Index

Actualism Braun, David, 312 change and, 292–295 Burgess, John P., 437 modality and, 398–400 presentism and, 335n26, 367–368, ‘‘Calculus of Individuals’’ (Leonard & 398–400 Goodman), 56, 139–140, 146, 151, Adams, Fred, 312–313 153–157 Adverbialism, 457–458 Carter, William R., 18, 343–366 Aggregation, 268 Cartwright, Richard, 142–143 Aging argument, 350 Causation, 172, 334n23 Alteration, 3–5, 12–15 Aristotle and, 173–174 Bradley Regress problem and, 21–23 existence and, 173–174 characterization of, 161–164 ex nihilo existence and, 175–177 temporal parts and, 161–169 gerundive view and, 174–175 Aquinas, Thomas, 250 homogeneous disc argument and, 207– Aristotle, 18–19 209 causation and, 173–174 immanent, 278 persistence and, 170–174, 349 non-supervenient relations and, 201– Armstrong, D. M., 277, 288, 356, 377, 214 433 ontological commitment and, 377–379 Atemporal instantiation, 12–15 Past is Nothing Principle and, 175, Bradley Regress problem and, 21–23 185n30 four-dimensionalism and, 57–58 presentism and, 316–317 (see also monadic, 22–23 Presentism) nonmonadic, 22–23 Regularity Theory and, 177–178 temporary intrinsics and, 20–24 spinning spheres and, 189–200 time and, 172–179 Balashov, Yuri, 451–470 Zeno-type paradoxes and, 205–207 Boolean connectives, 66 Change, 1–3 Boolos, G., 437 alteration and, 12–15, 161–164 Bradley Regress problem, 21–23, 433– causation and, 172–179 435 denial of, 295–296 472 Index

Change (cont.) Dretske, Fred, 377 duplicates and, 246 Duplicates, 246 endurance and, 9–12, 236–240, 387– 301 Ehring, Douglas, 213 eternalism and, 291–292 Empiricism, 249–250, 261 exdurance and, 7–9 Endurance, 3, 120–121, 132, 430 ex nihilo existence and, 170–172 accidental intrinsics and, 269 factual, 233–234 Adverbialism and, 457–458 incompatible properties and, 236–240, Bradley Regress and, 21–23 287–289 change and, 9–12, 236–240, 287–301 intuitions about, 159–160 consistency and, 268–271 just having and, 290, 302n11 eternalism and, 221–230 (see also motion and, 38–39 Eternalism) partial endurance view and, 252–263 field theory and, 249–252 perdurance and, 5–6, 288–289 four-dimensionalism and, 221–230 predication and, 244–249 Galilean space-time and, 454–458 presentism and, 292–296, 400–404 incompatible properties and, 346–347 property gain/loss and, 159–169 indeterminacy and, 278–281 relational solution and, 289–290 Indexicalism and, 457–458 relativization variant and, 290 maximality and, 122–123 shape properties and, 296–298 modal variation and, 256–259 temporary intrinsics and, 10–11, 20– overlap and, 268–269 24, 244–249 partial endurance view and, 252–263, Chisholm, Roderick, M., 63, 310, 351 271–276 Chryssipus, 252 phenomenal inconsistency and, 268– Coincident objects, 101–105 271 Consistency, 2–3, 7–8, 14 predication and, 244–249, 256–259 endurance and, 9–12, 268–271 quality distribution and, 249–250 perdurance and, 268–271 relational solution and, 289–290 space-time and, 17 relativistic, 290, 458–462 Contradiction, 15 Sorites paradox and, 274–276 Counting, 113nn21,22 space-time and, 17, 452–453, 458–462 coincident objects and, 101–105 special relativity and, 451–467 exdurance and, 97–105 temporal instrinsics and, 10–11, 20–24, 244–249, 430–432 Date theory, 409–410 thing-stages and, 277–278 Dau, Paolo, 62 time and, 344–347 de dicto analysis, 110–111 world plurality and, 51–54 Descartes, Rene´, 197, 221–225 Equivalence, 243 Diachronic fusion, 73–78 Eternalism, 15–18, 39–41 Dion, 252–255, 271–276 change and, 291–292 Direction, 36 contradiction generation and, 291–292, Distance, 36 303n14 Index 473

four-dimensionalism and, 221–230 Existence partial endurance view and, 252–263 actualism and, 292–295 persistence issues and, 241–263 causation and, 173–174 possibilism and, 367–368 ex aqua, 156 predication and, 244–249, 256–259 ex nihilo, 156, 170–172, 175–177 presentism and, 292–295 indeterminacy and, 278–281 quality distribution and, 249–250 modal issues and, 317–320, 355–360 shared view of, 291–292 multiple presents argument and, 354– temporal instrinsics and, 15–18, 39–41, 355 244–249 partial endurance view and, 252–255, thing-stages and, 277–278 271–276 Evans, Gareth, 73 predication and, 244–249 Events, 234–236 presentism and, 328–331 (see also Exdurance, 3, 7–9, 278 Presentism) amplifications for, 108–111 pure becoming and, 348 classes of tropes and, 121–122 puzzle of change and, 287–301 coincident objects and, 101–105 Sorites paradox and, 274–275 counting and, 97–105 temporal parts and, 244–249, 344–347 de dicto analysis and, 110–111 (see also Temporal parts) four-dimensionalism and, 443–446 Existence-at, 58–59 identity reliance and, 120–122 Extension, 36 indeterminacy and, 278–281 Leibniz’s Law and, 102 Field theory, 249–252, 264n8 maximality and, 122–123 Forbes, Graeme, 23, 267–284, 289 memory theory and, 102 Four-dimensionalism, 228–230 naming and, 108–111 across time, 221–224 objections to, 105–108 atemporal instantiation and, 57–58 occupancy approach and, 92–100 class fusion and, 67–70 Parfit’s puzzle and, 91–97 composition and, 73–74 predication and, 119–120, 124–127 concept of, 55–61 proper names and, 108–109 diachronic fusion and, 73–78 reference and, 127–132 equivalence and, 84n41 reidentification and, 127–132 exdurance and, 443–446 self-interested concern and, 91–95 existence-at and, 58–59 space-time and, 16–17 fuzzy classes and, 70–73 surface tensing and, 20 general statement for, 56–61 temporal parts and, 7–9, 443–446 indeterminacy and, 76–78 three-dimensionalism and, 94–95, logic and, 58–59 106 simpliciter and, 56–58 tropes and, 121–122 spacetime principle and, 224–225 truth-conditions and, 127–132 special relativity and, 451–454, 458– vagueness and, 278–281 467 worm theory and, 91–95 superstring theories and, 224 474 Index

Four-dimensionalism (cont.) Homogeneous disc argument tensed parthood and, 73–74, 80n9 angular velocity differences and, 204– Thesis of Temporal Locality and, 59– 207, 212–213 61, 82n17 exposition of, 202–203 three-dimensionalism and, 61–66, holographic difference objections and, 83n24, 223–225, 451–454, 461–467 204–207 time-indexed properties and, 225–226 no-difference objection and, 203–204 time span and, 59 rotation and, 207–210 two-dimensionalism and, 221–224 Humberstone, L., 431 unrestricted mereological composition Hume, David, 32 and, 66–73 change and, 177 vagueness and, 74–78 presistence problem and, 243–244 Fusion axiom, 139–140 spinning spheres and, 198–200 Fusion principle, 140–141, 151 supervenience and, 210, 376–377 Hypostasis, 31–34 Genidentity, 61, 243 Geroch, Robert, 455 Identity, 37–38 Gerundive view, 174–175 accidental intrinsics and, 269 Glaucon, 308, 319–320 across time, 31–34, 221–224, 241–243, Goodman, Nelson, 36, 56, 139–140, 271–276 146, 288 axiom of, 140 Graham, George, 62 Calculus of Individuals and, 56, 139– 140, 146, 151, 153–157 Haecceities, 312–314, 333n15, 388n13 counting and, 97–101 Haslanger, Sally, 6, 289, 432 equivalence relations and, 243 persistence and, 159–185 exdurance and, 7–9, 105–108 (see also presentism and, 416–417 Exdurance) special relativity and, 457 ex nihilo existence and, 170–172 temporal parts and, 439 four-dimensionalism and, 55–78, 221– Hawley, Katherine, 5, 7 230 non-supervenient relations and, 201– genidentity and, 61, 243 215 haecceities and, 312–314, 333n15, persistence and, 119–133 388n13 Hazen, Allen, 437, 445 hypostasis and, 31–34 Heller, Mark, 351–352, 453 indeterminacy and, 278–281 Heraclitus, 31, 241 I-relation and, 92–97, 102–103, 107– Hestevold, H. Scott, 18, 343–366 108 Hinchliff, Mark, 11, 287–305, 310, 445 kinship and, 243–244, 248–249, 254– Hirsch, Eli, 56 255, 263, 274–275 Holographic representation logic and, 66 (see also Logic) homogeneous disc argument and, 202– modal variation and, 256–259 210 naming and, 108–111 rotation and, 207–210 occupancy approach and, 92–100 Index 475

ostension and, 31–34 exdurance and, 7–9 Parfit’s puzzle and, 91–95 temporary intrinsics and, 20–24 parthood across time and, 139–157 partial endurance view and, 252–263, Kaplan, David, 312, 410 271–276 (see also Endurance) Kinship place and, 37–38 persistence problem and, 243–244, predication and, 119–120, 124–127, 248–249, 254–255, 263 256–259 Sorites paradox and, 274–275 proper names and, 108–109 Kripke, Saul, 130 reference and, 127–132 exdurance and, 96, 106, 108 reidentification and, 127–132 persistence problem and, 251, 277–278 self-interested concern and, 91–95 presentism and, 371 Sorites paradox and, 274–276 temporal parts and, 445 spatial/temporal analogies of, 35–49 Kurtz, Roxanne Marie, 1–26 superficial attributes and, 267–268 temporal intrinsics and, 244–249, 268– Langton, R., 431 271 Leibniz’s Law, 102 three-dimensionalism and, 61–66, Length, 36 83n24 Leonard, Henry, 56, 139–140, 146 truth-conditions and, 127–132 Lewis, David, 5–6, 19–20, 24, 290, 357, unrestricted mereological composition 457 and, 66–73 change and, 290 vagueness and, 278–281 coincident objects and, 102–103 world plurality and, 51–54 counting and, 97–100, 97–101 ‘‘Identity, Ostension and Hypostasis’’ exdurance and, 443–446 (Quine), 31–34, 241 four-dimensionalism and, 61–62, 66– Indeterminacy, 278–281 67, 71–72 Indexicalism, 457–458 memory theory and, 102 I-relation, 92–97, 102–103, 107–108 occupancy approach of, 92–95, 97–100 On the Plurality of Worlds and, 51–54, Jackson, F., 432 244–245 Jesuits, 227 Parfit’s puzzle and, 92–95 Johnston, Mark, 440n4 partial endurance view and, 257 change and, 289 perdurance and, 288, 429 endurance and, 289, persistence problem and, 268–270, 280 persistence problem and, 241–265, presentism and, 393–394, 400–404, 267–277 415–417, 430 relativization variant and, 290 spinning spheres and, 189–200 special relativity and, 457 supervenience and, 202, 210 tensed propositions and, 432 temporal parts and, 244–245, 393–394, Just having, 3–5 443 change and, 290, 302n11 ‘‘Tensing the Copula’’ and, 404, 429– endurance and, 9–12 441 476 Index

Linkage theses, 343–344 Meditations on First Philosophy static time and, 345–347, 355–361 (Descartes), 227 transient time and, 345–355, 360–361 Meinongian implications, 349–350 Lockwood, Michael, 354 Mellor, D. H., 11, 62, 289, 359 Logic Mellor, Hugh, 233–240 alteration characteristics, 161–164 Memory theory, 102, 112n7 boolean, 66 Mereology Bradley Regress problem, 21–23, 433– four-dimensionalism and, 230 435 non-supervenient relations and, 213– Calculus of Individuals, 56, 139–140, 214 151, 153–157 thing-stages and, 277–278 change properties, 236–240 unrestricted, 66–73 de dicto analysis, 110–111 Merricks, Trenton, 304n25, 457 four-dimensionalism, 58–59 Metaphysic of Temporal Parts (MTP) fusion axiom, 130, 139–140 view, 165–169, 182n13 fusion principle, 130, 141, 151 Metaphysics, 1 identity axiom, 130 alteration and, 12–15 language interpretation, 381–382 atemporal instantiation and, 12–15 McTaggart’s paradox, 404, 420n28 Calculus of Individuals and, 56, 139– mereology and, 66–73, 213–214, 230, 140, 146 277–278 change and, 2 ontological commitment, 367–385 consistency and, 2 overlap axiom, 130 contradiction and, 15 paraphrasing, 314–315, 320–326 endurance and, 9–12 parthood across time, 139–157 exdurance and, 7–9 partial endurance view, 274–275 methodology issues and, 179n1 past-tense operatord, 323–326 negotiable theses and, 14 presentism and, 311, 314, 316, 321– nonnegotiable theses and, 3–5, 14 325 persistence and, 2 (see also Persistence) Principle of Non-Contradiction, 180n6 Regularity Theory and, 177–178 quantification, 66 static world and, 148 Sorites paradox, 274–276 surface tensing and, 18–20 tensed operators, 394–400, 406–407 survival and, 12–15 (see also Tensed operators) temporal parts and, 5–9, 165–169 (see Zeno-type paradoxes, 205–207 also Temporal parts) Lorentz contraction, 461 time and, 15–18 Lowe, E. J., 276 Minimalism, 259–262 Lump-of-matter I-relation, 102–103, 108 Modal Cross-temporal Calculus of Individuals, 156–157 McInerney, Peter, 347 Modality McTaggart, J., 19, 233, 404–406, 420n28 actualism and, 398–400 Markosian, Ned, 11, 18, 307–341 partial endurance view and, 256–259 Mathematics, 390n28 presentism and, 317–320, 369–371 Index 477

quasi truth and, 390n28 identity across time and, 31–34, 241– realism and, 369–371 243 Modal parity thesis, 355–360, 363n26 Metaphysic of Temporal Parts (MTV) Monadicity, 22–23, 415–417 view and, 165–170 Motion non-present, 308–310, 315–317 homogeneity and, 196–200 non-supervenient relations and, 201– motion and, 38–39 214 non-supervenient relations and, 201– place and, 144, 458–462 (see also Space- 214 time) special relativity and, 453–454 presentism and, 307 (see also spinning spheres and, 189–200 Presentism) Multiple presents argument, 354–355 property gain/loss and, 159–169 quantum, 201–202, 208–209, 213 Naming, 108–111 special relativity and, 451–467 Naming and Necessity (Kripke), 108 spinning spheres and, 189–200 No change argument, 347–348 temporal view and, 144–157 (see also No-difference objection, 203–204 Temporal parts) Nolan, D., 436 Occupancy approach, 92–95, 97–100 Nominalism, 383, 390n28 On the Plurality of Worlds (Lewis), 51–54, Nonmonadic property instantiation, 22– 244–245 23 Ontological commitment Non-supervenient relations actualism and, 367–368 alternative conclusions for, 211–214 causation and, 377–379 determination of, 201–202 change and, 400–404 homogeneous disc argument and, 202– cross-time relations and, 371, 375–379 210 ideological issues and, 379–380 local qualities and, 202 language interpretation and, 381–382 mereological compositon and, 213– nominalism and, 383 214 scientific vs. philosophical, 382–385 quantum objects and, 201–202 subject-predicate expression and, 457– Zeno-type paradoxes and, 205–207 458 Noonan, Harold, 207, 344 truths and, 371–382 Numerical identity, 3–4 universals and, 377 Ostension, 31–34 Oaklander, Nathan, 348 Overlap axiom, 140 Objects, 36 Calculus of Individuals and, 56, 139– Paraphrasing 140, 146, 151, 153–157 presentism and, 314–315, 320–326 cross-sectional view and, 143–148 strategic variation for, 320–326 four-dimensional, 221–230 (see also Parfit, Derek, 91–97 Four-dimensionalism) Partial endurance view, 252–255 fusion principle and, 140–141, 151 components of, 259 Galilean space-time and, 454–458 empiricism and, 261 478 Index

Partial endurance view (cont.) change and, 1–3 Lewis on, 257 consistency and, 2–3 logic and, 274–275 contradiction and, 15 minimalism and, 259–262 denial of, 295–296 modal variation and, 256–259 exdurance and, 7–9 (see also persistence problem and, 259–263, Exdurance) 271–276 ex nihilo existence and, 170–172 Sorites paradox and, 274–276 explanation principles and, 169–170 Past is Nothing Principle, 175, 185n30 four-dimensionalism and, 221–230 Past-tense operator, 323–326 gerundive view and, 174–175 Perdurance, 3, 5–6, 16, 429, 453 hypostasis and, 31–34 accidental intrinsics and, 269 identity across time and, 31–34, 241– Adverbialism and, 457–458 243 aging argument and, 350 indeterminacy and, 278–281 atemporal instantiation and, 12–14 initial tension concerning, 1–3 change and, 288–289 Metaphysic of Temporal Parts (MTV) consistency and, 268–271 view and, 165–170 four-dimensionalism and, 55–78 metaphysics of time and, 15–18 Galilean space-time and, 454–458 non-supervenient relations and, 214 identity and, 31–48 ostension and, 31–34 incompatible properties and, 6 partial endurance view and, 252–263, Indexicalism and, 457–458 271–276 linkage theses and, 345–361 predication and, 119–120, 181n10, multiple presents argument and, 354– 244–249, 256–259 355 presentism and, 295–296 no change argument and, 347–348 problem of, 429–430 ostension and, 31–34 property gain/loss and, 159–169 predication and, 119–120, 124–127 Regularity Theory and, 177–178 pure becoming and, 348 Sorites paradox and, 274–276 space-time and, 16–17, 458–462 special relativity and, 451–467 special relativity and, 454–467 spinning spheres and, 189–200 spinning spheres and, 189–200 surface tensers and, 18–20 surface tensing and, 20 survival and, 12–13 temporal parts and, 5–6, 244–249, temporal parts and, 5–9, 20–24, 244– 432–433 249, 343 (see also Temporal parts) time and, 344–347 tensed propositions and, 18–20 world plurality and, 51–54 thing-stages and, 277–278 Perry, John, 411 Persistence Principle, 162 Persistence Physics, 380 accidental intrinsics and, 269 field theory and, 249–252, 264n8 alteration and, 12–15 special theory of relativity and, 298– atemporal instantiation and, 12–15 301, 309, 326–328, 451–467 causation and, 172–179 Place concept, 35–38 Index 479

Plato, 110, 313 tensed operators and, 367–368, 394– Possibilism, 367–368 417 Post, John, 343 three-dimensionalism and, 61–66, Predication, 119–120, 124–127, 181n10 83n24 model variation and, 256–259 underlying truths and, 371–382, 387n8 temporal intrinsics and, 244–249 universals and, 377 Presence, 36 verbal dispute over, 368 Presentism, 15–18, 59 Principle of Non-Contradiction, 180n6 actualism and, 292–295, 335n26, 367– Prior, Arthur N., 369, 420n30 368, 398–400 Proper names, 108–109 causation and, 377–379 change and, 287–301, 400–404 Quantum physics as common sense, 307 non-supervenient relations and, 201– cross-time relations and, 371, 375–379 202, 208–209, 213 eternalism and, 292–295 quarks, 103–104 four-dimensionalism and, 55–78 Quasi-truth, 323 haecceities and, 312–314, 333n15 cross-time relations and, 375–379 Lewis and, 393–394, 400–404, 416– ideological issues and, 379–380 417, 430 language interpretation and, 381–382 modal issues and, 317–320, 355–360, modality and, 390n28 369–371 ontological commitment and, 372–382 monadicity and, 415–417 soundness and, 384 multiple presents argument and, 354– validity and, 384 355 Quine, W. V. O., 6, 131 nominalism and, 390n28 ostension and, 31–34 non-present objects and, 308–310, persistence and, 241–243, 256, 267 315–317 presentism and, 288, 405, 385 ontological commitment and, 367– temporal parts and, 404–405 391 paraphrasing and, 314–315, 320–326 Rea, Michael, 452 past/future times and, 209, 328–331 Real Time (Mellor), 233–240 past-tense operator and, 323–326 Redhead, Michael, 203 past time and, 386n6 Reference, 127–132 problems for, 368–371 Regularity Theory, 177–178 quasi truth and, 372–382 Reidentification, 127–132 relational solution and, 289–290 Relational solution, 289–290 relativization variant and, 290 Relativization variant, 290 shape properties and, 296–298 River analogy, 31–34, 241–242 singular propositions and, 308, 310– Robinson, Denis, 19, 189, 207, 212–231 315, 332n4 Russell, Bertrand, 274 special relativity and, 298–301, 309, 326–328, 451–467, 468n10 Salmon, Nathan, 312 temporal parts and, 343, 393–417 Salmon, Wesley, 205 480 Index

Self-interested concern, 91–95 presentism and, 15–18, 59 Shape, 51–54 quality distribution and, 249–250 Sider, Theodore, 5, 18, 125 spatial view and, 35–49 (see also Spatial four-dimensionalism and, 55–87 view) presentism and, 367–391 special relativity and, 451–467 stage theory and, 91–117 spinning sphere and, 189–200 temporal parts and, 443–448 superstring theories and, 224 Simons, Peter, 62 surface tensers and, 18–20 Simpliciter property, 4, 414–415 temporal parts and, 20–24, 35–49 (see Bradley Regress problem and, 433–435 also Temporal parts) four-dimensionalism and, 56–58 tensed propositions and, 18–20 relational properties and, 432–439 three-dimensionalism and, 61–66, relativization variant and, 290 83n24 structuralism and, 436–437 time flow and, 41–48 (see also Time) temporal parts and, 431–439 world plurality and, 51–54 Smart, J. J. C., 288, 348–349, 362n13 Spatial view Socrates, 110 basic concepts for, 35–36 four-dimensionalism and, 58–59 boundaries and, 144–148 presentism and, 308–325 coincident objects and, 101–105 Sorites paradox, 274–275 distance and, 36 Space-time eternalism and, 15–18, 39–41 alteration and, 12–15 existence-at and, 58–59 atemporal instantiation and, 12–15 four-dimensionalism and, 55–87, 221– coincident objects and, 101–105 230 counting and, 97–105 identity and, 35–49 endurance and, 9–12, 451–467 motion and, 38–39 eternalism and, 15–18, 39–41 physical object and, 36 events and, 234–236 place and, 37–38 exdurance and, 7–9 propositions for, 36–48 field theory and, 249–252 puzzle of change and, 287–301 flow of, 41–42 relativization variant and, 290 four-dimensionalism and, 55–87, 221– shape properties and, 296–298 230, 443–446 (see also Four- special relativity and, 451–467 dimensionalism) Thesis of Temporal Locality and, 59– Galilean, 454–458 61, 82n17 Lorentz contraction and, 461 Special relativity metaphysics of time and, 15–18 Adverbialism and, 457–458 Minkowski, 459 change and, 298–301 modal issues and, 317–320 counterpart theory and, 453–454 motion and, 38–39 endurance and, 452–467 Parfit’s puzzle and, 91–95 four-dimensionalism and, 451–454, perdurance and, 5–6 458–467 place and, 35–38 Indexicalism and, 457 Index 481

motion and, 453–454 counting and, 97–101 perdurance and, 453–467 cross-sectional view and, 143–148 presentism and, 309, 326–328, 468n10 de dicto analysis and, 110–111 reference frames and, 326–328, 454– distance and, 36 458 doctrine of, 393–394 space-time manifolds and, 452 empiricism and, 249–250 three-dimensionalism and, 451–454, endurance and, 9–12, 20–24, 244–249, 461–467 430–432, 451–467 vagueness and, 453–454 eternalism and, 15–18, 39–41, 244–249 worm theory and, 453–454 events and, 234–236 Spinning spheres exdurance and, 7–9, 443–446 Cartesian physics and, 196–197 field theory and, 249–250 Lewis on, 189–193 flow of, 43–48 Zimmerman on, 189–200 four-dimensionalism and, 55–78, 228– Stage theory. See Exdurance 230 (see also Four-dimensionalism) Stalnaker, Robert, 105, 343, 411 homogeneous disc argument and, 202– Static time, 345–347, 355–361 210 Stecker, Robert, 312 identity and, 35–49 Superstring theories, 224 Indexicalism and, 457–458 Supervaluationism, 130 Lewis and, 393–394, 400–404 Supervenience, 210, 376–377, 387n9 linkage theses and, 343–344 Surface tensers, 18–20 mereological composition and, 66–73, Survival, 3–5, 12–15 213–214, 230 ‘‘Survival and Identity’’ (Lewis), 92–95 modality and, 229, 355–360 monadicity and, 415–417 Taylor, Richard, 6, 35–49 motion and, 38–39 Teller, Paul, 201–202, 213 multiple presents argument and, 354– Temporally mediated property 355 instantiation, 10–11 naming and, 108–111 Temporal parts, 5–9, 20–24 no change argument and, 347–348 aging argument and, 350 non-supervenient relations and, 201– alteration and, 161–169 214 A-theorists and, 405–407, 411–417, parity and, 345 421n37 parthood across time and, 139–157 basic concepts for, 35–36 partial endurance view and, 252–263 Bradley Regress problem and, 433–435 perdurantism and, 5–6, 244–249, 432– B-theorists and, 405–407, 411–417, 433 422n40 persistence problem and, 244–249 Calculus of Individuals, 56, 139–140, place and, 37–38 146, 151, 153–157 predication and, 244–249 change and, 288–289 (see also Change) presentism and, 343, 393–417 coincident objects and, 101–105 property gain/loss and, 159–169 counterpart relation and, 230 propositions for, 36–48 482 Index

Temporal parts (cont.) Theon, 252–255, 271–276 pure becoming and, 348 Thesis of Temporal Locality, 59–61, quality distribution and, 249–250 82n17 Quine and, 404–405 Thomson, Judith J., 5, 139–158, 429 Regularity Theory and, 177–178 Three-dimensionalism relational properties and, 431–433 exdurance and, 106 sequential, 181n11 four-dimensionalism and, 61–66, shape properties and, 296–298 83n24, 223–225, 451–454, 461–467 simpliciter and, 56–57, 56–58, 431– Parfit’s puzzle and, 94–95 433, 431–439 special relativity and, 451–454, 461– special relativity and, 451–467 467 spinning spheres and, 189–200 Time. See also Space-time static time and, 345–347, 355–361 actualism and, 292–295 subject-predicate expression and, 457– aging argument and, 350 458 Bradley Regress problem and, 21–23, temporal becoming and, 343 433–435 temporary true propositions and, 411– causation and, 172–179 415 change properties and, 236–240 tensers and, 394–417 cross-time relation and, 371, 375–379 three-dimensionalism and, 61–66, endurance and, 344–347, 451–467 83n24 eternalism and, 15–18, 39–41, 221–230 time flow and, 41–48 (see also Eternalism) transient time and, 345–355, 360–361 events and, 234–236 Tensed operators flow of, 41–48 date theory and, 409–410 four-dimensionalism and, 55–78, 452 de-tensing strategies and, 409–411 (see also Four-dimensionalism) Lewis on, 404, 429–441 Galilean space-time and, 454–458 monadicity and, 415–417 having-at, 223–224, 226 presentism and, 367–368, 394–417 identity and, 139–157 serious approach to, 394–400, 406–407 incompatible properties and, 346–347 temporarily true propositions and, indexed properties and, 19–20 411–415 Indexicalism and, 457–458 token-reflexive theory and, 409–410 modal discernibility arguments and, verbs and, 407–409 355–360 Tensed propositions, 18–20 modal issues and, 317–320, 355–360 cross-time relations and, 375–379 multiple presents argument and, 354– four-dimensionalism and, 73–78, 80n9 355 ontological commitment and, 367–385 no change argument and, 347–348 presentism and, 367–368, 394–400 no-difference objection and, 203–204 reference and, 127–132 parthood and, 139–157 truth-conditions and, 127–132 Past is Nothing Principle and, 175, ‘‘Tensing the Copula’’ (Lewis), 404, 409– 185n30 441 past-tense operator and, 323–325 Index 483

perdurance and, 344–347 Vagueness perdurantism and, 5–6 exdurance and, 278–281 presentism and, 15–18, 59 (see also four-dimensionalism and, 74–78 Presentism) special relativity and, 453–454 Quine on, 31–34, 241–243 unrestricted mereological composition shape and, 269–270, 281n3 and, 71–72 special relativity and, 451–467 Van Cleve, James, 343 static, 345–347, 355–361 van Inwagen, Peter, 11, 67–68, 104, 452 temporal parts and, 41–48, 244–249, change and, 289 268–271, 343, 345–355, 360–361, four-dimensionalism and, 221–231 411–415 presentism and, 310–311 three-dimensionalism and, 452 relativization variant and, 290 transient, 345–355, 360–361 Token reflexive theory, 409–410 Wiggins, David, 62, 142, 272 Tooley, Michael, 377 Williamson, Timothy, 419n19 Tropes, 121–122 Wolterstorff, Nicholas, 359 Truth. See also Logic ‘‘Worlds Away’’ (Quine), 241 Bradley Regress problem and, 433–435 exdurance and, 127–132 Zeno-type paradoxes, 205–207 nonrelative, 413–415 Zimmerman, Dean W., 5, 19, 212 ontological commitment and, 367–385 spinning sphere and, 189–200 quasi, 372–382, 384, 390n28 temporary intrinsics and, 393–424 relational properties and, 432–439 simpliciter, 56–58, 290, 414–415, 431– 439 temporarily true propositions and, 411–415 tensed operators and, 394–400, 406– 407 universals and, 121–122 Two-dimensionalism, 221–224, 458, 462

Unger, Peter, 68–69 Universals, 121–122 Unrestriced mereological composition class fusion and, 67–72 continuous case and, 68 fuzzy classes and, 70–73 Lewis and, 66–67, 71–72 restricted quantification and, 72–73 special composition question and, 67 vagueness and, 71–72