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FLQ) in the Courtroom

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FLQ) in the Courtroom Political Trials and Felquistes Defendants: Defending the Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ) in the Courtroom by Darren J. Pacione A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Law and Legal Studies Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2017 Darren Pacione ii Abstract Anchored in trial-related archival material and written French-language accounts of high-profile Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ) trials and their defendants, this project considers the performative dimension of political trials. To this end, this study examines how the FLQ defendants and their representatives navigated their legal encounters. FLQ defendants’ deployment of political defence strategies through their active period (1963-1972) is further grounded in the historical context of the legal regime through which they navigated, recent debates about contemporary political trials, and broader debates about the politicization of approaches to legal representation. Through three case studies: (1) The LaGrenade Affair (the manslaughter trials of the Vallières- Gagnon Network), (2) the Trial of the Montréal Five (a seditious conspiracy prosecution), and (3) the FLQ contempt of court trials, I argue that the politicized legal defence strategies of the FLQ defendants emerged relative to shifting ideological commitments and growing legal pressures from the state. Through consideration of how FLQ defendants utilized legal procedures and arguments, political histories, and the rule of law narratives, new insights are gained into the confrontations between the accused, Crown, and the Québec bench within the high-stakes context of the pre- and post-1970 October Crisis FLQ trials. iii Acknowledgements This project would not have come to fruition without the steady and unwavering support of many people. Thank you to Christie, Gregor, Phil, Dan, Amy, Sam, Jordan, Rory, Steve, Susan, Thomas, Jeff, Lindsey, the crew from CUPE 4600, and everyone else that touched this project along the way. The patience and rigour of my supervisor Dr. Barry Wright, and the encouragement, critical feedback and support of committee members Dr. Christiane Wilke, Dr. Vince Kazmierski, and Dr. Adrian Smith, was central to the completion of this work. Tiffany—we did it. This dissertation was completed with the financial support of a Social Science and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) 2012-15 Joseph-Armand Bombardier Canada Graduate Scholarship (Award #: 767-2012-1463). iv Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... iii List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... vi Chapter One: Towards a Legal History of Felquistes Defendants ............................... 1 1.1 Introduction: Québec and the Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ)................ 4 1.2 The Legal Argument: Situating Felquistes Defendants ...................................... 9 1.3 Reconsidering the Legal Responses to the Emergence of the FLQ .................. 15 1.4 A Roadmap ....................................................................................................... 25 Chapter Two: Framing Political Trials ........................................................................ 28 2.1 Introduction: FLQ Criminal Trials as Political Trials in Québec ..................... 28 2.2 A Consideration of the Political Trial ............................................................... 30 2.2.1 What is Political about the FLQ Criminal Trials? ........................................ 32 2.2.2 Trials, Contestations, and Defendants .......................................................... 39 2.3 Towards a Performative Consideration of the FLQ Political Trials ................. 44 2.4 Political Trials Research Challenges: A Note on Public Access Restrictions .. 50 2.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 57 Chapter Three: Representing Felquistes Defendants .................................................. 59 3.1 Introduction: A Consideration of FLQ Defendants’ Legal Strategies .............. 59 3.2 Patterns of Defiance: Historicizing the Legal Representation of Political Defendant in Canada ......................................................................................... 64 3.3 Towards a Typology of Felquistes Defendants’ Legal Strategies .................... 71 3.3.1 Situating the Felquistes’ Legal Strategies in Broader Context ..................... 72 3.3.2 La Guérilla Judiciare: A Typology of the Felquistes’ Legal Strategies ...... 76 3.4 Representing Political Defendants in Québec: The Emergence of the Comité d'aide au groupe Vallières-Gagnon (CAGVG) ................................................ 85 3.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 89 Chapter Four: The LaGrenade Affair .......................................................................... 92 4.1 Background to the Vallières-Gagnon Network Manslaughter Trials ............... 92 4.2 A Legal Expulsion? The Return of Vallières and Gagnon to Québec .............. 98 4.3 The Vallières and Gagnon Trials .................................................................... 105 v 4.3.1 Pierre Vallières on Trial: The Experience of a Self-Represented Defendant ..................................................................................................................... 108 4.3.2 The Charles Gagnon Acquittal.................................................................... 122 4.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 128 Chapter Five: A Legal History of the FLQ Seditious Conspiracy Trial .................. 132 5.1 Introduction: The Legal Aftermath of the 1970 October Crisis ..................... 132 5.2 The Legal Terrain: The War Measures Act and Seditious Conspiracy .......... 136 5.2.1 The War Measures Act, Public Order Act, and the 1970 October Crisis ... 137 5.2.2 The Law of Sedition and Seditious Conspiracy in Canada......................... 146 5.3 A Seditious Conspiracy? Defendant Strategies and the Trial of the Montréal Five ................................................................................................................. 152 5.3.1 The Provocation of Justice Roger Ouimet: A Request for Recusal ............ 156 5.3.2 Justice Ouimet and the Move to Closed Sessions ....................................... 161 5.3.3 Lemieux’s Summation and the Surprise Dismissal of Indictments ............ 165 5.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 170 Chapter Six: Contempt of Court and the FLQ Political Trials ................................ 174 6.1 Introduction: The Contemptuous Felquistes Defendants ............................... 174 6.2 Historical Background: The Law of Contempt of Court in Canada ............... 180 6.3 Contempt of Court and the FLQ ..................................................................... 185 6.3.1 The Contemptuous Self-Representation of Pierre Vallières: From the LaGrenade Affair to the Trial of the Montréal Five ................................... 187 6.3.2 Chartrand Challenges Justice Ouimet ......................................................... 190 6.3.3 The Trials of Paul Rose and the Chenier Cell Members ............................ 195 6.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 204 Chapter Seven: Conclusion .......................................................................................... 206 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 213 vi List of Abbreviations ASIQ Action socialiste pour l’indépendance du Québec BAnQ Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec CAGVG Comité d’aide au groupe Vallières-Gagnon CLDL Canadian Labour Defence League CSN Confédération des syndicats nationaux DOJ Department of Justice DORA Defence of the Realm Act FLF Front de libération des femmes FLQ Front de libération du Québec MDDPP Mouvement de défense des prisonniers politiques MPQDH Mouvement populaire québécois droits de l'homme NGC National Gallery of Canada OAG Ontario Art Gallery PQ Parti Québécois POA Public Order (Temporary Measures) Act RIN Rassemblement pour l’indépendance nationale RN Ralliement National WMA War Measures Act 1 Chapter One: Towards a Legal History of Felquistes Defendants In 1990, the National Gallery of Canada (NGC) purchased fifty-four black ink drawings by Ontario artist Dennis Tourbin (1946-1998). Entitled La crise d’octobre / Chronology, Tourbin’s collection sketched out Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ) trial- related newspaper clippings of headlines and photos through the 1970-1 period.1 The clippings are represented as disjointed, partial, and sometimes out of chronological order. The images cast moments of defiance (e.g., a defendant’s raised fist on the courthouse steps) against competing expressions of state strength (e.g., Pierre Trudeau addressing the nation). On 31 July 1995, just
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