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Guía Sobre La Vida De La Ballena Jorobada (Megaptera Novaeangliae) Y Su Paso Por El

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Guía Sobre La Vida De La Ballena Jorobada (Megaptera Novaeangliae) Y Su Paso Por El Guía Sobre la Vida de la Ballena Jorobada (Megaptera novaeangliae) y su Paso por el Pacífico Colombiano Mayra Dayany Nieto García Universidad Santo Tomás Decanatura de División de Educación Abierta y a Distancia Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología Administración Ambiental y de los Recursos Naturales Bogotá D.C. 2019 I Guía Sobre la Vida de la Ballena Jorobada (Megaptera novaeangliae) y su Paso por el Pacífico colombiano Trabajo de Grado presentado como requisito parcial para optar al título de Administradora Ambiental y de los Recursos Naturales Mayra Dayany Nieto García Tutor: Julio Alberto González Acosta Docente DUAD-USTA Universidad Santo Tomás Decanatura de División de Educación Abierta y a Distancia Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología Administración Ambiental y de los Recursos Naturales Bogotá D.C. 2019 II Agradecimientos La vida tiene inicio desde el momento justo cuando dos seres se unen con ese propósito y para mí lo tuvo cuando Blanca García y Luis Nieto, decidieron vivir en la monogamia de su amor y producto de esa simbiosis, soy uno de sus frutos, razón por la que les estaré agradecida, pues sus infinitesimales desvelos, me condujeron alcanzar conocimiento, a prepararme en valores y a ser más humana. Dos retoños más, producto de ese amor, son mis hermanos Madelyn y Maicol, armoniosos seres que acompañaron mi camino profesional y personal, que formaron una cultura de la amistad dentro de la hermandad y que singularizaron la unión fraternal. A Daniel Estupiñán, el amor de mi vida, reflejo de mí misma, que sin reparos ni escusas me acompaño en esta larga pero sustancial carrera. Al profesor Julio Alberto González, por su incondicional y motivante asesoría durante la realización de la misma y a todos los docentes que gracias a los conocimientos transmitidos, marcaron con detalles de sabiduría mi proceso educativo. III Nota de aceptación Este proyecto de grado titulado “Guía sobre la vida de la ballena Jorobada Megaptera novaeangliae y su paso por el pacífico colombiano” Preparado por Mayra Dayany Nieto García ha sido aprobado y aceptado. ________________________________ Tutor ________________________________ Jurado ________________________________ Jurado Bogotá DC, agosto de 2019 IV Resumen La presente investigación, trata sobre aspectos sustanciales de la vida de la ballena jorobada (Megaptera novaeangliae, Borowski, 1781) y su paso por el pacífico colombiano, desde su origen, evolución, biología y ecología, hasta aspectos económicos como la actividad turística de avistamiento en esa zona. La guía, contiene valioso conocimiento de años de investigación científica, donde los esfuerzos de humanos comprometidos con la protección de la especie y su ecosistema, han logrado acercarnos más a los misterios de la fascinante vida de tan encantador mamífero. Palabras clave: Megaptera novaeangliae, comportamiento, avistamiento, pacífico colombiano, guía técnica. Abstract The present investigation, deals with substantial aspects of the life of the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae, Borowski, 1781) and its passage through the Colombian Pacific, from its origin, evolution, biology and ecology, to economic aspects such as the tourist activity of sighting in that zone. The guide contains valuable knowledge from years of scientific research, where the efforts of humans committed to the protection of the species and its ecosystem, have brought us closer to the mysteries of the fascinating life of such a charming mammal. Key words: Megaptera novaeangliae, behavior, whale watching, Colombian Pacific, technical guide. V Tabla de contenido Introducción ............................................................................................................................. 1 1. Antecedentes .......................................................................................................................... 3 2. Planteamiento del problema .................................................................................................... 7 2.1. Situación problema ............................................................................................................... 7 2.2. Formulación del problema .................................................................................................... 8 3. Justificación ............................................................................................................................ 8 4.Objetivos .................................................................................................................................. 9 4.1. Objetivo general ................................................................................................................... 9 4.2. Objetivos específicos ............................................................................................................ 9 5. Cronograma de actividades.................................................................................................... 10 CAPITULO 1 Filogenia de la ballena jorobada .................................................................... 11 1.1. Origen, formación y desarrollo evolutivo ........................................................................... 11 1.2. Aspectos claves de la evolución ......................................................................................... 14 1.3. Historia cronológica de la cacería o cinegética ................................................................... 16 1.4.Caza de subsistencia ........................................................................................................... 21 1.5. Importancia histórica ......................................................................................................... 21 1.6. Lista roja y estado de preocupación ................................................................................... 23 1.7. Amenazas antrópicas ......................................................................................................... 24 CAPITULO 2 Clasificación taxonómica de la ballena jorobada .......................................... 28 2.1. Esquema jerárquico .......................................................................................................... 29 2.2. Morfología o forma y funciones especificas ...................................................................... 33 2.2.1. Características de las aletas ............................................................................................. 35 2.2.2. Características de la piel o tegumento ............................................................................. 35 2.2.3. Características de la cabeza y zona ventral ...................................................................... 36 2.2.4. Características del tamaño y la gestación ........................................................................ 37 2.2.5. Características internas ................................................................................................... 41 2.2.6. Características del sistema óseo ...................................................................................... 42 2.3. Patrón de pigmentación y métodos de identificación .......................................................... 44 2.4. Parásitos ............................................................................................................................ 47 VI 2.4.1. Endoparásitos genero Crassicauda .................................................................................. 48 2.4.2. Ectoparásitos Cyamus boopis (Lütken, 1870) o piojos .................................................... 50 2.4.3. Parásitos balano Coronula diadema/Diadema de la coronilla (Linnaeus, 1767) ............... 52 2.4.4. Conchoderma auritum (Linnaeus,1767) .......................................................................... 53 2.4.5. Coronula reginae (Darwin, 1854) .................................................................................... 54 2.4.6. Parásitos: Protozoos Ciliados .......................................................................................... 54 2.5. Depredadores .................................................................................................................... 56 2.6. La jorobada como bioindicador de la salud de los océanos y contaminación marina .......... 58 CAPITULO 3 Migración, alimentación y reproducción de la ballena jorobada ................. 65 3.1. Zonas de avistamiento en el pacífico colombiano .............................................................. 67 3.2. Etología o comportamiento ................................................................................................ 69 3.2.1. Comportamiento reproductivo y social ........................................................................... 70 3.2.2. Comportamiento de alimentación y sus métodos ............................................................. 75 3.2.2.1. Comportamiento de alimentación oportunista .............................................................. 77 3.2.2.2. Dieta de la jorobada ..................................................................................................... 78 3.2.3 Comportamiento armónico musical ................................................................................. 80 CAPITULO 4 Avistamiento de las ballenas jorobadas ........................................................ 83 4.1. Antecedentes históricos del turismo de avistamiento ............................................................ 83 4.2. Normas de avistamiento ...................................................................................................
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