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N° 40, Autumn/Automne 2010 Proceedings of the Bruges Colloquium Armed Conflicts and Parties to Armed Conflicts under IHL: CICR-Bruxelles Confronting Legal Categories Rue Guimard 7, BE-1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 (0) 2 286 58 70 – Fax: +32 (0) 2 286 58 79 to Contemporary Realities Email: [email protected] 10th Bruges Colloquium www.icrc.org 22-23 October 2009 Actes du Colloque de Bruges Conflits Armés, Parties aux Conflits Armés et DIH : les Catégories Juridiques face Development Office aux Réalités Contemporaines Dijver 11, BE-8000 Bruges, Belgium 10ème Colloque de Bruges Tel: +32 (0) 50 47 73 01 – Fax: +32 (0) 50 47 73 00 22-23 octobre 2009 Email: [email protected] ul. Nowoursynowska 84, Box 120, PL - 02/797, Warszawa 78, Poland Tel: + 48 22 545 94 01 – Fax: + 48 22 649 13 52 Email: [email protected] www.coleurope.eu/publications 40 Proceedings of the Bruges Colloquium Armed Conflicts and Parties to Armed Conflicts under IHL: Confronting Legal Categories to Contemporary Realities 10th Bruges Colloquium 22-23 October 2009 Actes du Colloque de Bruges Conflits Armés, Parties aux Conflits Armés et DIH : les Catégories Juridiques face aux Réalités Contemporaines 10ème Colloque de Bruges 22-23 octobre 2009 ICRC Delegation in Brussels/ Délégation du CICR à Bruxelles Stefaan Ghesquiere Emilie Camus Stéphane Kolanowski Editing Board Members, College of Europe/ Membres du Comité de rédaction, Collège d’Europe Cordula Singer Elena Pasqualini Nigel Smith Annelies Deckmyn Notice Collegium is the academic journal of the College of Europe. Copyright remains with the authors. The proceedings of this Colloquium have been written by the speakers or by the Delegation of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Brussels on the basis of audio recordings of the Colloquium. These texts were then reviewed by the speakers. The opinions expressed herein are not necessarily those of College of Europe nor the International Committee of the Red Cross. Avertissement Collegium est la revue académique du Collège d’Europe. Les Actes de ce Colloque ont été rédigés par les orateurs ou par la Délégation du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR) à Bruxelles sur base d’enregistrements audio du Colloque. Ces textes ont alors été revus par les orateurs et n’engagent que ces derniers. Tous droits réservés. Ils ne représentent pas nécessairement les vues ni du Collège d’Europe ni du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge. N° 40, Autumn/Automne 2010 PROCEEDINgs Of thE BRugEs COllOquIuM/ACtEs Du COllOquE DE BRugEs p. 5 Opening Remarks Prof. Paul Demaret, Rector of the College of Europe p. 5 WELCOME ADDRESS/DISCOURS DE BIENVENUE (EN/FR) françoise Krill, Chef de la délégation du CICR à Bruxelles p. 8 DISCOURS DE BIENVENUE (FR) Prof. Yves sandoz, Membre du CICR p. 11 DISCOURS D’OUVERTURE : LA PERTINENCE DE LA CATÉGORISATION DES CONFLITS ARMÉS : UNE RÉELLE DIFFÉRENCE DANS LA PROTECTION DES PERSONNES TOUCHÉES ? (FR/EN) session 1 Categories of Armed Conflicts: Notions and Interpretations Chair person: Prof. Yves sandoz, ICRC Prof. Mary Ellen O’Connell, University of Notre Dame p. 19 SAVING LIVES THROUGH A DEFINITION OF INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT (EN/FR) Prof. Andreas Paulus, University of Göttingen p. 28 NON INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT UNDER COMMON ARTICLE 3 (EN/FR) Iris Müller, Lauterpacht Centre for International Law p. 34 NON INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT UNDER ARTICLE 1(1) AP II AND 8(2)(F) ICC STATUTE (EN/FR) DISCUSSION (EN) p. 44 session 2 New forms of Armed Conflicts? Chair person: Col. Paul A.P. Ducheine, Dutch Defence Academy James stewart, Columbia Law School p. 49 FRAGMENTED ARMED CONFLICTS: ‘INTERNATIONALISED’ INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICTS AND ‘INTERNALISED’ INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS (EN/FR) Dr. Noam lubell, National University of Ireland p. 56 TRANSNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS? (EN/FR) DISCUSSION (EN) p. 64 3 session 3 Armed Conflict or Other types of Violence? Chair person: Jeno Czuczai, General Secretariat of the Council, College of Europe Dr. sylvain Vité, CICR p. 69 LA LUTTE CONTRE LA CRIMINALITÉ ORGANISÉE : PEUT-ON PARLER DE CONFLIT ARMÉ AU SENS OÙ L’ENTEND LE DROIT INTERNATIONAL HUMANITAIRE ? (FR/EN) Prof. Douglas guilfoyle, University College of London p. 78 THE FIGHT AGAINST PIRACY (EN/FR) Prof. Derek Jinks, University of Texas p. 87 THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM (EN/FR) DISCUSSION (EN) p. 95 session 4 qualification questions Related to Multinational Operations Chair person: Dr. Marten Zwanenburg, Dutch Ministry of Defence lt. Col. Darren stewart, Institute of International Humanitarian Law, San Remo p. 101 WHEN DOES INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW APPLY TO MULTINATIONAL FORCES? (EN/FR) gert-Jan Van hegelsom, Council of the European Union p. 107 COALITION WARFARE: WHO IS A PARTY TO ARMED CONFLICT IN JOINT MISSIONS? (EN/FR) DISCUSSION (EN) p. 112 Panel Discussion future Perspectives: Is there a Need to Adapt legal Categories to Contemporary Realities? Chair person: Prof. Eric David, Université Libre de Bruxelles Prof. françoise hampson, Essex University (EN) p. 115 Kathleen lawand, ICRC (EN) p. 119 Prof. Marco sassòli, University of Geneva (EN) p. 122 Brig. Philip D. McEvoy, British Ministry of Defence (EN) p. 125 Concluding Remarks and Closure françoise Krill, CICR p. 127 REMARQUES DE CLôTURE (FR/EN) lIst Of PARticipants/lIstE DEs participants (EN/FR) p. 132 PROgRAMME (EN) p. 138 sPEAKERs’ BIOs/BIOgRAPhIEs DEs ORAtEuRs (EN/FR) p. 141 4 PROCEEDINgs Of thE BRugEs COllOquIuM ACtEs Du COllOquE DE BRugEs Opening remarks WELCOME ADDRESS DISCOURS DE BIENVENUE Prof. Paul Demaret Rector of the College of Europe Madame la Chef de Délégation, chers Collègues, chers Participants, C’est un honneur et un plaisir pour le Collège d’Europe de vous accueillir ce matin ici au Col- lège et ici à Bruges. Je suis désolé de ne pas pouvoir vous accueillir avec le soleil, mais si cela peut vous réconforter, je pense que la ville de Bruges est la ville belge où il est le plus facile de supporter un temps pluvieux. Le thème choisi, « Conflits armés, parties aux conflits armés et DIH : les catégories juridiques face aux réalités contemporaines » sera présenté par une spécialiste du droit international humanitaire (DIH), Madame Françoise Krill, Chef de la délégation du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR) auprès de l’Union européenne et de l’OTAN à Bruxelles. Je ne m’y aventurerai donc pas. What I would like to do during my short address, is first to say a few words about the College of Europe, followed by a few words about our cooperation with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the reasons why we value that cooperation so much. The College of Europe was created almost 60 years ago, in the wake of the Second World War. It was founded back in 1949, at the same time as the Council of Europe and the European Court of Human Rights. Therefore, the College of Europe predates the establishment of the first European Economic Communities. Its foundations lie with a Spanish intellectual, Salvador de Madariaga. The idea behind the creation of the College of Europe was to bring together in one place, after the World Wars, young European graduates and professors from all over Europe. Together, they would study European issues, not from a national, or worse, a nationalistic perspective, but from a truly European perspective. Moreover, the idea was that these people would also live together for a year in order to get to know each other and the different European cultures. Of course, the College of Europe has evolved since 1949. In the early days, there were something 5 like thirty, thirty-five or forty students, but now we have many more. Here in Bruges we run four specialised European Masters programmes. One deals with European Law, another with European Politics and Administration, a third with European Economics and in 2006, in anticipation of the establishment of an EU external action service, we launched a fully-fledged programme in EU International Relations and Diplomacy, which has proven successful. Around the early 90s, the College again reacted to a major event in European history, namely the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe. With the support of the Polish au- thorities and of the European Commission, the College set up its second campus in Natolin, Warsaw. In Natolin, our graduate students study the European integration process, not from a specialised perspective, but from a multi-disciplinary one. That means that we can also at- tract young graduates who do not have a degree in law, politics or economics but in history, philosophy or linguistics. In Natolin, we put the emphasis on the relations between the EU and its neighbours. By neighbours we do not just mean those countries who are part of the EU’s Neighbourhood Policy but also countries like Russia and, for the time being, Turkey, as they are in fact the EU’s two largest neighbours. Why are we interested in the cooperation with the ICRC? Firstly, in addition to its academic programmes, the College engages in various projects, training sessions, summer programmes and specific conferences, and among our best partners, we find the ICRC. Our solid and suc- cessful cooperation goes back to the year 2000 when the first Bruges Colloquium took place. Today we are at the 10th Colloquium organised by the ICRC in cooperation with the College of Europe. Besides that annual international conference, our cooperation has known a new feature since 2004: each year at the end of the winter period, or in early spring, we organise a workshop together, which lasts two and a half or three days, where we try to introduce young students to International Humanitarian Law. Prof. Sandoz initiated these workshops with the support of the Heads of the ICRC Delegation to the EU and NATO in Brussels, first Mr.