Unseen Lives on Migration Routes CURRENT SITUATION and NEEDS ANALYSIS Syrian Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Communities Living in Adana, Gaziantep and Şanlıurfa Provinces and Syrian Seasonal Migrant Agricultural Workers Living in Temporary Tent Settlements on Adana Plain Unseen Lives on Migration Routes CURRENT SITUATION and NEEDS ANALYSIS Syrian Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Communities Living in Adana, Gaziantep and Şanlıurfa Provinces and Syrian Seasonal Migrant Agricultural Workers Living in Temporary Tent Settlements on Adana Plain Syrian Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Communities Living in Adana, Gaziantep and Şanlıurfa Provinces and Syrian Seasonal Migrant Agricultural Workers Living in Temporary Tent Settlements on Adana Plain Current Situation and Needs Analysis Prepared by Bürge Akbulut, Ertan Karabıyık, Seda Akço, Selin Ayaeş Current situation and focus group input by Ayşe Özsoy, Mustafa Divana, Özgür Çetinkaya, Selin Ayaeş Contributors: Hüseyin Gövercin, İhsan İznebioğlu, Yusuf Nural Project Manager: Ertan Karabıyık Project Manager Assistant: Selin Ayaeş Translator (Arabic-Turkish): Nesrin Rihani Translation (Turkish-English): Metin Çulhaoğlu Design and Layout: Karasin Graphic Design Printed by Altan Matbaası 750 copies, August 2020 This publication was prepared and published by Development Workshop. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Development Workshop. Çankaya Mah. Üsküp Cad. 16/14 / Çankaya - Ankara / (541) 457 31 90 www.ka.org.tr kalkinmaatolyesi [email protected] kalkinmatolyesi This publication is a public property. Quotations can be made by citing the source; the full document or a part of it can be reproduced, photocopied, copied in electronic environments and disseminated widely without permission. GOAL, an international humanitarian organization, supported the production and dissemination of this publication under LINK, a project GOAL has implemented in Turkey with funding from European Union Humanitarian Aid. GOAL or its subsidiaries are not responsible for the contents of this publication, and the information and opinions presented in this publication should not be taken to reflect or represent GOAL's views. This publication covers humanitarian aid activities implemented with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein should not be taken, in any way, to reflect the official opinion of the European Union, and the European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. Funded by European Union Humanitarian Aid 3 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 INTRODUCTION 12 BACKGROUND 14 OBJECTIVE, TARGET GROUP, METHODOLOGY AND LIMITATIONS 28 FINDINGS RELATED TO THE CURRENT STATE OF TARGET GROUPS 42 Places of Settlement and Mobility Status 44 Demographic Composition, Identity and Address Registration Status 48 Education 56 Health 62 Employment and Income Status 68 Living Environment and Housing Conditions 72 Safe Environment 80 Discrimination 84 Organization 90 FINDINGS RELATED TO SOCIO-ECONOMIC SUPPORT EXTENDED TO TARGET GROUPS 96 OVERALL EVALUATION 114 SUGGESTIONS 118 BIBLIOGRAPHY 128 ANNEXES 132 CONCEPTS and DEFINITIONS 182 4 Unseen Lives on Migration Routes Map 1. Roma Migration Map from India to Europe ...............................................................17 Map 2. Rom, Dom and Lom Communities Living in Turkey ....................................................22 MAPS Map 3. Distribution of Syrians under Temporary Protection in Turkey by Top Ten Provinces .....25 Map 4. Settlement Areas of Syrian Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic groups in Şanlıurfa, Gaziantep and Adana and Syrian Seasonal Migrant Agricultural Workers on Adana Plain ........................35 Figure 1. Number of Syrian Migrants in Turkey by Year ...........................................................24 Figure 2. Methods of Data and Information Collection by Target Groups ................................33 Figure 3. Current State Assessments Targeted and Realized ...................................................35 Figure 4. In-Depth Interviews Targeted and Realized ..............................................................37 Figure 5. In-Depth Interviews by District and Gender .............................................................37 Figure 6. Focus Group Interviews Targeted and Realized ........................................................38 Figure 7. District, Gender Distribution and Average Age of Focus Group Participants ..............39 Figure 8. Interviews with Institutions Targeted and Realized ..................................................40 Figure 9. Distribution of Interviews with Institutions and Actors by Province and Type of Institutions/Actors ..............................................................................................40 FIGURES Figure 10. Syrian SMAW Living in Tent Settlements on Adana Plain ........................................57 5 CHS Core Humanitarian Standard CRC UN Convention on the Rights of the Child DW Development Workshop ECHO European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations ACRONYMS ESSN Emergency Social Safety Net EU European Union TPR Temporary Protection Regulation MHC Migrant Health Centre IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ILO International Labour Organization IPA Individual Protection Assistance LFIP Law on Foreigners and International Protection MoFLSS Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Services MoNE Ministry of National Education NGO Non-Governmental Organization SASF Social Assistance and Solidarity Foundation SED Social-Economic Assistance SES Social and Economic Support SMAW Seasonal Migrant Agricultural Workers TBB Union of Turkish Bar Associations TDHS Turkish Demographic and Health Survey TPID Temporary Protection Identity Documents UN United Nations UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund WFP World Food Programme 6 Unseen Lives on Migration Routes EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This research report aims to make visible the needs of Syrian nomadic and semi-nomadic communities that live in Adana, Gaziantep and Şanlıurfa and seasonal migrant agricultural workers who reside in temporary tent settlements in the Adana Plain, and to help facilitate these groups' access to basic services. 7 The assessment was conducted in 20 neighbourhoods and tent settlements that are home to nomadic and semi-nomadic Syrian communities in Adana, Gaziantep and Şanlıurfa provinces. To extract more detailed information about their needs, 20 in-depth interviews were conducted with this target group. Syrian seasonal migrant agricultural workers living in tent settlements on Adana Plain were the second target group of the survey. Data of 39 tent settlements obtained from the Current State and Needs Analysis related to Seasonal Migrant Agricultural Work- ers on Adana Plain, conducted by Development Workshop in November 2019 with the support of UNICEF Turkey, was used to inform the survey, alongside eight focus group discussions. To provide an overview of the services presently available to target groups and gaps existing in these services, 27 semi-structured key in- formant interviews were conducted in three provinces with institutions and actors that are directly or indirectly linked to the target groups. Findings related to the current situation of target groups obtained from the field survey are classified under nine headings: 1 Settlement sites and mobility status The target group encompasses different sub-groups with respect to their migra- tory patterns. While some reside in the same town, neighbourhood or tent settle- ment for a relatively long time, others move out and return seasonally. 2 Demographic and registration status A significant proportion of Syrian nomadic and semi-nomadic people and seasonal migrant agricultural workers in Adana, Gaziantep and Şanlıurfa have acquired temporary protection identity documents (TPID) and thus can benefit from pub- lic services. Those without temporary protection registration, on the other hand, cannot benefit from any assistance or access to services including education and health. Other obstacles in accessing public services include living outside of the province of registration and fear of being deported especially among nomadic and semi-nomadic communities even if they have temporary protection registra- tion. Address registration is another issue since TPID is not equivalent to a residence permit and the majority live in areas where properties are not fit for registration of residence (e.g. unregistered sections of real estate, shops, workshops, barracks, etc; or with more than one family living in a single household). 8 Unseen Lives on Migration Routes While there is limited demographic data for the target group population as a hole, it is estimated that at least half of this population comprises children under the age of 18, similar to the age composition of Syrians presently under temporary protection in Turkey. There are some Turkish speaking communities in the target group (i.e. Abdals), but the majority speak Arabic and/or Kurdish, giving rise to some communication difficulties in their daily lives. 3 Education Among target groups, there is no child attending preschool, and very few children of primary and secondary school age attend school. The reasons why families do not send their children to school are given as follows: Nomadic culture leaving very little space for education; long distances to schools from the places of settlement; discriminatory attitudes and