Phytophagous Entomofauna of Tomato, Paprika and Eggplant Occurring on Plantations in Poland in 1919-2010

2011 vol. 75, 5-19 DOI: 10.2478/v10032-011-0014-6 ______

PHYTOPHAGOUS ENTOMOFAUNA OF TOMATO, PAPRIKA AND EGGPLANT OCCURRING ON PLANTATIONS IN POLAND IN 1919-2010

Jerzy SZWEJDA, Maria ROGOWSKA* *Research Institute of Holticulture Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland Received: July 13, 2010; Accepted: June 12, 2011

Summary In Poland, in the years 1919-2010, in field crops of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) there were found 52 phytophagous species belonging to 6 orders of insects: Orthoptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. The number of pest species occurring on the different crops was: tomato - 39, paprika - 41, eggplant - 27. The presented phytophagous entomofauna proved to be stable in terms of species composition over the years of observations. However, there was a significant variation in population size, which was subject to considerable fluctuations in successive growing seasons. The dominant species posing a threat to plantations every year included: for tomato: Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), soil pests: cutworm (Agrotis sp), wireworms (Agriotes sp) and white grubs (Melolontha sp); for paprika: onion thrips (Thrips tabaci), green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), bugs (Lygus sp.); for eggplant: green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), onion thrips (Thrips tabaci).

INTRODUCTION kowski 1933, Ruszkowski et al. 1935, Kuntze 1936, Piersow 1980, Kagan The oldest record of solanaceous 1985 a,b, Napiórkowska-Kowalik vegetable crops in Poland concerns 1996, Szwejda 1999). Systematic the eggplant (18th century). The culti- registration of harmful entomofauna vation of paprika began in the early occurring on agricultural land began 19th century, and of tomato - from the in 1919. It applied to all cultivated middle of that century. In Poland, the crops, including vegetable crops agrocenoses with tomato, eggplant, (Szwejda & Wrzodak 2007, 2009). In and paprika crops have long been subsequent years, registration was inhabited in large numbers by phyto- progressively carried out by special- phagous entomofauna posing a sig- ized plant protection services and nificant threat to plantations (Rusz- authorized research institutions.

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During the period of 90 years there They were characterized by a wide were found 52 phytophagous species trophic spectrum, typical of poly- occurring on solanaceous vegetables. phagous taxa found on many species The species represented 6 orders of of agricultural crops and wild plants. insects: grasshoppers and crickets The number of the pest species (Orthoptera), thrips (Thysanoptera), found on the individual crops in the bugs (Hemiptera), beetles (Coleop- years 1919-2010 was: tomato - 39, tera), butterflies and moths (Lepidop- paprika - 41, eggplant - 27 species. tera), and flies (Diptera) (Table 1).

Table 1. Phytophagous entomofauna of tomato, paprika and eggplant occurring on Polish plantations in 1919-2010

Prevalence* Species Tomato Paprika Eggplant Orthoptera Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L. C C C Thysanoptera Aelothrips fasciatus L. C Haplothrips aculeatus F. C - - Thrips fuscipennis Hal. C - - Thrips tabaci Lind. A A A Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) - quarantine species - C - Hemiptera Miridae Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür - B - L. pratensis L. - B - Lygus rugulipennis Popp. - B - Orthops campestris L. - B - Pentatomidae E. oleracea L. - C - E. ornatum L. - C - Aphididae Aphis fabae Scop. B - - Aphis gossypii Glov. - B - Aulacorthum solani Kalt. - B - Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thom. C B C Myzus ascalonicus Donc. - B - Myzus persicae Sulz. A A A Aleyrodidae Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westw. C - C Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say A B A Psylliodes affinis Payk. C - - Elateridae Agriotes lineatus L. B C C A. obscurus L. B C C

J. SZWEJDA, M. ROGOWSKA – PHYTOPHAGOUS ENTOMOFAUNA … 7 ______A. sputator L. B C C Hemicrepidius niger L. B C C Melolonthidae Melolontha melolontha L. C C C M. hippocastani Fabr. C C C Rutelidae Phylloperta horticola L. C C C Lepidoptera Noctuidae Agrotis exclamationis L. A C - A. ipsilon Hufn. A C C A. segetum De. & Schiff. A C C Noctua pronuba L. A C C Xestia c-nigrum L. A C C Autographa gamma L. C C C Discestra trifolii Hufn. C C C Lacanobia oleracea L. C C C Mamestra brassicae L. B C C M. persicariae L. C C C Gortyna flavago D. & S. C - - Hydroecia micacea Esp. C - - Pyralidae Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. - C - Arctiidae C - - Diptera Agromyzidae Liriomyza bryoniae Meig. - B - L. huidobrensis Blanch. – quarantine species - C - L. trifolii Burg. – quarantine species - C - Drosophilidae Drosophila busckii Coq. C - - Drosophila funebris Fabr C - - Bibionidae Bibio marci L. C C C B. hortulanus L. C C C Dilophus febrilis L. C C C Tipulidae Tipula oleracea L. C C C T. paludosa Meig. C C C * Prevalence: A. species occurring in all regions of Solanaceae crops in large numbers causing significant economic losses, B. commonly occurring species which may cause damage periodically, C. sporadically occurring species – potential pests.

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CLASSIFICATION OF PHYTOPHAGOUS 1965). The mole cricket poses a major ENTOMOFAUNA OCCURRING threat to solanaceous crops, damaging ON TOMATO, PAPRIKA AND EGGPLANT their roots and thus causing the plants PLANTATIONS to wilt and die. As a pest, it has been recorded for many years on tomato and In the years 1919-2010, the phy- eggplant plantations (Ruszkowski et al. tophagous entomofauna occurring on 1935, Piersow 1980, Chudzik 2005). tomato, paprika and eggplant planta- Thysanoptera – Thrips tions was identified and recorded in This is an order of insects nu- successive growing seasons from the merous in terms of species and popu- time of sowing the crops in the field lation size, commonly occurring in until the liquidation of the plantations. agrocenoses and non-agricultural ar- This presentation of the specific pest eas. To date, almost 200 species have species takes into account the size of been identified in Poland (Zawirska their populations and the frequency of 1990). Sęczkowska & Litwin (1960) occurrence based on a classification list 12 species occurring on tomato consisting of 3 groups (Table 1): crops. Among them dominated the A - species occurring annually in onion thrips (Thrips tabaci), which large numbers in all cultivation ar- accounted for 30.1% of all the thrips eas of solanaceous vegetables, caught; the rose thrips (Th. fuscipen- B - commonly occurring species, pre- nis) - 20.0%; the cereal thrips (Hap- senting a periodic threat, lothrips aculeatus) - 13.3%; and a C - sporadically occurring species, predatory species - the banded thrips presenting a localized threat. (Aeolothrips fasciatus L.) - 14.4%. Only those species were identified The Thrips tabaci is a polyphage long that damaged plants in the preimagi- known to occur in agrocenoses of all nal stages of their development. continents (Balachowsky & Mensil

1936). It causes significant damage on RESULTS AND DISSCUSION tomato, eggplant and paprika grown

in open field and under cover The names of the species pre- (Sęczkowska & Litwin 1960, Zawir- sented here are those adopted in the ska 1994, Macias & Szwejda 2001). systematic arrangement by Bogdano- In the prewar period (until 1939), the vich et al. (2004, 2007). thrips as pests of vegetable crops were ORTHOPTERA – not found on Polish territory at all. GRASSHOPPERS AND CRICKETS They do not appear on the lists of Gryllotalpidae – Mole crickets pests presented by Ruszkowski (1933) and Ruszkowski et al. (1935). They There is only one species in Poland became an economic problem only in that belongs to the family Gryllotalpi- the postwar period (Piersow 1980). dae (Saltatoria) – the European mole In areas of intensive production cricket (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa) of paprika (Kraków, Radom), the (Bazyluk & Liana 1990). It belongs to Thrips tabaci occurs every year and the polyphages found in damp and requires mandatory control. Its feed- warm environments: cultivated fields, ing habit leads to the inhibition of meadows and pastures (Tischler

J. SZWEJDA, M. ROGOWSKA – PHYTOPHAGOUS ENTOMOFAUNA … 9 ______plant growth, deformation of leaves Pentatomidae. Two species were and the dropping of flower buds and found to occur: Eurydema oleracea young fruits (Macias, Szwejda 2001). and E. ornatum (Szwejda 1985). In the The species is a carrier of viral dis- 1920s and 1930s there were reports of eases (Zawirska et al. 1983). In sum- damage caused by E. oleraceum on mer, field plantations of paprika and tomato plantations (Ruszkowski et al. tomato, especially in the proximity of 1935). They damaged paprika fruits in greenhouses, are colonized by a re- much the same way as the Lygus bugs lated species – the western flower (Macias & Szwejda 2001). thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) Aphididae. Over 700 species of (Macias & Szwejda 2001). What con- aphids have been identified in Poland tributes to the spreading of F. occi- (Czylok & Wojciechowski 1990). dentalis is their ability to use air cur- Among the most numerous species is rents to move over the fields (Bryan & the green peach aphid (Myzus persi- Smith 1956). The species was brought cae), whose occurrence on solana- to Poland in 1987. It does not overwin- ceous vegetables has been recorded ter in the field. In Poland, F. occiden- for many years (Ruszkowski et al. talis can be found on ornamental plants 1935, Piersow 1980, Crüger 1991, grown under cover (Kropczyńska et al. Macias & Szwejda 2001). Under fa- 1988). It is a quarantine pest (CAB vourable weather conditions (dry and International 1992). sunny), the size of its population HEMIPTERA - BUGS reaches a gradational level. Other species: the black bean aphid (Aphis So far, about 82 species have been fabae), melon aphid (Aphis gossypii), described worldwide. The species potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphor- found on solanaceous vegetables be- biae), foxglove aphid (Aulacorthum longed to the families: Miridae, Penta- solani) and shallot aphid (Myzus asca- tomidae, Aphididae, and Aleyrodidae. lonicus) do not form very numerous They are polyphagous and colonize populations in the field. However, many different species of cultivated they constitute a major threat to so- and wild plants (Obarski 1964, Szwe- lanaceous vegetables grown under jda 1978, Korcz 1994). cover. They are known carriers of Miridae. The commonly occurring viral diseases, spreading them on species were: Lygus rugulipennis, L. plantations to the extent that inhibits pratensis, Lygocoris lucorum and plant growth and, consequently, a Orthops campestris. In Polish agro- significant decrease in yield. For this cenoses clearly dominates L. ruguli- reason, extensive research is con- pennis (Szwejda 1978, Szwejda & ducted on the mechanisms of resis- Rogowska 2004). The Lygus bugs tance of tomato to the feeding of cause the greatest damage on paprika aphids (Godzina et al. 2010). All of grown in plastic tunnels (Macias & the above species are polyphagous, Szwejda 2001). They pierce the tissue colonizing also other agricultural on the surface of still green fruits, crops and wild plants (Achremowicz producing bright spots that remain 1994). green when the fruits develop colour.

10 VEGETABLE CROPS RESEARCH BULLETIN 75 ______

Aleyrodidea. In Poland, 13 species of in species terms. So far, close to whiteflies have been identified (Kli- 350,000 have been identified world- maszewski 1990). However, of eco- wide, in Poland - 6700 species nomic importance as a pest of vegeta- (Mroczkowski & Stefańska 1991). ble crops is one species in particular – The richness of this group of insects the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes in phytophagous species, their poly- vaporariorum). It is a polyphage that phagous nature and ease of adaptation has commonly occurred on tomato to different environmental conditions and eggplant plantations for many are decisive factors for their wide- years (Ruszkowski et al. 1935, Pier- spread occurrence in agrocenoses. On sow 1980, Kagan 1985a, Crüger plantations of solanaceous vegetables, 1991). In the spring, it migrates from the polyphagous species of click bee- plants grown under cover (vegetables tles (Elateridae) and dung beetles and ornamentals) to the fields, colo- (Melolonthidae) have been a threat for nizing the edges of tomato and egg- many years (Ruszkowski et al. 1935, plant plantations, as well as wild Kuntze 1936, Piersow 1980, Sądej et plants growing on those plantations, al. 2003, Mrówczyński et al. 2006). such as Galinsoga parviflora (Cav.). The increase in their numbers on Pol- Because of the high reproductive po- ish territory in the recent past (1990- tential this pest spreads rapidly in the 2000), has been attributed to, among field, infesting the vegetative and other things, the exclusion of some 2 generative parts of plants. In the million hectares of land from perma- places where they feed, chlorotic nent cultivation. In fallow soils, all the spots appear, first on the leaves and mentioned species found favourable later on other parts of the plant. The conditions for development (Sądej et infected plants become covered with al. 2003, Mrówczyński et al. 2006, honeydew. Paprika plants are treated Erlichowski 2006). The Elateridae as a temporary host. After initial feed- larvae damage the underground parts ing, adult whiteflies migrate to other of plants, and the imagines - the host plants (Macias & Szwejda 2001). aboveground parts. However, damage In 1987, a related species was brought at an economically important level to Poland – the cotton whitefly (Be- was only caused by the larvae. An misia tabaci Gennad.). It is a highly exception was the garden chafer polyphagous insect that has already (Phyllopertha horticola), whose bee- become common on all continents. In tles skeletonized the leaves of paprika warm climates it is also a pest of to- plants grown in plastic tunnels mato and paprika (Mound & Halsey (Macias & Szwejda 2001). 1978). In Poland, it has not yet been In Poland, there are now 11 iden- listed as a pest of solanaceous vegeta- tified species of the genera Agriotes bles. A quarantine pest (CAB Interna- and Hemicrepidius (Bogdanowicz et tional 1992). al. 2004)). The most numerous among them proved to be: the obscure click COLEOPTERA - BEETLES beetle (Agriotes obscurus), the lettuce The beetles (Coleoptera) are one of click beetle (A. sputator), the lined the most numerous orders of animals click beetle (A. lineatus), and the

J. SZWEJDA, M. ROGOWSKA – PHYTOPHAGOUS ENTOMOFAUNA … 11 ______black click beetle (Pseudathous niger) it occurs gradationally. As a pest, L. (Kuntze 1936, Sądej et al. 2003, Erli- decemlineata is of strategic impor- chowski 2006). These species were tance on potato plantations and under also found to occur on paprika crops mandatory control (Pruszyński & in the spring (Szwejda 1999). Węgorek 2004). Among the beetles An economically important included in Table 1, only P. affinis group of soil pests are dung beetles and L. decemlineata, as oligophages, (Melolonthidae) (Mrówczyński et al. colonize and thrive exclusively on 2006). Damage was caused by two cultivated and wild solanaceous plants species: the May beetle (M. mel- such as Hyoscyamus niger (L.) and olontha) and the forest cockchafer (M. Atropa belladonna. hippocastani) (Ruszkowski 1933, LEPIDOPTERA – Kuntze 1936, Piersow 1980). BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS On tomato plants grown on plantations in Poland before 1940 the po- More than 3,000 species of butterflies tato flea beetle (Psylliodes affinis) have so far been identified in different was recorded at levels exceeding the environments on Polish territory (Ra- threshold of risk (Ruszkowski 1933, zowski & Riedl 1991). In the years Kuntze 1936). This species was also 1919-2009, at the level of economic observed in Germany as a pest of risk there were listed species belong- tomato, paprika, tobacco and potato ing to 3 families: the noctuid moths (Blunck 1931). Later, Piesow (1980) (Noctuidae), pyralid moths (Pyrali- mentions Psylliodes affinis as a pest dae) and tiger moths (Arctiidae). of tomato, paprika and eggplant in Among them, the most important are areas located east of the current Polish the butterflies belonging to the family borders. In recent years, P. affinis has Noctuidae. There are over 500 species not been listed as a pest on Poland’s of this family in Poland (Bogda- tomato plantations. nowicz et al. 2004). They are poly- An important position as a pest phagous with a broad trophic spec- of solanaceous plants has the Colo- trum, easily adaptable to different rado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa environments. They commonly occur decemlineata) (Węgorek 1959). Of all on plantations on varied types of soils the solanaceous plants, L. decem- and in different climatic conditions lineata definitely prefers the eggplant throughout the country. and the potato. In comparison with Among the noctuid moths, the these crops, tomato plants are much species listed as the most numerous less attractive for the potato beetle, include: Agrotis segetum, A. exclama- especially for egg-laying females tionis, A. ipsilon, Noctua pronubana (Latheef & Harcourt 1974). Tomato and Xestia c-nigrum (Ruszkowski plants are treated as a transitional food 1933, Ruszkowski et al. 1935, Lipa at the time when overwintering bee- 1977, Napiórkowska-Kowalik 1996, tles are coming out of the ground and Macias & Szwejda 2001, Walczak et making the trip to potato plantations. al. 2004, Mrówczyński et al. 2006). In Therefore, the potato beetle may be- 2005-2007, more than 97% of the come a threat to tomato plantations if noctuid moths collected from the root

12 VEGETABLE CROPS RESEARCH BULLETIN 75 ______zone of different vegetable crops (car- Other species: M. brassicae, M. rots, cabbage, onion, leek, tomato) in persicariae, Discestra trifolii and L. central Poland was one species – oleracea have long been reported as Agrotis segetum (Wrzodak 2007). pests on the types of crops discussed This species has long been listed as here (Ruszkowski 1933, Ruszkowski dominant on vegetable crops (Rusz- et al. 1935, Piersow 1980, Przybylski kowski 1933, Ruszkowski et al. 1935, 1982, Napiórkowska-Kowalik & Węgorek 1966, Lipa 1977, Piersow Gawłowska 2009). 1980, Napiórkowska-Kowalik 1996). In the largest areas of paprika The noctuid moths were reported cultivation in plastic tunnels in Poland on tomato, paprika and eggplant plan- (Kraków, Radom), damage to the tations when the registration of pests fruits caused by the caterpillars of the first began in 1919. They occurred on European corn borer (Ostrinia nubila- plantations gradationally at intervals lis) was observed for a number of of several years. According to John- years. Only the more mature stages of son (1969), the mass occurrence of the caterpillars were found to feed by the noctuid moths (especially Agrotis eating their way into the fruit. Many segetum), and consequently the de- studies indicate that the first devel- struction of infested plants, was the opmental stages of O. nubilalis feed result of migration by imagines in on maize pollen, also damaging the search of food (nectar of flowers), flowers. Older stages of the caterpil- which is a prerequisite for the laying lars bite into the cob (Kania 1961, of eggs by the females. It is at that Edwards et al. 2000, Mazurek 2002). time that they infest plantations in the Some of the caterpillars feeding in the vicinity of the habitats of flowering cobs move to the ground searching for plant complexes. For this reason, their other host plants. Indeed, the caterpil- massive invasion on crops is difficult lars overwinter inside the thick stalks to forecast in consecutive years. of various plant species, including The most frequently reported maize, millet, hemp, mugwort pest on tomato, eggplant and paprika (Mazurek 2002). In light of the cur- plantations was the gamma moth (A. rent state of knowledge (Kania 1961, gamma) (Ruszkowski 1933, Rusz- Hudon et al. 1969, Ishikawa et al. kowski et al. 1935, Piersow 1980, 1999, Edwards et al. 2000, Mazurek Macias & Szwejda 2001). Its caterpil- 2002), it can be stated that the cater- lars damaged the leaves and fruits. It pillars of O. nubilalis treat other belongs to a highly migratory species, plants, including paprika, as comple- moving in one growing season to mentary food while on their way to distant areas (Johnson 1969). Lipa wintering areas, which takes place (1977) reports that in 1962, A. gamma during seed ripening in the corn cobs. covered the distance from southern During migration, however, it can Europe to Poland within one growing cause significant damage to paprika season. The species is also commonly crops grown in tunnels. O. nubilalis is found on plantations in the neighbour- a synanthropic, palearctic species, ing countries (Piersow 1980, Crűger occurring in different climatic zones. 1991). As a polyphagous species, it infests

J. SZWEJDA, M. ROGOWSKA – PHYTOPHAGOUS ENTOMOFAUNA … 13 ______various host plants. Niezgodziński Tipulidae - Crane flies. In Poland, 80 (1958) lists the pea and the bean; species have been identified so far Kania (1961) – red beet, millet, hop; (Krzemiński 1991). They are poly- Hudon et al. (1969) – herbaceous and phagous and can be found in damp ligneous plants; and Crűger (1991) – environments. The phyto-saprophag- paprika and tomato. ous larvae are commonly found in Two species were listed as to- agricultural and non-agricultural ar- mato pests: the potato stem borer eas, forests and parks. (Hydroecia micacea) and the orange In agrocenoses, an important role ear (Gortyna flavago). Both species as pests is played by two species: the bore galleries in the stems, which European crane fly (Tipula paludosa) causes the plants to break at half and the marsh crane fly (T. oleracea) height during the period of fruit for- (Ruszkowski 1933, Tischler 1965, mation. They have been reported on Piersow 1980, Kagan 1985a). They tomato plantations for many years are most common on plantations (Ruszkowski 1933, Kagan 1985 b, where the soil is moist and rich in Piersow 1980, Napiórkowska- organic matter. The larvae damage the Kowalik 1996). A greater threat in the underground parts of plants. They last decades was posed by H. mica- cause the greatest damage in the sec- cea, which also occurred in large ond half of summer, after frequent numbers on rhubarb (Szwejda 1999, rainfall (Tischler 1965). Szwejda & Rogowska 2004), sugar Bibionidae - March flies. In Poland, beet, potato and hop plantations 17 species have been identified (Napiórkowska-Kowalik 1996). (Mikołajczyk, 1981). Agricultural There is only scarce information on areas are dominated by the species: the butterflies of the family Arciidae. Bibio marci, B. hortulans and Dilo- The caterpillars have been observed in phus febrilis. The larvae lead a phyto- the authors’ own studies; they dam- saprophagous lifestyle. The March aged the ripening tomato fruits. flies prefer a drier environment, oc- DIPTERA – FLIES curring in greater numbers on lighter soils, such as those under cereal crops, In Poland, of the greatest eco- root crops and vegetable plants nomic importance as pests of solana- (Mikołajczyk 1981, Mrówczyński et ceous vegetables are the species al. 2006). They cause the greatest grouped in four families: the crane damage during early summer. They flies (Tipulidae), the March flies damage the roots and the root neck of (Bibionidae), the leaf miners (Agro- seedlings (Kagan, 1985 a). myzidae), and the fruit flies (Droso- Agromyzidae - Leafminer flies. philidae). The imagines – the adults of There are about 470 species in Poland these dipterans are melitophagous. (Nowakowski 1991). Apart from the The trophic structure of the larvae is plants of the family Solanaceae, they greatly varied and includes living and are also pests of crops from the family dead tissues of plants and decaying Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae, Brassiceae, organic matter found in soil. Apiaceae, Liliaceae, Polygonaceae (Hennig 1953, Spencer 1990). As phy-

14 VEGETABLE CROPS RESEARCH BULLETIN 75 ______tophages they damage the tomato, growing seasons. The population- paprika and eggplant. The most often related changes (population size) re- recorded were the species: Liriomyza sulted primarily from the constant bryoniae, L. huidobrensis and L. trifo- migration of many species in search lii (Crüger 1991, Łabanowski 2000). of favourable conditions for develop- On field plantations, the size of their ment caused by the changes taking populations generally does not reach place in the structure of crops and by the upper limit referred to as the the differences in the life cycles of threshold of risk (necessitating man- each species resulting from inter- and datory control treatments). However, intraspecies competition, pressure they were a serious problem on the from natural enemies and climatic crops grown under cover (tomato, factors. The international exchange of cucumber, eggplant and ornamentals). agricultural produce and processed They particularly prefer the tomato products increasing year by year fa- (Chander & Gilstrap 1987, Lee 1990, cilitates the movement of new pest Leuprecht 1992). Despite the wide- species into previously unoccupied spread occurrence throughout the areas. In the last 30 years, 4 new spe- country – L. huidobrensis (since 1992) cies of pest have been found to occur, and L. trifolii (since 1980), they remain Liriomyza trifolii, L. huidobrensis and on the quarantine list (CAB Interna- Frankliniella occidentalis, which have tional 1992, Łabanowski 2000). invaded most production areas of Drosophilidae - Fruit flies. In Po- solanaceous vegetables. land, 46 species have been identified so far (Nowakowski 1991). The larvae CONCLUSIONS live in rotting and fermenting tissues of many species of plants and fungi, 1. In the years 1919-2010, in field transmitting pathogens of fungal and crops of tomato (Lycopersicon es- bacterial origin. The family includes culentum Mill.), paprika (Capsi- the species Drosophila funebris and cum annuum L.) and eggplant (So- D. busckii (Hennig 1953, Kiyoku lanum melongena L.) there were 1958, Szwejda 1980, 2003). Both found 52 phytophagous species be- species occur on fermenting tomatoes longing to 6 orders of insects: Or- destined for processing (Collins 1956, thoptera, Thysanoptera, Hemip- Mason & Henneberry 1960). tera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and The presented phytophagous en- Diptera. tomofauna occurring on solanaceous 2. Registration of the pests was con- vegetables comprises eurytopic, oligo- ducted during the growing season and polyphagous species that colonize (from sowing to harvesting) in the agricultural and non-agricultural areas cultivation areas of solanaceous covering the whole country. In the vegetables throughout the whole years 1919-2010, they constituted a country. fixed component of agrocenoses, 3. During that period the phyto- characterized by a stable species phagous entomofauna occurring on composition despite constant fluctua- plantations was stable in terms of tions in their numbers in successive species composition. The size of

J. SZWEJDA, M. ROGOWSKA – PHYTOPHAGOUS ENTOMOFAUNA … 15 ______individual populations, however, Kraków. vol. 1: 47-51. [in Polish was subject to significant fluctua- with English summary] tions in successive years. Bogdanowicz W., Chudzicka E., Pilipiuk 4. The number of pest species occur- I., Skibińska E. 2004. Fauna Polski. ring on the different crops in the Muzeum i Inst. Zoologii PAN (MIZ), Warszawa. t. I, vol. I: 509. years 1919-2010 was: tomato - 39, [in Polish with English summary] paprika - 41, eggplant - 27. Bogdanowicz W., Chudzicka E., Pilipiuk 5. The dominant species posing a I., Skibińska E. 2004. Fauna Polski. threat to plantations every year Muzeum i Inst. Zoologii PAN were: tomato: Colorado potato (MIZ), Warszawa. t. II, vol. II: 505. beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), [in Polish with English summary] green peach aphid (Myzus persi- Blunck H. 1931. Psylliodes affinis Payk. cae), soil pests: cutworm (Agrotis an Tabak. Anzeiger Schädlingskun- sp), wireworms (Agriotes sp) and de VII (12): 12. [in German] white grubs (Melolontha sp); pa- Bryan D.E., Smith R.F. 1956. The Frankliniella occidentallis complex prika: onion thrips (Thrips tabaci), in California. Univ. California. Publ. green peach aphid (Myzus persi- in Entomology 10: 359-410. cae), bugs (Lygus sp.); eggplant: CAB International 1992. Quarantine Pests green peach aphid (Myzus persi- for Europe. CAB International, cae), Colorado beetle (Leptino- Wallingford, pp. 1032. tarsa decemlineata), onion thrips Chander L.D., Gilstrap F.E. 1987. Sea- (Thrips tabaci). sonal fluctuations and age structure 6. Among the presented phytophages, of Liriomyza tifolii (Diptera: Agro- there are currently 3 species on the myzidae) larval populations on bell quarantine list: L. trifolii Burg. peppers. J.Econ.Entomol. 80(1): 102-106. (since 1980), Frankliniella occi- Chudzik A. 2005. [Expenditures and costs dentalis (since 1987) and Lirio- of labour in the production of toma- myza huidobrensis Blank. (since toes in plastic tents in the region of 1992). middle-eastern Poland]. Annales Universitas M.Skłodowska-Curie, REFERENCES Lublin. Vol. 14: 83-90. [in Polish with English summary] Achremowicz J. 1994. Klucz do oznacza- Collins W.E. 1956. On the biology and nia mszyc występujących na bura- control of Drosophila on tomatoes kach, ziemniakach, i roślinach ka- for processing. J.Econ.Ent. 49(5): pustnych. pp:175-200. W: Diagno- 607-610. styka szkodników roślin i ich wro- Crüger G. 1991. Gewürz und Küchenk- gów naturalnych. Wyd. SGGW, räuter. Pflanzenszchutz im Gemüse- Warszawa. [in Polish] baum. V. Eugen Umler. pp. 334. [in Balachowsky A., Mensil L. 1936. III. German] Thysanoptéres. Les insecticides aux Edwards C.R., Bledsoe L.W., Obermeyer plants cultivées. Paris: 1569-1576. J. 2000. European corn borer in field [in French] corn. Purdue Univ. Cooperative Ext. Bazyluk W., Liana A. 1990. [Orthoptera - Service E-17: 1-6. (Saltatoria). In: Checklist of Ani- Erlichowski T. 2006. [Species composi- mals of Poland.] (Razowski J. red.) tion and noxiousness of phyto- Wyd. PAN, Wrocław, Warszawa, phagous larvae click beetles (Col.

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FITOFAGICZNA ENTOMOFAUNA WYSTĘPUJĄCA W POLSCE NA POLOWYCH PLANTACJACH POMIDORA, PAPRYKI I OBERŻYNY W LATACH 1919-2010

Streszczenie W latach 1919-2010 w Polsce, na uprawach polowych pomidora (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), papryki (Capsicum annuum L.) i oberżyny (Solanum melongena L.) stwierdzono występowanie 52 fitofagicznych gatunków należących do 6 rzędów owa- dów: Orthoptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera oraz Diptera. Liczba gatunków szkodników występujących na poszczególnych uprawach wynosiła: pomidor - 39, papryka - 41, oberżyna - 27. Wymieniona fitofagiczna entomofauna okazała się stabilna pod względem gatun- kowym na przestrzeni podanych lat obserwacji. Stwierdzono natomiast istotną zmien- ność populacyjną (liczebność), która ulegała znacznym wahaniom w kolejnych sezo- nach wegetacyjnych. Do gatunków dominujących stwarzających coroczne zagrożenia na plantacjach należały: pomidor: stonka ziemniaczana - colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say), mszyca brzoskwiniowa - green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Donc.), szkodniki glebowe - soil pests: rolnice - cutworm (Agrotis), drutowce - wireworms (Agriotes) oraz pędraki - white grubs (Melolontha); papryka: wciornastek tytoniowiec - onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind.), mszyca brzoskwiniowa - green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Donc.), zmieniki - bugs (Lygus); oberżyna: mszyca brzoskwiniowa - green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Donc.), stonka ziemniaczana - colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say), wciornastek tytoniowiec - onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind.).