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Simulación Del Sistema Eléctrico Del A400M Y Comparación Con Sistemas Descentralizados

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Simulación Del Sistema Eléctrico Del A400M Y Comparación Con Sistemas Descentralizados Trabajo Fin de Máster Máster Universitario en Ingeniería Aeronáutica Simulación del sistema eléctrico del A400M y comparación con sistemas descentralizados Simulación del sistema eléctrico del A400M y comparación con sistemas descentralizados Autor: José María Peral González Tutor: Alejandro Marano Marcolini Autor: José María Peral González Tutor: Alejandro Marano Marcolini Departamento Ingeniería Eléctrica Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, 2020 Departamento IngenieríaSevilla, 2020 Eléctrica Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Universidad de Sevilla 1 2 Trabajo Fin de Máster Máster universitario en Ingeniería Aeronáutica Simulación del sistema eléctrico del A400M y comparación con sistemas descentralizados Autor: José María Peral González Tutor: Alejandro Marano Marcolini Profesor contratado doctor Dep. Ingeniería eléctrica Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, 2020 3 4 Trabajo Fin de Máster: Simulación del sistema eléctrico del A400M y comparación con sistemas descentralizados Autor: José María Peral González Tutor: Alejandro Marano Marcolini El tribunal nombrado para juzgar el Proyecto arriba indicado, compuesto por los siguientes miembros: Presidente: Vocales: Secretario: Acuerdan otorgarle la calificación de: El Secretario del Tribunal Fecha: 5 6 Agradecimientos El llevar a cabo este trabajo supone para mí alcanzar una meta y finalizar una etapa muy importante de mi vida. Se dejan atrás muchas cosas vividas durante estos años en aprendizaje y superación para alcanzar los objetivos. El apoyo de muchas personas de mi entorno día tras día ha sido vital para poder continuar adelante. Me gustaría agradecer a todas las personas que han estado ahí, como parte fundamental para lograr lo que para mí es un éxito. En primer lugar, a todos los profesores que me han enseñado tanto estos últimos años, en especial, a Alejandro Marano por su ayuda y dedicación al proyecto. Agradezco también el apoyo de todos mis amigos y compañeros, que han sido una pieza fundamental en el día a día. A toda mi familia, agradezco de corazón que hayan estado ahí, suspendiera o aprobara, para animarme: a mi padre, mi madre y mi hermano. Muchas gracias a todos. José María Peral González. Agradecimientos 7 8 Resumen En este trabajo se pretende realizar la simulación del sistema eléctrico del Airbus A400M y compararlo con el Boeing B787, el cual posee una distribución eléctrica distinta. Está dividido en tres partes, una primera parte de carácter teórico donde se describen los componentes y arquitecturas de los sistemas eléctricos en los aviones, con especial énfasis en la descripción de la distribución de potencia eléctrica y adentrándonos lo máximo posible en la aviación militar. Una segunda parte en la cual se tiene como objetivo estimar, calcular y analizar el sistema eléctrico del A400M, describiendo sus cargas y funcionalidades. Esta segunda parte de carácter práctico será la base de nuestro trabajo y requerirá de cálculos numéricos, aplicación de normas aeronáuticas y su implementación mediante código haciendo uso del programa informático OpenDSS. Por último, la tercera parte consistirá en realizar una comparación con los resultados obtenidos en el TFG [15] sobre el B787 (un avión civil y de la nueva generación de aviones eléctricos MEA) y extraer conclusiones acerca de la eficiencia en la distribución de ambas aeronaves. 9 10 Índice Agradecimientos .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Resumen..................................................................................................................................................... 9 Índice..........................................................................................................................................................11 1. Introducción .......................................................................................................................................16 1.1. Origen y evolución ...........................................................................................................................16 1.2. Aviación militar ................................................................................................................................17 1.3. Tendencias civil/militar ....................................................................................................................20 2. Sistema eléctrico de un avión .............................................................................................................22 2.1. Arquitectura básica ..........................................................................................................................22 2.1.1. Tipos de arquitectura ................................................................................................................23 2.2. Localización de los sistemas eléctricos en el avión ............................................................................25 2.3. Sistemas de generación ....................................................................................................................27 2.3.1. Introducción y generadores principales .....................................................................................27 2.3.2. Métodos de generación .............................................................................................................28 2.3.3. Sistemas auxiliares de potencia .................................................................................................30 2.4. Distribución eléctrica del avión .........................................................................................................35 2.4.1. Esquema general de la distribución eléctrica en el avión ............................................................36 2.4.2. Tipos de distribución .................................................................................................................39 3. Sistema eléctrico A400M .....................................................................................................................42 3.1 Análisis general A400M .....................................................................................................................42 3.2. Cargas y funcionalidades A400M ......................................................................................................45 3.3. Dimensionamiento de potencia eléctrica A400M .............................................................................48 4. Cálculo del sistema eléctrico del A400M .............................................................................................52 4.1. Cálculo de las distancias del A400M .................................................................................................54 4.2. Cableado ..........................................................................................................................................57 4.2.1. Conductores ..............................................................................................................................57 4.2.2. Secciones de los conductores ....................................................................................................58 4.2.3. Cálculo de líneas según la F.A.A .................................................................................................59 4.2.4. Cálculo de líneas según la norma MIL-W-5088 ...........................................................................61 4.3. Cálculo de líneas en el A400M ..........................................................................................................64 4.3.1. Rama 115 Vac ............................................................................................................................68 4.3.2. Rama 270 Vcc ............................................................................................................................73 4.3.3. Rama 28 Vcc ..............................................................................................................................76 11 4.3.4. Generadores..............................................................................................................................78 5. Simulación con OpenDSS ....................................................................................................................81 5.1. Código A400M Crucero ....................................................................................................................81 5.2. Resultados A400M Crucero ..............................................................................................................84 5.3. Resultados Ascenso ..........................................................................................................................88 5.4. Resultados Descenso ........................................................................................................................90 5.5. Conclusiones ....................................................................................................................................92 6. Comparación con avión civil Boeing B787 ............................................................................................95 6.1. Sistema eléctrico Boeing B787 ..........................................................................................................95 6.2. Dimensionamiento de potencia ........................................................................................................97
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