawn • 1973 - Four members from • 1986 - Staff Sergeant Jo- have resulted in over 500 He was rushed to 1 Military terrorist raid of Lawrence, 85 Advanced Flying School hannes Petrus van Niekerk deaths and 200 wounded. Hospital but succumbed to Kansas, leaving 150 civil- were killed when an Atlas from Sector 20 Headquar- At the same time national- his injuries the same day. He ians dead, 30 wounded and MB326M Impala Mk I was ters Intelligence Section ists have taken to the streets was 19. much of the town a smoking involved in a mid-air col- in Morocco. The attacks • 1988 - Lance Corporal Brian ruin. In 1862, Quantrill had lision with another Atlas and demonstrations mark Albert Hoy from Regiment been denied a Confederate MB326M Impala Mk I dur- Michael Collins

86 87 This month in military history ... August This month in military history ... August ambush by anti-treaty forces C.A. Daniel Heese mur- early hours of the morn- es that burned the Capitol, rad du Bois Nelson from the a low level reconnaissance during the Irish Civil War at dered, because he may have ing when the Bungalow in the White House and most Intelligence School in Kim- flight. He was 23. 31. witnessed the atrocity. which they were sleeping other public buildings along berley succumbed to injuries • 1976 - Sergeant José Correia • 1934 - General Herbert Nor- • 1974 - Two members from at Katima Mulilo received with a number of private in the Universitas Hospital Pinto Ribeiro from 1 Recon- man Schwarzkopf Jr (1934- the School of Artillery a direct hit from a Sovi- homes. The burning was after being critically injured naissance Commando was 2012) was born on this day. were killed in a private mo- et GRAD-P 122mm High in retaliation for the earlier on 05 August 1986 when his killed in a military vehicle While serving as Command- tor vehicle accident on the Explosive Katyusha Rock- American burning of York SAMIL vehicle overturned accident while evacuating er-in-chief, United States Potchefstroom to Johannes- et. The casualties were: (Toronto). 5km from the Unit Head- battle casualties to a hospi- , he led all burg road while on weekend Trooper Kevin John Biggs • 1951 - The Mau Mau rebel- quarters. He was 18. tal in South West Africa. He coalition forces in the Gulf pass when their vehicle was (18). Private Willem Hen- lion starts in Kenya. • 1987 - Rifleman Maliphath- was 27. War in 1990/1991. involved in a head-on col- drik Christoffel Britz (18). • 1973 - Private Waldemar we Godfrey Ndela from 21 • 1978 - Rifleman Johannes • 1979 - Rifleman Barend lision with another vehicle Trooper Hendrik Willem De Adriaan Nelson from the Battalion was killed in a Hendrik De Jager from 5 Gabriel Bester from 1 SAI while overtaking. The casu- Lange (18). Trooper Den- Technical Service Corps military vehicle accident in SAI was killed in a private died of wounds in 3 Mili- alties were: Lance Bombar- nis Michael Elworthy (20). was accidentally killed in a Soweto. He was 21. motor vehicle accident 5km tary Hospital in Bloemfon- dier Michael David Loxton Trooper Gerhardus Petrus military vehicle accident in • 1988 - Gunner William Faul outside Ladysmith on the tein after being struck in the (18). Gunner Joseph Sped- Erasmus (18). Trooper Lau- Bloemfontein. He was 19. van Niekerk from the Wit- Colenso Road. He was 19. chest by a piece of shrapnel ding Baggott (18). rie Johannes Lesch (19). • 1980 - Lance Corporal watersrand Command Intel- • 1981 - One member from 17 in an accidental hand gre- • 1976 - Rifleman Reinhard Trooper Jan Jurgens Ro- Daniel Langman from 41 ligence Section was killed in Squadron and one member nade explosion at the Gen- Walter Klingenberg from In- ets Schutte (20). Trooper Battalion was Killed in Ac- a military vehicle accident from 87 Helicopter Flying eral De Wet Training Range. fantry School was killed in Gideon Johannes Smit (18). tion during a contact with at Doornkop. He was 19. School were Killed in Ac- He was 19. a private motor vehicle ac- Trooper Willem Stephanus SWAPO/PLAN insurgents • 1991 - Two members from tion when their Alouette III • 1980 - Two members from cident at Three Sisters while Smuts (19). Trooper Abra- in Northern Owamboland. 113 Battalion were killed Helicopter Gunship was shot 4 SAI were Killed in Action on Weekend Pass. He was ham Daniel van der Merwe He was 26. when their water tanker ve- down by enemy 14,5mm an- when their Section was am- 19. (18). • 1981 - Rifleman Adao hicle overturned at Tzaneen. ti-aircraft fire about 500m bushed by SWAPO/PLAN • 1976 - Two members from 1 • 1980 - Rifleman Helgard Joaquim from 32 Battalion The casualties were: Lance from the target area while insurgents between Eenha- Reconnaissance Commando Brink Colling from SWA was accidentally killed by Corporal John Sidney Shis- providing close-air support na and Oshigambo whilst were Killed in Action during SPES (SWATF) was Killed friendly fire during a contact ari (26). Rifleman Milleon operations over Mongua in sweeping the road for land- a patrol near the Okavango in Action during a contact with enemy forces in South- Bullus Khoza (31). Southern Angola just prior mines. The casualties were: river when the Wolf vehicle with SWAPO/PLAN insur- ern Angola. He was 26. to the launch of Ops Protea Rifleman Pieter Jacobus De in which they were traveling gents in Northern Owam- • 1981 - Two members from 25 August in Angola. The crew were: Beer (19). Rifleman Andries detonated a landmine and boland. He was 19. 1 SAI were Killed in Action • 1911 - Võ Nguyên Giáp Lieutenant Johannes Gys- Petrus Wiese (19). overturned killing Sergeant • 1981 - Rifleman Antonio Cat- during the attack on “Target (1911-2013) was born on bertus Roos (24). Sergeant • 1984 - Private Udo Lou- Soeiro instantly and crush- amba from 32 Battalion died Yankee” in Southern Ango- this day. Giáp was a gener- Clifton Stacey (21). is Gevers from the South ing Staff Sergeant Roxo from a gunshot wound sus- la during Ops Protea. The al in the Vietnam People’s African Intelligence Corps underneath. The casualties tained during a shooting inci- casualties in this incident Army and a politician. He is attached to Sector 20 Head- in this incident were: Staff dent at Buffalo. He was 42. were: Rifleman Florence considered one of the great- quarters was killed when his Sergeant Francisco Dan- • 1994 - Eugene Bullard, the Cornelius Smit (18). Rifle- est military strategists of the Buffel Troop Carrier over- iel Roxo HC (43). Sergeant only black pilot in World man Martinus Godfrey Sta- 20th century. turned in Kavangoland. He Ponciano Gomes Silva Soe- War I, is posthumously com- pelberg (19). • 1966 - Candidate Officer was 20. iro (35). missioned as Second Lieu- • 1986 - Sapper Leon Bryan G.A.K. Howson from 41 • 1978 - Eight members from tenant in the United States Kuyler from 1 Construc- Squadron was killed when 23 August 1 Special Service Battalion, Air Force. tion Regiment died from a his Cessna 185D crashed • 1901 - A group of eight sur- one member from 2 Special gunshot wound accidentally near Krugersdorp while on rendered Boer prisoners of Service Battalion and one 24 August sustained in a shooting inci- war are shot by the Bush- member from the South Af- • 1814 - During the War of dent at the Unit while he was veld Carbineers and a Ger- rican Medical Corps were 1812, Washington, D.C., on Guard Duty. He was 20. Eugene Bullard man missionary, Reverend Killed in Action during the was invaded by British forc- • 1986 - Lance Corporal Con- 88 89 This month in military history ... August This month in military history ... August • 1981 - Captain Louis Harm- Charles de Gaulle enters der of the Austro-Hungarian 1st Earl Mountbatten of Bur- been serving a life sentence Fredericks (18). Rifleman se from 1 SAI was Killed in Paris, which had formally Empire into the much-con- ma, British naval officer and since 1983 after being con- Joseph van Rensburg (19). Action during Ops Protea in been liberated the day be- tested province of Transylva- statesman, last Viceroy of In- victed of acting as an agent • 1981 - A member from 6 SAI Southern Angola during en- fore. As he entered the Place nia. dia (1947), is assassinated by for the Soviet Union. He is and a member from the South emy bunker clearing opera- de l’Hotel, French collabo- • 1945 - US troops land in Ja- an IRA bomb on his boat in deported to Switzerland. African Medical Corps were tions. He was 27. rationists took a few sniper pan after Japanese surrender. Ireland at 79. • 1993 - Colonel Pieter Jaco- both Killed in Action while • 1981 - Lance Bombardier shots at him. • 1965 - Air Mechanic Johann • 1981 - Two members from bus Bakkes from the South on patrol in Southern Angola. Hendrik Abraham Johannes • 1966 - The People’s Lib- Andre’ Venter from Cen- 5 SAI were Killed in Action African Military Health Ser- The casualties were: Lance Grobler from 4 Artillery eration Army of Namibia tral Flying School Dunnot- during a contact with enemy vice died from cancer in 1 Corporal Petrus Kruger (20). Regiment was Killed in Ac- (PLAN), the armed wing of tar was killed when his AT-6 forces near Ongiva in South- Military Hospital in Pretoria. Lance Corporal Mark Antho- tion in Southern Angola dur- SWAPO, fought in a battle Harvard crashed on the farm ern Angola during Ops Pro- He was 49. ny Plateel (19). ing Ops Protea. He was 20. against South African occu- “Rusplaas” near Piet Retief tea. The casualties were: Ri- • 1981 - Rifleman Domingos • 1988 - Trooper Owen Leon pying forces at Omugulug- while on a routine low level fleman David Nicolas Janse 28 August Paulo from 32 Battalion died Wolfaardt from 1 Special wombashe in northern South navigation exercise. He was van Rensburg (20). Rifleman • 1940 - The South African Air from a gunshot wound sus- Service Battalion was killed West Africa (Namibia). 17. Ettienne Marius Snyman Force flying out from Kenya tained in a shooting accident when his armoured car over- • 1974 - A Defence Bill is • 1969 - Israeli commando (19). bombs Italian bases in So- at Fort Doppies in the Capri- turned during an exercise at passed in South Africa lay- force penetrates deep into • 1983 - two members attached maliland. vi Strip. He was 32. the General de Wet Training ing down penalties for any Egyptian territory to stage to 54 Battalion were killed in • 1941 - SS General Franz • 1983 - Rifleman Jorge Nam- Area. He was 20. person or organization incit- mortar attack on regional action. The casualties were: Jaeckeln marched more than bi from 32 Battalion was • 1988 - Special Constable ing anyone to avoid military army headquarters in Nile Rifleman Joseph Wayne 23,000 Hungarian Jews to killed in a Military Vehicle Tsaanda Mbunguha from service. Valley of Upper Egypt. Muller (20). Rifleman David bomb craters at Kamenets Accident while in pursuit of the South West Africa Police • 1976 - Two members of Bra- • 1974 - 2nd Lieutenant Alber- Prins (24). Podolsk, ordered them to un- an enemy patrol in Southern Counter-Insurgency Wing: vo Group were killed when tus Stephanus Gouws from • 1985 - Rifleman Jan Bui- dress, and riddled them with Angola. He was 28. Ops-K (Koevoet) was Killed their Unimog overturned 4 Squadron was killed when jense from the North West machine gun fire. Those who • 1990 - Rifleman Laurens in Action during a contact near Rundu. They were: Ri- his Atlas MB326M Impala Command Maintenance Unit didn’t die from the spray of Stef Mdaka from the Kru- with SWAPO/PLAN insur- fleman Harry Albert Bekker Mk I crashed near Potchef- died from a gunshot wound bullets were buried alive ger National Park Comman- gents in Northern Owam- (19). Rifleman Andries Jaco- stroom while on a routing accidentally sustained at under the weight of corpses do was critically injured in a boland. He was 27. bus Pretorius (19). training exercise. He was 21. Potchefstroom as a result of that piled atop them. All told, military vehicle accident at • 1989 - Signaller Andre’ • 1978 - Lance Corporal Fran- • 1975 - Rifleman Gert an accidental discharge of a more than 600,000 Jews had Letaba Bridge on 17 August Rousseau from 2 Signals cois Louw from the South Antonie Senekal from 2 SAI fellow soldiers rifle. He was been murdered in Ukraine by 1990. He was evacuated to 1 Regiment died in the Klerks- African was was Killed in Action during 21. war’s end. Military Hospital where he dorp Hospital from injuries killed in a Military Vehicle the attack to capture the town • 1988 - Lance Corporal Gary • 1974 - Rifleman Albino succumbed to his injuries on received in a motor vehicle Accident at Ruacana. He was of Pereira D’Eca (Ongiva) in Lamb from 1 SAI, attached Moreira Christello from 11 28 August 1990. He was 25. accident at Sannieshof. He 21. Southern Angola during Ops to 61 Mechanised Battalion Commando Regiment was was 20. • 2011 - John McAleese, Brit- Savannah. He was 19. Group was shot dead by a killed in a Military Vehi- • 1991 - Rifleman Ambros Ni- ish SAS Trooper, Team lead- • 1977 - Ordinary Seaman fellow soldier during an ar- cle Accident 140km East of janyana Sekonjela from 21 er during 1980 Iranian Em- (Diver) Barry Juan Moolman gument while they were sta- Rundu. He was 18. Battalion was Killed in Ac- bassy Siege, dies aged 62. from SAS Donkin acciden- tioned at . He was 19. • 1980 - Two members from tion after being shot dead by tally drowned during a div- • 1990 - Rifleman Jose’ Joa- 41 Battalion were Killed in persons unknown at Man- 27 August ing training exercise at Port quim from 201 Battalion Action during a contact with delaview during a riot-relat- • 1914 - German Togo is oc- Elizabeth. He was 27. SWATF was killed in a mili- SWAPO/PLAN insurgents ed incident while he was on cupied by British and French • 1979 - Rifleman Frans Lilun- tary vehicle accident. He was in Northern Owamboland. foot patrol in Katlehong. He troops. gwe from Sector 70 Head- 24. They were: Rifleman Jacob was 21. • 1916 - Romania declares war quarters SWATF was killed • 1992 - Former commander of on Austria-Hungary, formal- in a military vehicle accident. the Simon’s Town naval base 26 August ly entering World War I. Ro- He was 23. Dieter Gerhard is released Roger Bushell • 1944 - French General manian troops cross the bor- • 1979 - Louis Mountbatten, from prison where he has 90 91 This month in military history ... August This month in military history ... August 29 August tion Regiment was killed when his Buffel Troop Car- sance Regiment was killed Marshal Erwin Rommel’s was 18. • 1792 - In one of the worst when the water tanker ve- rier overturned near Oshiv- when his parachute failed to Afrika Korps in the Battle • 1979 - 2nd Lieutenant Fred- maritime disasters, 900 men hicle he was driving, over- ello during a night pursuit of open during a practice jump of Alam al-Halfa in Egypt, erick Francois de Wit from drowned on the British bat- turned at Komatipoort. He SWAPO/PLAN insurgents in at Phalaborwa. He was 23. thereby stopping the Ger- 2 Signal Regiment was acci- tleship Royal George. As the was 18. the Tsumeb area. He was 20. • 1986 - Private Andrew Mor- man offensive in North Af- dentally killed at Carolina in ship was being repaired, a • 1987 - Corporal Kirk Hen- • 1978 - Rifleman Jacobus ris Byrd from the South Afri- rica. a non-military related inci- gust of wind allowed water driksen from 5 SAI was Paulus Jansen from Infantry can Medical Corps was killed • 1965 - Air Mechanic (Pilot dent. He was 23. to flood into open gun ports. killed when he accidentally School was killed in a pri- in a self-inflicted shooting Under Training) Johannes • 1980 - Rifleman Izak Gabri- The ship sank within min- fell off a moving train while vate motor vehicle accident accident. He was 20. Jurie Delport was killed el Du Plessis from Noord- utes. trying to prevent a prisoner in Oudtshoorn when his ve- • 1990 - Rifleman Tears when his AT-6 Harvard vaal Commando was killed • 1848 - The Battle of Boomp- in his custody from escaping. hicle was involved in a head- Mashile from 1 Reconnais- crashed near Ermelo during in a private motor cycle laats, where the British under He was 22. on collision with a delivery sance Regiment was killed a solo night navigation exer- accident while on duty. He Governor Harry Smith con- • 1987 - Rifleman Cornelis truck in Victoria Street. He while carrying out helicop- cise. He was 21. was 24. quer the Voortrekkers under Dilman from 1 Special Ser- was 18. ter insertion training near • 1976 - Captain Jack Ste- • 1981 - The US vetoes a UN Commandant Andries W. vice Battalion died from a • 1980 - Lance Corporal Wil- Madimbo. He accidentally ven Cloete from the Danie Security Council resolution Pretorius, takes place. gunshot wound accidentally lem Hendrik Smit from 2 became entangled in the rap- Theron Combat School was criticising South Africa for • 1973 - Constable M.C. Man- sustained during a shooting SAI was Killed in Action pelling ropes when the heli- killed when his military ve- raids in Angola. ci from the South African incident in Northern Owam- while searching as Kraal in copter got airborne and fell hicle overturned at Wolma- • 1983 - Rifleman Pieter Fred- Police was Killed in Action boland. He was 26. Northern Owamboland. He to his death. He was 25. ranstad. He was 36. erik van Eeden from 1 SAI during a contact with insur- was 19. • 1998 - Troops allied with the • 1977 - Rifleman George was accidentally killed at gents when his patrol was 30 August • 1980 - Rifleman Jose government of Congo cap- Frederick Morkel Langen- the General De Wet Train- ambushed at Mount Darwin, • 1900 - General Ben Viljoen Cabinda from 32 Battalion ture the strategic port town hoven from 4 SAI was killed ing Terrain in Bloemfontein Rhodesia. He was 22. releases about 2,000 British was Killed in Action after of Matadi from rebel forces in a military vehicle accident when he picked up an unex- • 1974 - Lance Corporal prisoners of war from the suffering multiple shrapnel trying to oust President Lau- at Alldays. He was 18. ploded 40mm High Explo- Stephanus Marais from 1 camp at Nooitgedacht. wounds during a contact with rent Kabila. • 1979 - Sapper Leon Lambert sive “Snotneus” grenade in Reconnaissance Commando • 1910 - Squadron Leader SWAPO/PLAN insurgents in • 1988 - South African troops from 2 Field Engineer Regi- the veld. While he was han- drowned in a diving accident Roger Joyce Bushell (1910- Southern Angola, just north are withdrawn from Angola. ment, attached to 5 Military dling the device, it explod- in Mossel Bay Harbour dur- 1944) was a South Afri- of Rundu. He was 23. Works Unit at the Army Bat- ed, killing him instantly. He ing a Training Exercise. His can-born British military • 1980 - Private Herman Nico 31 August tle School in Lohatla, was was 19. body was recovered the fol- aviator, who became famous Booysen from 1 Mainte- • 1900 - Commandant Danie accidentally killed when the lowing day. He was 19. as the organiser of a mass es- nance Unit was killed in a Theron captures a train and Bedford truck in which he • 1985 - Sergeant Petrus Cor- cape from a German prison- motorcycle accident between 30 soldiers at Klip Station, was traveling as a passen- nelius Frederick Du Plessis er of war camp in 1944 was Stilfontein and Klerksdorp near the present-day Soweto. ger, overturned 30km out- Cohen from the Soutpans- born on this day. The film while on leave. He lost con- • 1942 - The British army un- side Vryburg on the Lothat- berg Military Area Provost The Great Escape was based trol of his motor cycle and hit der General Bernard Law la to Vryburg road after the Unit was killed in a Military on this event. a lamp post. He was thrown Montgomery defeats Field vehicles front tyre burst. He Vehicle Accident at Messina. • 1977 - Corporal Johannes clear of his motorcycle but He was 27. Jacobus Basson from Reg- was struck by another motor- • 1985 - Lance Corporal Mar- iment Mooi River Died of cycle and killed instantly. He cell Stephen Lombard from Wounds after being griev- was 19. 2 Field Engineer Regiment ously burned during a mor- • 1982 - Corporal Josef Jo- was killed when his Buffel tar bomb attack by SWAPO/ hannes de Beer from 1 Main- Troop Carrier overturned in PLAN insurgents near Etale tenance Unit was killed in a Northern Owamboland. He Base. He was 19. private motorcycle accident was 29. • 1978 - Rifleman Howard at Christiana. He was 19. Battle of Alam al-Halfa • 1986 - Sapper Willem Jaco- D’Arcy Remmington from • 1982 - Rifleman Reginald bus Coad from 1 Construc- Infantry School was killed Chivovo from 5 Reconnais- 92 93 quiz Military Parachute Wings Despatches 1. Israel WII 8 2. Austria 12. Rhodesian Selous Scouts Website 3. Serbia 13. 4. US Army 14. French 5. Chile 15. US Navy “Things don’t have to change the world to be 6. British army important.” Steve Jobs 7. Italy 2 11 8. South Africa 9. French Foreign Legion 10. Russian Federation 11. Luftwaffe Fallschirmjäger

Useful links Our aim is to make the Military Despatches website easy to use. Even more important to us, we Every month we will be featuring a few useful links to military websites, newsletters and on- want to make the website informative and interesting. The latest edition of the magazine will be line magazines. Stuff that we think our readers will appreciate. available, as will all the previous editions. More over, there will be links to videos, websites, and Here are two of our favourites. The first one is Nongqai, the unofficial police newsletter for articles that our readers may find interesting. So check out the website, bookmark it, and pass the veterans of the former South African Police Force and for those interested in Police History. The URL on to everyone that you think may be interested. second is Jimmy’s Own, the official newsletter of the South African Signals Association. Click on the magazine covers to go to the respective websites. Have you checked out the bookshelf on the website? Here you can open and read individual articles on screen with no need to download anything.

You will find articles on numerous differ- ent topics that have been published over the past two years as well as video clips and documentaries.

94 95 E-mail [email protected]

Online Magazines Flip book magazines with pages that can be turned.

E-books Produced in any electronic format required.

2D & 3D Animation Produced in any video format.

Video Production Scripting, storyboard, filming and edit- ing done to any video format required. We also do aerial and underwater video and stills.

Still Photography

If you’re thinking digital media then think Hipe Media.