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CONSERVATION and STATUS of MARKHOR (Capra Falconeri) in the NORTHEN PARTS of NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE, PAKISTAN

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CONSERVATION and STATUS of MARKHOR (Capra Falconeri) in the NORTHEN PARTS of NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE, PAKISTAN University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2008 CONSERVATION AND STATUS OF MARKHOR (Capra falconeri) IN THE NORTHEN PARTS OF NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE, PAKISTAN Sajjad Ali Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Ali, Sajjad, "CONSERVATION AND STATUS OF MARKHOR (Capra falconeri) IN THE NORTHEN PARTS OF NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE, PAKISTAN" (2008). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 10919. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/10919 This Professional Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CONSERVATION AND STATUS OF MARKHOR (Capra falconeri) IN THE NORTHEN PARTS OF NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE, PAKISTAN By Sajjad Ali M.Sc (Forestry), Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan, 1995 Professional Paper Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Wildlife Biology The University of Montana Missoula, MT Spring 2008 Approved by: Dr. David A. Strobel, Dean Graduate School Dr. Daniel H. Pletscher Director Wildlife Biology Program Dr. Kerry Foresman Division of Biological Sciences Dr. Mark Hebblewhite Wildlife Biology Program Ali, Sajjad M.S May 2008 Wildlife Biology Conservation and Status of Markhor (Capra falconeri) in the Northern Parts of North West Frontier Province, Pakistan Director: Dr. Daniel H. Pletscher Pakistan is blessed with a great variety of wild flora and fauna, including a rich diversity of wild Caprinae (sheep and goats) represented by 7 species divided into 12 subspecies. These animals are found in Balochistan and Sindh in the south and the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Northern Areas in the north. Markhor is a wild goat which belongs to the family Bovidae and sub family Caprinae. In 1992, it was transferred from Appendix II to Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES). The inclusion of markhor in Appendix I brought an end to the trophy hunting program for markhor which was initiated by the North West Frontier Province Wildlife Department (NWFP WD) in 1983. In 1993, the NWFP WD involved local communities in conservation of wildlife through notifying Community Game Reserve Rules under the Wildlife Act of 1975. In 1997, with special approval of CITES, the NWFP WD launched the community- based markhor trophy hunting program in the Province. Eighty percent of the permit fee is deposited in a Village Conservation Fund (VCF) as an incentive to encourage involvement of local communities in conservation of markhor and other associated wildlife species. This has resulted in a positive change in the attitudes of local people towards wildlife which led to an increase in the population of markhor in community managed conservation areas (CMCA). The markhor conservation program in CMCAs was as effective as in government managed protected areas. Credit for this achievement goes to the NWFP WD for involvement of the local community in conservation of natural resources. In NWFP, markhor face a number of threats that include habitat fragmentation, dependence of local communities on natural resources, unawareness, poaching, and lack of conservation funds making conservation of markhor a challenging task both for the government and local communities. The community-based markhor conservation program in NWFP succeeds due to the economic incentive. Uncertainty prevails about the sustainability of this program because a complete ban on markhor trophy hunting by government and/or non-government conservation organizations could occur. For the long term sustainability of the markhor conservation program, it is essential to explore alternative means of income and to build the capacity of local communities in the field of conservation. ii Acknowledgements I thank Almighty Allah, the most Merciful, the Beneficent, who bestowed upon me great blessings during my study in the University of Montana and created potential in me to accomplish this paper successfully. My study was sponsored by the Shikar Safari Club International USA through the NWFP Wildlife Department, Pakistan. I offer my sincere thanks to the Shikar Safari Club International for the financial support and the NWFP Wildlife Department for providing me an opportunity to build my capacity in one of the prestigious universities in the United States of America. I am grateful to my advisor Dr. Daniel H. Pletscher for his financial, moral, and academic support during two years of my study. Without his guidance, encouragement, and support I would have not been able to complete my study and write this professional paper. I am greatly thankful to my committee members Dr. Kerry Foresman and Dr. Mark Hebblewhite for their critical review, valuable suggestions, and all the time provided for my guidance. I am pleased to extend my thanks to Dr. Brian Steele for his help in statistical analysis of the data. I am highly thankful to Dr. Muhammad Mumtaz Malik Chief Conservator NWFP WD for his moral support and encouragement. He has always been a source of inspiration for me. I am greatly indebted to my friends Iftikhar-uz-Zaman, Mohammad Niaz, and Mohammad Ayaz Khan for their morale, religious, and academic support at all stages of my stay. I am also grateful to Asad Lodhi for his assistance in my admission and keeping my morale high during my study. Jeanne Franz and Venetta Burton are thanked for their efficient correspondence related to my course of study. Finally, I thank my parents and other family members for their prayers without which it would have been impossible to achieve my goal. I am sorry for the sufferings they bore while I was abroad. iii Table of contents Abstract …………………………………………………………… ii Acknowledgements …………………………………………… iii Table of contents ………………………………………………… iv List of Figures ………………………………………………… x List of Tables ……………………………………………………… x List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ………………………… xi 1. Introduction …………………………………………… 1 1.1. Biological Diversity of Pakistan …………………………… 2 1.2. Biological Diversity of NWFP ……………………………… 3 1.3. Community-based Conservation (CBC) …………………… 4 1.4. Importance of Local Knowledge in Conservation ………… 7 1.5. Trophy Hunting as a Tool for Conservation………………… 7 1.6. Introduction to Markhor (Capra falconeri) ………………… 13 1.6.1. Description of markhor ……………………………… 14 1.6.2. Biology of markhor …………………………………… 16 1.6.3. Habitat of markhor ……………………………………… 16 1.6.4. Distribution of markhor ……………………………… 17 1.6.5. Status of markhor …………………………………… 19 1.6.6. Demographic effect of trophy hunting in markhor … 20 1.6.7 Predation of markhor ……………………………… 20 1.7. Trophy Hunting in Pakistan ……………………………………. 21 1.7.1. Background of trophy hunting in Pakistan ………… 21 1.7.2. Community-based markhor trophy hunting program (CTHP) in NWFP ……………………………………… 22 1.7.3. Criteria for eligibility of a community for CTHP …… 26 1.7.4. Markhor survey schedule …………………………… 27 1.7.4. Hunting permits fee and hunting season …………… 28 1.8. Objectives …………………………………………………… 28 iv 2. Study Area ………………………………………………… 30 2.1. Description of the Area ……………………………………… 30 2.2. Land Cover Types and Associated Wild Mammals ………… 31 2.2.1. Alpine zone …………………………………………… 31 2.2.1.1. Alpine meadows …………………………… 31 2.2.1.2. Sub-alpine scrub and birch forest …………. 32 2.2.2. Dry temperate coniferous forest …………………….. 32 2.2.3. Alpine dry steppe ………………………………………. 33 2.2.4. Dry subtropical semi evergreen forest ……………… 33 2.3. Chitral Gol National Park (CGNP) ………………………… 34 2.4. Tooshi Shasha Conservancy (TSC) ……………………… 35 3. Role of the NWFP WD in Conservation of Markhor … 37 3.1. Markhor Conservation Strategy …………………………… 39 3.1.1. Protection of the species against poaching and illegal trade ……………………………………….. 39 3.1.2. Regulation of hunting ………………………………… 39 3.1.3. Identification of areas for markhor conservation ………40 3.1.4. Controlling loss of habitat …………………………… 41 3.1.5. Habitat improvement ……………………………… 41 3.1.6. Replenishment of depleted wildlife populations … 42 3.1.7. Extension education ………………………………… 43 3.1.8. Research ……………………………………………… 44 3.1.9. Involvement of local communities …………………… 44 3.2. CBC projects ………………………………………………… 45 3.2.1. Himalayan Jungle Project (HJP) …………………… 45 3.2.2. Palas Conservation and Development Project (PCDP) ………………………………………………. 46 3.2.3. Department for International Development (DFID) 47 3.2.4. Maintaining Biodiversity in Pakistan with Rural Development Pre-Investment Feasibility Phase ….. 47 3.2.5. Mountain Areas Conservancy Project (MACP) …… 48 3.2.6. Protected Area Management Project-CGNP System (PAMP-CGNP)……………………………… 48 v 4. Role of Communities in Conservation of Markhor ….. 50 4.1. Formation of VCC ……………………………………………… 51 4.2. Law Enforcement ……………………………………………… 51 4.3. Hunting Regulation …………………………………………… 52 4.4. Habitat Management ………………………………………… 52 4.5. Active Participation…………………………………………… 52 4.6. Appointment of Village Wildlife Watcher (VWW) ………… 53 4.7. Trophy Hunting ……………………………………………… 54 4.8. Establishment of VCF ……………………………………… 55 4.9. Utilization of Fund …………………………………………… 55 5. Community Incentives …………………………………… 57 5.1. Empowerment
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