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This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Extending radical space? A historical comparative analysis of sub-state violent contention in Quebec and Corsica Megan Melanson A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the PhD in Canadian Studies The University of Edinburgh 2016 2 Declaration of original authorship I declare that I have composed this thesis, and the work is my own. This work has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. Part of this research was considered for a recent publication: “‘Limité et primitif’ : une analyse du réseau social du Front de Libération du Québec”, Le Québec recto/verso, Publifarum, n. 21. Megan Melanson 3 Table of Contents DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP ......................................................................... 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................ 5 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ 6 GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................ 8 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 10 ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC CONTEXTS IN QUEBEC AND CORSICA ........................... 11 Economy ....................................................................................................................................................... 12 Political structure .................................................................................................................................... 15 Demography: a focus on language and violence ........................................................................ 20 WHAT IS IDEOLOGICAL RADICAL SPACE? .................................................................................................. 23 PLAN OF THESIS AND RESEARCH SCOPE .................................................................................................. 24 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................. 25 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................... 26 VIEWING THE FLQ AND THE FLNC AS SOCIAL MOVEMENTS ............................................................... 26 Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT) ............................................................................................. 27 Political Process Theory in Social Movements ............................................................................ 28 Cultural and Cognitive Theories ........................................................................................................ 31 STUDYING SOCIAL INTERACTIONS: REPERTOIRES AND RADICAL FLANK EFFECT ........................... 33 ‘Trangressive Repertoires’ as Strategic Framing ....................................................................... 38 CHAPTER CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................ 45 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY .................................................. 47 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................ 51 ETHICS AND POSITIONALITY ....................................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................ 60 CHAPTER 4: MOBILIZATION OF THE VIOLENT NETWORKS: A CONTRAST OF THE EARLY FLQ CELLS AND THE ORIGINAL FLNC NETWORK ............................................... 62 FLQ ................................................................................................................................................................. 63 Membership ................................................................................................................................................ 66 Ideology ........................................................................................................................................................ 73 Network structure ................................................................................................................................... 75 L’Armée de Libération du Québec (ALQ) ....................................................................................... 76 FLNC ............................................................................................................................................................... 78 Membership ................................................................................................................................................ 82 Ideology ........................................................................................................................................................ 87 Network structure ................................................................................................................................... 91 CHAPTER CONCLUSION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FRAMING PROCESSES AND MECHANISMS 93 CHAPTER 5: A RADICALIZATION OF THE FLQ AND THE FLNC RESULTING IN INTERNAL TENSIONS ................................................................................................................. 97 FLQ ................................................................................................................................................................. 98 Innovative Action: new strategic program did not fit urban mobilization .................... 98 Ideology and polarization: radical space is encompassed by ideological activism rather than violent episodes ............................................................................................................. 102 Intellectual contributions and Ideology ...................................................................................... 104 4 Membership: a new MarXist-Leninist actor constitution ..................................................... 109 FLNC ............................................................................................................................................................. 113 Innovative Action and Membership: strategic adaptation to political repression, new technology and tensions amongst the factions ........................................................................ 114 CHAPTER CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................. 124 CHAPTER 6: ‘THE GOVERNMENT IS USING A SLEDGEHAMMER TO CRACK A PEANUT’: A COMPARISON OF THE FLQ DURING THE OCTOBER CRISIS (THE ‘PEANUT’) AND THE FLNC IN THE LATE 1980S AND EARLY 1990S ......................... 128 FLQ ............................................................................................................................................................... 129 The Geoffroy cell and La Victoire: heavy-handed state and provincial responses to protest ........................................................................................................................................................ 129 Language and cultural tensions as mobilizing mechanisms for other Quebecois activists, thus radicalizing social spaces in Quebec outside of the FLQ ......................... 133 THE OCTOBER CRISIS: THE FORMATION AND DISSOLUTION OF THE LIBERATION AND CHENIER CELLS ............................................................................................................................................................. 136 Liberation Cell ........................................................................................................................................ 137 Chenier Cell .............................................................................................................................................. 142 FLNC ............................................................................................................................................................. 152 CHAPTER CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................. 161 CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................