Registro Fósil De Secuencias Marinas Del Cretácico Inferior De La Cuenca De Coloso, Norte De Chile

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Registro Fósil De Secuencias Marinas Del Cretácico Inferior De La Cuenca De Coloso, Norte De Chile Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención Geología Universidad Católica del Norte Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Tierra Universidad de Granada Tesis doctoral Registro fósil de secuencias marinas del Cretácico Inferior de la Cuenca de Coloso, Norte de Chile Nathalia Belén Fouquet Jó Profesores Guía Dr. Hans-G. Wilke Dr. Miguel Company Sempere Tutor Dr. Hannes Löser Antofagasta, Septiembre 2018 A mi familia, la que me tocó y a la que voy haciendo en el camino. Resumen En la Cuenca de Coloso, y a 18 km de Antofagasta, se encuentra la Formación El Way, una sucesión de rocas calcáreas que contienen un registro fósil abundante y diverso que va desde el Barremiano tardío al Aptiano tardío, y posiblemente hasta el Albiano. La secuencia marina se divide de base a techo en cuatro unidades: la unidad A está caracterizada principalmente por calizas arenosas y areniscas calcáreas marrones; la unidad B está compuesta por calizas y calizas arenosas recristalizadas y de color gris; la unidad C, similar a la primera, son calizas arenosas, areniscas calcáreas y margas que intercalan colores marrones, pardos y amarillos; y, por último, la unidad D se conforma por calizas arenosas, areniscas calcáreas y conglomerados. La paleontología de la formación, objetivo central de esta tesis, está dada por la ocurrencia de, en orden de abundancia, bivalvos, equinoideos, ammonoideos, corales, gastrópodos, serpúlidos y braquiópodos, además de briozoos, algas y foraminíferos. Estos invertebrados se distribuyen principalmente en las primeras tres unidades, reduciéndose a escasos fragmentos en la última unidad. El estudio taxonómico de los ejemplares recolectados, descripciones y mediciones, se centró en corales, ammonoideos, gastrópodos, braquiópodos, serpúlidos y equinoideos. Adicionalmente, se describen ejemplares provenientes desde la Cuenca Chañarcillo. Se concluyó, para la Fm. El Way, la presencia de 32 especies, tres de ellas nuevas, 17 especies en nomenclatura abierta y cinco morfotipos en niveles jerárquicos más altos. De estos 54 morfotipos, solo ocho se habían reportado para la formación en trabajos anteriores y, de ellos, dos fueron reasignados a otros géneros. En conjunto, la estratigrafía y paleontología de la formación, reflejan en su base y techo la transición continental-marina, mientras que las distintas unidades marcan episodios de transgresión y regresión de segundo orden. Las asociaciones de facies realizadas dan cuenta de un ambiente de plataforma interna, que se mueve cerca de la línea de costa, con sectores de distinta energía y temperaturas cálidas que permitieron la vida de organismos y diversidad de especies. Finalmente, los resultados han permitido establecer afinidades con la Cuenca de California y especies comunes con la Cuenca de Neuquén, lo que amplía la distribución geográfica y extiende los rangos temporales de especies regionales y cosmopolitas. Además, se ratifica la existencia de taxones endémicos al interior de la cuenca. Agradecimientos A mi madre, por apoyarme cuando dije “voy a volver a estudiar” y porque sé que si volviese a decirlo seguiría apoyándome. A mi hermana por quitarle gravedad a todo, ser mi amiga y alegría. A mi hermano, por demostrarme que uno cambia y regalarme a Leonor. A Viviana, por escucharme aun cuando de geología no entiende nada. A mi profesor Hans-G. Wilke. Cuando fui por un plumón hace 12 años, no podía ni imaginar que estaba frente a quien guiaría mi camino por la paleontología. No me prestó el plumón, me interrogó con una muestra de granate y fue como un padre durante todo este tiempo. A mi mejor amigo Harry, sin él los días habría sido menos coloridos. A Osvaldo por empatizar siempre. A Leandro, Milenka, Adolfo, Gustavo, Eber, Natalia y Claudia e Inés, algunos de los cuales ya venían de batallas anteriores. A Beranyel por respaldarme y ser mi compañera en el proyecto Anqa. A Mauricio, por aguantar todas mis frustraciones de estos últimos meses. Por compartir mis alegrías y tristezas, triunfos y derrotas. A nuestra hija gata. Gracias quienes me enseñaron cualquier cosa, particularmente, a Miguel Company, por enseñarme y comprenderme, por la paciencia en los “sin embargo”. Al profesor Guillermo Chong, siempre apoyándome y aconsejándome, aunque sea una ingrata. A Hannes Löser y Jaume Gallemí por su acogida y conocimientos. Mi enorme gratitud a Cecilia Cataldo, por compartir lo que sabe, su disposición a ayudarme y sus constantes buenas vibras. A los memoristas y estudiantes de pregrado comprometidos con la paleontología, por reírse conmigo, por comprender cuando decía “ahora no puedo” y por confiar en mí como para preguntarme ante cualquier duda. Al equipo del Museo Ruinas de Huanchaca, Christian y Carlos, por tenerme en consideración para continuar participando en un hermoso proyecto. A Bio Bio Cementos S.A. y el personal de Mina El Way, por permitirme el acceso al área de estudio y su constante colaboración. A todos quienes no nombro, pero fueron parte importante de estos cuatro años... casi cinco. Índice Capítulo I: Introducción ……………………………… 1 I.I Presentación del problema ……………………………… 1 I.I.I Objetivos ……………………………… 3 Objetivo general ……………………………… 3 Objetivos específicos ……………………………… 3 I.II Metodología ……………………………… 3 I.II.I Etapa de terreno ……………………………… 3 I.II.II Etapa de laboratorio ……………………………… 5 I.II.III Etapa de gabinete ……………………………… 7 I.III Área de estudio principal: Cuenca de Coloso ……………………………… 11 I.III.I Ubicación y accesos ……………………………… 11 I.III.II Geología ……………………………… 11 Unidades litológicas ……………………………… 11 Formación La Negra ……………………………… 13 Formación Caleta Coloso ……………………………… 13 Formación El Way ……………………………… 14 Geología estructural ……………………………… 17 I.III.III Antecedentes paleontológicos y bioestratigráficos …………… 17 I.IV Área de estudio auxiliar: Cuenca de Chañarcillo ……………………………… 20 I.IV.I Ubicación y accesos ……………………………… 20 I.IV.II Geología ……………………………… 20 Unidades litológicas ……………………………… 20 Formación Punta del Cobre ……………………………… 21 Grupo Chañarchillo ……………………………… 21 Formación Abundancia ……………………………… 23 Formación Nantoco ……………………………… 23 Formación Totoralillo ……………………………… 24 Formación Pabellón ……………………………… 25 Formación Cerrillos ……………………………… 25 Geología estructural ……………………………… 26 I.IV.III Antecedentes paleontológicos y bioestratigráficos …………… 26 I.V Criterios en la sistemática y morfología ……………………………… 28 I.V.I Corales ……………………………… 28 I.V.II Ammonoideos ……………………………… 29 I.V.III Gastrópodos ……………………………… 29 I.V.IV Braquiópodos ……………………………… 30 I.V.V Serpúlidos ……………………………… 31 I.V.VI Equinoideos ……………………………… 32 Capítulo II: Sistemática paleontológica ……………………………… 34 Phyllum Cnidaria ……………………………… 34 Clase Anthozoa ……………………………… 34 Subclase Zoantharia ……………………………… 34 Orden Scleractinia ……………………………… 34 Superfamilia Actinastraeoidea ……………………………… 34 Familia Actinastraeidae ……………………………… 34 Superfamilia Cladocoroidea ……………………………… 40 Familia Columastraeidae ……………………………… 40 Familia diplocoenidos ……………………………… 44 Superfamilia Cyclolitoidea ……………………………… 47 Familia Leptophylliidae ……………………………… 47 Superfamilia Eugyroidea ……………………………… 48 Familia Eugyriidae ……………………………… 48 Superfamilia Montlivaltioidea ……………………………… 51 Familia Montlivaltiidae ……………………………… 51 Superfamilia Stylinoidea ……………………………… 52 Familia Aulastraeoporidae ……………………………… 52 Superfamilia Styliphoridea ……………………………… 54 Familia Styophoridae ……………………………… 54 Phylum Mollusca ……………………………… 55 Clase Cephalopoda ……………………………… 56 Orden Ammonitida ……………………………… 56 Suborden Ammonitina ……………………………… 56 Superfamilia Perisphintoidea ……………………………… 56 Familia Olcostephanidae ……………………………… 56 Subfamilia Olcostephaninae ……………………………… 56 Suborden Ancyloceratina ……………………………… 58 Superfamilia Ancyloceratoidea ……………………………… 59 Familia Hemihoplitidae ……………………………… 59 Familia Crioceratitidae ……………………………… 61 Familia Ancyloceratidae ……………………………… 76 Subfamilia Ancyloceratinae ……………………………… 76 Superfamilia Deshayesitaceae ……………………………… 81 Familia Deshayesitidae ……………………………… 81 Subfamilia Deshayesitinae ……………………………… 81 Familia Parahoplitidae ……………………………… 84 Subfamilia Acanthohoplitinae ……………………………… 84 Clase Gastropoda ……………………………… 86 Subclase Vetigratropoda ……………………………… 86 Superfamilia Pleurotomarioidea ……………………………… 86 Familia Pleurotomariidae ……………………………… 86 Superfamilia Turbinoidea ……………………………… 89 Familia Ataphridae ……………………………… 89 Subclase Neritimorpha ……………………………… 92 Superfamilia Neritoidea ……………………………… 92 Familia Neritidae ……………………………… 92 Subclase Caenogastropoda ……………………………… 96 Superfamilia Cerithioidea ……………………………… 96 Familia Turritellidae ……………………………… 96 Superfamilia Stromboidea ……………………………… 99 Familia Aporrhaidae ……………………………… 99 Subfamilia Pterocerellinae ……………………………… 99 Subfamilia Harpagodinae ……………………………… 104 Superfamilia Campaniloidea ……………………………… 109 Familia Ampullinidae ……………………………… 109 Superfamilia Epitonoidea ……………………………… 112 Familia Epitoniidae ……………………………… 112 Subclase Heterobranchia ……………………………… 115 Superfamilia Acteonoidea ……………………………… 115 Familia Acteonidae ……………………………… 115 Phyllum Braquiopoda ……………………………… 118 Clase Rhynchonellata ……………………………… 118 Orden Rhynchonellida ……………………………… 118 Superfamilia Rhynchonelloidea ……………………………… 119 Familia Rhynchonellidae ……………………………… 119 Subfamilia Cyclothyridinae ……………………………… 119 Familia Hemithyrididae ……………………………… 122 Orden Terebratulida ……………………………… 124 Suborden Terebratellidina ……………………………… 124 Superfamilia Terebratelloidea ……………………………… 124 Familia Dallinidae ……………………………… 124 Subfamilia Gemmarculina ……………………………… 124 Phyllum Annelida ……………………………… 126 Clase Polychaeta ……………………………… 126 Orden Sabellida ………………………………
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