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Política China 2009: Informe Anual 3 Política China 2009 INFORME ANUAL Índice Presentación ............................................................................. 3 Protagonistas ........................................................................... 8 Datos sobresalientes ............................................................ 11 El año en dos palabras ........................................................ 12 Previsiones 2009 ..................................................................... 13 Cronología 2008 ..................................................................... 14 Lista de acrónimos ............................................................... 33 CASA ASIA Casa Asia www.casaasia.org INSTITUTO GALEGO I DE ANÁLISE GA E DOCUMENTACIÓN DI INTERNACIONAL observatorio de la política www.igadi.org CHINA www.politica-china.org Dirección: Xulio Ríos. Diseño, maquetación y versión electrónica: Fernando Pol Trigo. POLÍTICA CHINA 2009: INFORME ANUAL 3 fundización de la dimensión tecno-corporativa de Presentación la gestión del PCCh. En segundo lugar, ya en las sesiones de El año 2008 resultó ser para China mucho marzo de la Conferencia Consultiva Política del más complicado de lo inicialmente previsto. La Pueblo Chino y de la Asamblea Popular Nacional celebración de los Juegos Olímpicos en agosto y se adelantó la previsión de que 2008 podría ser un la conmemoración de los éxitos alcanzados desde año difícil, si bien nadie imaginaba entonces hasta que en 1978 se dio inicio a la reforma y apertura, qué punto. La moderación del crecimiento (8%) y se vieron ensombrecidos por la sucesión de gra- el control de la inflación (4,8%) se fijaban enton- ves desastres naturales (las fuertes nevadas en vís- ces como variables más destacadas, junto a la ne- peras de la Fiesta de la Primavera, primero, y el cesidad de proseguir en la transformación del fuerte terremoto con epicentro en Sichuan en modelo de desarrollo, poniendo mayor énfasis en mayo), tensiones sociales y políticas, internas y lo tecnológico, en la vertebración e impulso del externas, que afectaron seriamente al desarrollo mercado interno, en el ahorro energético o en la normal de un ejercicio llamado a presentar inter- incorporación de los factores ambientales o so- nacionalmente las mejores credenciales de la Chi- ciales, desterrando la idea de China como simple na moderna y próspera. Al final, a modo de con- “taller del mundo”. Al final, ambos objetivos se- suelo, al elevar al 13% el índice de crecimiento del rían básicamente alcanzados. El crecimiento de PIB en 2007 (antes 11,9%), China superó a Ale- 2008 ha quedado fijado inicialmente en el 9% (13% mania (3,5 billones de dólares frente a 3 billones), en 2007), mientras que la inflación, del 8,7% en situándose tercera en el ránking de las economías febrero y que en julio alcanzaba la aún preocu- mundiales, un poco más cerca de Japón (4,4 billo- pante cifra del 6,3%, en noviembre se situaría en nes) y de EEUU (13,8 billones). el 2,4%. Finalmente, las fuentes oficiales la han situado en el 5,9%. No obstante, el contexto en En el plano interno, varios son los aspec- que ambos hechos se producen impone severas tos esenciales a tener en cuenta. En primer lugar, dificultades al proceso. la plasmación institucional de los acuerdos adop- tados en el XVII Congreso del Partido Comunis- En tercer lugar, las tensiones nacionalistas ta de China (PCCh), celebrado en octubre de 2007, han condicionado buena parte de la agenda polí- se llevó a cabo con la eficiencia habitual sin que tica. Junto a las denuncias de los reiterados in- pueda consignarse la más mínima sorpresa, ya sea cumplimientos en materia de derechos humanos en la confirmación en sus puestos de las principa- (en octubre el Parlamento europeo concedería el les figuras del Estado o en el ascenso de las perso- premio Sajarov al disidente chino Hu Jia) y las nalidades emergentes (Xi Jinping y Li Keqiang) detenciones de algunos disidentes, el estallido de como en la asunción del discurso preferente del la rebelión tibetana en marzo creó enormes difi- PCCh, ahora centrado en la promoción de la de- cultades al régimen para viabilizar con éxito su nominada “concepción científica del desarrollo” estrategia de presentar una imagen internacional con la que, sólo en apariencia, sugiere una pro- alejada de los tópicos represivos, complicando POLÍTICA CHINA 2009: INFORME ANUAL 4 enormemente el recorrido mundial de la antor- formación del mundo rural con la esperanza de cha olímpica, que fue seguido de numerosas ma- generar una nueva ola de desarrollo que reduzca nifestaciones de condena de la política general de las distancias con el mundo urbano y limite la ex- Beijing, abriendo frentes de tensión con algunos pansión del malestar en el campo, condicionado países desarrollados (Francia, Alemania, etc), cu- por los bajos ingresos de los campesinos y las yos dirigentes expresaron repetidos gestos de sim- múltiples carencias en los servicios sociales bási- patía con la causa tibetana. cos. La nueva política es complementaria de la es- trategia del “nuevo agro socialista” puesta en mar- El diálogo iniciado con los representantes cha en 2006 para multiplicar la inversión pública del Dalai Lama se vio interrumpido momentánea- en el campo y mejorar los índices sociales. mente a raíz del terremoto registrado en Sichuan y provincias limítrofes, siendo retomado con pos- En quinto lugar, en el orden social, la ten- terioridad a los Juegos aunque, como cabía imagi- sión ha ido in crescendo, al igual que la gravedad de nar, sin consignar avances concretos en ningún sus manifestaciones. Asaltos de manifestantes a sentido. Por otra parte, el encuentro del exilio ti- comisarías (en Zhejiang), muertos y heridos en betano de noviembre concluyó con un respaldo conflictos laborales (en Yunnan) o manifestacio- general de la política trazada por el Dalai Lama, si nes de descontento por los efectos de la crisis bien consignando el claro aumento de las voces económica (en Guangdong), son hechos bien in- internas partidarias de un endurecimiento de las dicativos de las amenazas que planean sobre la protestas ante los nulos avances en sus reivindica- estabilidad y que podrían ir a más en los próximos ciones de mayor autonomía. Asimismo, en el caso meses si se confirma la desaceleración del creci- de Xingjiang, el movimiento uigur intentó apro- miento y si las medidas adoptadas por el gobier- vechar la convocatoria olímpica para hacer oír su no no producen los efectos esperados. voz, primando en este caso las acciones de carác- ter violento con la realización de varios atentados En sexto lugar, los efectos de la crisis eco- y numerosos asesinatos que obligaron a las auto- nómica y financiera se han dejado sentir de modo ridades chinas a multiplicar sus previsiones y efec- claro. De una parte, en el ritmo de crecimiento, tivos en el orden de la seguridad. Contrariamente claramente a la baja, en una economía con fuerte a la causa tibetana, no logró similar proyección ni impacto del descenso de las exportaciones. La mucho menos apoyo exterior. reducción mundial de la demanda provocada por la crisis financiera global es la responsable, por En cuarto lugar, pese a las dificultades cre- ejemplo, de que en diciembre de 2008 las impor- cientes, el compromiso del PCCh con la reforma taciones y exportaciones chinas descendieran por y apertura se ha revalidado de nuevo en el pleno segundo mes consecutivo. Las exportaciones, va- de octubre de su Comité Central, que dio el visto loradas en 111.160 millones de dólares, experimen- bueno a otro impulso a la reforma rural, permi- taron un descenso interanual del 2,8%; en el caso tiendo a los campesinos arrendar las tierras de la- de las importaciones, equivalentes a 72.180 millo- branza contratadas o transferir los derechos de nes de dólares, el descenso, también interanual, uso de éstas. Este nuevo giro acentuará la trans- fue de un 21,3%. En el último trimestre de 2008, POLÍTICA CHINA 2009: INFORME ANUAL 5 las reservas chinas en dólares han crecido a su rit- mas, ya sea de desastres o de los reajustes econó- mo más lento desde el verano de 2004. De otra, micos, aunque no siempre con éxito (los padres en el empleo. Unos 150 millones de inmigrantes de los niños fallecidos en las escuelas de Sichuan se han visto afectados por la crisis y las expectati- siguen reclamando responsabilidades a las autori- vas en el medio urbano confirman las dificultades dades sin recibir a cambio otra cosa que no sea el para proporcionar niveles de ocupación similares silencio o la represión), al igual que ha ocurrido a los registrados en los últimos años. La reestruc- con los accidentes laborales, que siguen revistien- turación en curso de las empresas exportadoras do una gran gravedad pese a los esfuerzos por (unas 10.000 pymes cerraron en el primer semes- mejorar tan trágico balance, pues requieren polí- tre del año y las dos terceras partes necesitan re- ticas sostenidas y medios adecuados y más ambi- orientarse) sugiere importantes consecuencias en ciosos. En otro sentido, el PCCh ha tratado de la estabilidad social. A ello habría que sumar, el relegitimarse exaltando datos positivos como el desconcierto generado por la falta de controles primer paseo espacial de un astronauta chino (Zhai básicos en los sucesivos escándalos relacionados Zhigang) o los éxitos globales del proceso de re- con la seguridad médica o alimentaria, en espe- forma, dando cuenta de lo logrado en los últimos cial, el de la leche en polvo contaminada, que afectó treinta años, que ha sido mucho en varios cam- a varios miles de niños (seis muertos y casi 300.000 pos, invitando a la moderación con una doble hospitalizados). Garantizar los alimentos y medi- perspectiva, patriótica y estratégica. La publica- cinas de calidad y seguras para el público es una ción de la Carta 08, manifiesto de la disidencia exigencia básica. Las estadísticas oficiales dan cuen- china, da cuenta de que, al otro lado del escenario ta de la magnitud del problema: en 2008 detectó político, algo pudiera estar empezando a tomar 297.500 casos relacionados con medicamentos y forma.
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