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Redalyc.Crustáceos Ectoparásitos Y Epibiontes De Ballenas Jorobadas

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Redalyc.Crustáceos Ectoparásitos Y Epibiontes De Ballenas Jorobadas UNED Research Journal / Cuadernos de Investigación UNED ISSN: 1659-4266 [email protected] Universidad Estatal a Distancia Costa Rica Avila Jiménez, Isabel Cristina; Cuellar Reina, Luis Miguel; Cantera Kintz, Jaime Ricardo Crustáceos ectoparásitos y epibiontes de ballenas jorobadas, Megaptera novaeangliae (Cetacea: Balaenopteridae) en el Pacífico colombiano UNED Research Journal / Cuadernos de Investigación UNED, vol. 3, núm. 2, enero-junio, 2012, pp. 177-185 Universidad Estatal a Distancia San José, Costa Rica Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=515651980001 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Crustáceos ectoparásitos y epibiontes de ballenas jorobadas, Megaptera novaeangliae (Cetacea: Balaenopteridae) en el Pacíco colombiano Isabel Cristina Avila Jiménez 1, Luis Miguel Cuellar Reina 2 y Jaime Ricardo Cantera Kintz 2 1Grupo de Ecología Animal. Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle. Calle 13 No. 100-00, Cali, Colombia; [email protected] 2ECOMANGLARES. Grupo de Ecología de Estuarios y Manglares. Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle. Calle 13, No. 100-00, Cali, Colombia; [email protected]; [email protected] Recibido 3-III-2011 Corregido 25-V-2011 Aceptado 10-VI-2011 ABSTRACT RESUMEN Crustaceans ectoparasites and epibionts of humpback whales, Se registran tres especies de crustáceos ectoparásitos y epibiontes Megaptera novaeangliae (Cetacea: Balaenopteridae), in the Colombian en dos ballenatos y cuatro adultos de ballena jorobada ( Megaptera Pacic. We recorded three species of crustacean ectoparasites and novaeangliae ) que visitaron el PNN Gorgona y Bahía Málaga en el Pacíco epibionts in two calves and four adults of humpback whale ( Megaptera colombiano, en la temporada reproductiva del año 2010: el anfípodo novaeangliae ) that in the breeding season 2010 visited PNN Gorgona Cyamus boopis y los cirripedios Coronula diadema y Conchoderma and Bahía Málaga, Colombian Pacic: the amphipod Cyamus boopis auritum . Se encontró que estos crustáceos se establecen en las aletas caudal y dorsal, en la parte dorsal del cuerpo cerca al espiráculo, y en and the barnacles Coronula diadema and Conchoderma auritum . These la parte ventral de la mandíbula inferior. Se adhieren tanto a ballenas crustaceans adhere to calves and adults and are present in the caudal n, adultas como a ballenatos de corta edad. Los ectoparásitos y los dorsal n, back of the body (near the blowhole) and ventral side of the epibiontes registrados pueden incidir en el desplazamiento de las lower jaw. Ectoparasites and epibionts recorded here may inuence the ballenas, en la alimentación y en su comportamiento. Los epibiontes se movement, feeding and behavior of whales. We found a calf of no more adhieren a las ballenas en aguas tropicales, muy posiblemente en aguas than three months of age with epibionts: epibionts seem to attach to colombianas, pues encontramos un ballenato de a lo sumo tres meses whales in tropical waters, most likely in Colombian waters. de edad con epibiontes. KEY WORDS PALABRAS CLAVE Crustacean, amphipods, barnacles, Megaptera novaeangliae , Crustáceos, anfípodos, balanos, ballenas, Megaptera novaeangliae , Colombian Pacic. Pacíco colombiano. La ballena jorobada, Megaptera novaeangliae , es una es - aguas de lastre descargadas por los barcos) y química (e.g. pecie migratoria, cosmopolita, costera, que se alimenta en derrame de combustible), el acoso y la persecución por las altas latitudes y se reproduce en zonas tropicales y sub - las embarcaciones de observación turística de ballenas, el tropicales (Dawbin 1966). Esta especie visita anualmente enmallamiento accidental en redes de pesca y las pertur - entre junio y noviembre el Pacíco colombiano para re - baciones y daños causados por el ruido (Corkeron 1995, producirse y criar, después de una migración de 8500km Capella et al. 2001, Laist et al. 2001, Van Waerebeek et al. desde la península Antártica y el estrecho de Magallanes 2007, Van Bressem et al. 2009). en Chile (Stevick et al. 2004, Acevedo et al. 2007). La balle - na jorobada es una especie principalmente costera y su Por otro lado, las ballenas jorobadas son presas naturales supervivencia se encuentra afectada por factores antro - de la orca ( Orcinus orca ) (Whitehead & Glass 1985, D’Vincent pogénicos, tales como la colisión con embarcaciones, la et al. 1989, Flórez-González et al. 1994, Weller 2002) y degradación del hábitat, la contaminación biológica (e.g. ocasionalmente de la falsa orca ( Pseudorca crassidens ) y Cuadernos de Investigación UNED (ISSN: 1659-4266) Vol. 3(2), Diciembre, 2011 177 de algunas especies de tiburones, como el tiburón tigre Aunque la presencia de ectoparásitos y epibiontes es (Galeocerdo cuvier ) (Weller 2002). Además son hospede - común en ballenas jorobadas y parece no representar una ras de diversos parásitos, endo y ectoparásitos, y sirven de amenaza para la supervivencia de la especie, sí podrían sustrato para algunos organismos epibiontes que se les afectar el desempeño normal de las ballenas (Clapham adhieren a su piel. Entre los endoparásitos encontrados, el 2000, Fertl & Newman 2009, Raga et al. 2009). Por otra par - nematodo del género Crassicauda representa el más gra - te, diversos autores arman que el estudio de los parásitos ve problema para las jorobadas y otros balenopteridos; sin asociados a las ballenas es una herramienta esencial para embargo, se desconoce la tasa de mortalidad ocasionada comprender mejor la dinámica poblacional de las balle - por ellos (Lambertsen 1986, Raga et al. 2009). Los ectopa - nas en un área, ya que pueden ser usados como un marca - rásitos más comunes son los ciámidos (Amphipoda), pe - dor biológico que indica las rutas de migración y alimen - queños crustáceos que se alimentan de la piel de la ballena tación, así como su estado general de salud (Balbuena et y que se establecen en lugares protegidos de la piel de la al. 1995, Mackenzie 2002). Además, el estudio de la distri - ballena o en estructuras que les permiten mantenerse uni - bución geográca de los epibiontes, particularmente los dos a ella. No obstante, al parecer es poco probable que el registros fósiles de Coronula , puede proveer información daño que causan a la salud y al bienestar de las ballenas suplementaria y valiosa para los estudios paleobiogeográ - sea signicativo, pero puede representar laceraciones que cos y paleoecológicos acerca de las rutas de migración después causen vulnerabilidad a otros problemas de sa - de las ballenas en el pasado (Bianucci et al. 2006). A pesar lud (Raga et al. 2009). Los epibiontes más comunes en las de la importancia de los estudios de la fauna ectoparásita ballenas jorobadas son los crustáceos denominados “bala - y de los epibiontes asociados a las ballenas jorobadas, en nos” (Cirripedia) del género Coronula , los cuales utilizan a Colombia este tema es poco conocido. El presente trabajo la ballena como sustrato para instalarse y alimentarse del registra la presencia de ectoparásitos y epibiontes en ba - plancton, generalmente los ciámidos se encuentran cerca llenas jorobadas en el Pacíco colombiano. de la base de los balanos (Clarke 1966, Rowntree 1996, Fertl & Newman 2009). Algunos autores sugieren que los balanos pueden cre - METODOLOGÍA cer en partes del cuerpo que afectan el libre desempeño y Se analizaron organismos ectoparásitos y epibiontes el desplazamiento de los cetáceos (Clarke 1966, Rowntree recolectados de un ballenato que colisionó con una em - 1996, Fertl & Newman 2009). La alta presencia de balanos barcación de motor fuera de borda el 26 de julio de 2010 aumenta además el peso que las ballenas deben mover: en el Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona (Cauca, Colombia), Slijper (1962) registró un individuo de ballena jorobada a 500m de Playa Blanca (2°56’39” N y 78°11’14” W). La coli - llevando 450kg de balanos en su cuerpo. Adicionalmen - sión causó golpes en el ballenato y el desprendimiento de te, se han registrado algunos casos cuya infestación por un pedazo de piel, que quedó adherido a la embarcación especímenes de Coronula afectó gravemente la maxila y con ectoparásitos y epibiontes de este animal. Los orga - la mandíbula (deformaciones, fracturas y desviaciones de nismos recolectados fueron identicados en el laborato - los huesos) de un delfín moteado ( Stenella attenuata gra - rio utilizando un estereoscopio Motic 1.0X-4.0X, fueron mani ) y de un cachalote ( Physeter macrocephalus ) (Clarke fotograados con una cámara Panasonic Lumix DMC-LZ5, 1966, Perrin 1969). En contraste con lo anterior, algunos conservados en etanol al 70%, y posteriormente incluidos autores han sugerido que los balanos son simbiontes de en la colección biológica del PNN Gorgona. Por otro lado, las ballenas jorobadas: la presencia de Coronula en las ale - también se analizaron fotografías de cinco individuos (un tas dorsal y caudal de las ballenas podría ser usada como ballenato y cuatro adultos) de ballenas jorobadas con un arma para defenderse del ataque de orcas, pues incre - ectoparásitos y epibiontes que visitaron Bahía Málaga, menta la posibilidad de causar heridas en ellas (Ford & Valle, Colombia (3°55’23” N y 77°20’21” W) en agosto de Reeves 2008), y podría beneciar a los machos al ser usa - 2010. Los organismos ectoparásitos y epibiontes
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