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BMC Genomics 2012, 13:735 Ormeño-Orrillo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:735 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/735 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Genomic basis of broad host range and environmental adaptability of Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899 and Rhizobium sp. PRF 81 which are used in inoculants for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Ernesto Ormeño-Orrillo1*, Pâmela Menna2, Luiz Gonzaga P Almeida3, Francisco Javier Ollero4, Marisa Fabiana Nicolás3, Elisete Pains Rodrigues5, Andre Shigueyoshi Nakatani2, Jesiane Stefânia Silva Batista2, Ligia Maria Oliveira Chueire2, Rangel Celso Souza3, Ana Tereza Ribeiro Vasconcelos3, Manuel Megías4, Mariangela Hungria2† and Esperanza Martínez-Romero1† Abstract Background: Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899 and Rhizobium sp. PRF 81 are α-Proteobacteria that establish nitrogen-fixing symbioses with a range of legume hosts. These strains are broadly used in commercial inoculants for application to common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in South America and Africa. Both strains display intrinsic resistance to several abiotic stressful conditions such as low soil pH and high temperatures, which are common in tropical environments, and to several antimicrobials, including pesticides. The genetic determinants of these interesting characteristics remain largely unknown. Results: Genome sequencing revealed that CIAT 899 and PRF 81 share a highly-conserved symbiotic plasmid (pSym) that is present also in Rhizobium leucaenae CFN 299, a rhizobium displaying a similar host range. This pSym seems to have arisen by a co-integration event between two replicons. Remarkably, three distinct nodA genes were found in the pSym, a characteristic that may contribute to the broad host range of these rhizobia. Genes for biosynthesis and modulation of plant-hormone levels were also identified in the pSym. Analysis of genes involved in stress response showed that CIAT 899 and PRF 81 are well equipped to cope with low pH, high temperatures and also with oxidative and osmotic stresses. Interestingly, the genomes of CIAT 899 and PRF 81 had large numbers of genes encoding drug-efflux systems, which may explain their high resistance to antimicrobials. Genome analysis also revealed a wide array of traits that may allow these strains to be successful rhizosphere colonizers, including surface polysaccharides, uptake transporters and catabolic enzymes for nutrients, diverse iron-acquisition systems, cell wall-degrading enzymes, type I and IV pili, and novel T1SS and T5SS secreted adhesins. Conclusions: Availability of the complete genome sequences of CIAT 899 and PRF 81 may be exploited in further efforts to understand the interaction of tropical rhizobia with common bean and other legume hosts. Keywords: Nodulation, Nitrogen fixation, Plant-microbe interactions, Antimicrobial resistance * Correspondence: [email protected] †Equal contributors 1Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2012 Ormeño-Orrillo et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Ormeño-Orrillo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:735 Page 2 of 26 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/735 Background State of Parana, Brazil; it is phylogenetically related to R. The symbiotic relationship between legumes and nitrogen tropici and R. leucaenae [15]. PRF 81 has been described fixing-bacteria, commonly known as rhizobia, has been as intermediate in phenotypic characteristics between R. the subject of practical and basic studies for over 120 years. tropici and R. leucaenae, although it has been suggested to Lately, a renewed interest in the topic has been observed be more closely related—phenotypically and phylogenetic- due to its key role in agriculture sustainability, in lowering ally—to the former species [15]. costs for the farmers, in improving soil fertility, and in the CIAT 899 and PRF 81 are promiscuous rhizobia with mitigation of greenhouse-gas emissions. host ranges that include several species of the three leg- The rhizobia-legume symbiosis starts with a finely tuned ume subfamilies [15]. Several wild tropical legumes are molecular dialogue between the partners. Specific signals the natural hosts of R. tropici and R. leucaenae strains released by the legume, mainly flavonoids [1], are per- [16], and these rhizobia gained access to common bean ceived by the rhizobium that, in response, produces lipo- nodules when the legume was introduced into tropical chitin oligosaccharides, the Nod factors, that in turn elicit regions [12]. The genetic determinants of the broad host the formation of specialized organs, the root nodules [2]. range of R. tropici are presently unknown, although the Rhizobia enter the legume roots and colonize the develop- capacity of certain strains, like CIAT 899, to produce a ing nodules where they differentiate into bacteroids that wide range of Nod factor structures [17] surely contri- fix atmospheric nitrogen [3]. In addition, a variety of other butes to this phenotype. In addition to its association bacterial systems are required for root colonization, effect- with legumes, CIAT 899 is also a proficient maize rhizo- ive nodulation and nitrogen fixation, including surface spheric and endophytic colonizer, with the capacity to polysaccharides and secretion systems [3,4]. promote plant growth [18]. Nitrogen fixation is an ancient prokaryotic trait that pre- CIAT 899 and PRF 81 have been identified as highly dates plant evolution [5], as evidenced by the distribution effective in fixing N2 with Andean and Mesoamerican of diazotrophs in a broad range of non-phylogenetically common-bean genotypes, competitive against indigen- related bacteria [6]. On the other hand, rhizobia-induced ous rhizobia, genetically stable, and adapted to stressful nodulation and the corresponding nodulation (nod)genes tropical conditions such as acidic soils and high tem- had a more recent origin, arising with the evolution of the peratures [13,15,19,20]. These properties resulted in the host legumes [7]. nod and nif genes are contained in sym- inclusion of both strains in commercial inoculants in biotic plasmids or symbiotic islands. Rhizobial symbiotic Brazil [21,22], and in some countries in Africa. For CIAT compartments are enriched in mobile genetic elements, 899, the genetic determinants of growth at high tem- and show evidence of gene acquisition by lateral transfer peratures and low pH that have been reported [23-27] [8,9]. This dynamic evolution is probably driven by select- do not fully explain the ability of this strain to withstand ive pressures to nodulate a range of legume hosts. such stressful conditions. In addition, PRF 81 outcom- The best studied rhizobium-legume symbiotic models petes CIAT 899 in co-inoculation experiments for bean are those involving Sinorhizobium (=Ensifer) meliloti- nodulation under greenhouse conditions [15] and in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Bradyrhizobium japoni- field trials in acid soils [21]; however, the basis of this cum-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and significant differential competitiveness remains unexplored, as well progress has been achieved by sequencing the genomes as the possible repertoire of genes related to the com- of the bacterial partners [10,11]. The genome sequence petitive ability of both strains when challenged with indi- of Rhizobium etli CFN 42 shed light on its symbiotic re- genous rhizobia. lationship with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), CIAT 899 and other R. tropici strains are more resistant the most important legume for direct human consump- to several antimicrobial compounds and heavy metals in tion in undeveloped and developing countries. However, comparison to other common bean-nodulating rhizobia, poor understanding prevails with respect to other im- such as R. etli and R. leucaenae [14,28]. R. tropici strains portant common bean-nodulating symbionts of tropical also show strong resistance to pesticides used in agricul- acid soils, such as Rhizobium strains CIAT 899 and PRF ture, such as the fungicides Thiram and Captan, that can 81 [12]. diminish the survival of rhizobial inoculants when applied CIAT 899, isolated from a common-bean nodule in to seeds [29,30]. Colombia, is the type strain of Rhizobium tropici [13]. Ori- The aim of this study was to compare the genome of ginally, R. tropici comprised two phenotypically distinct R. tropici CIAT 899 with that of Rhizobium sp. PRF 81, groups, named type A and type B, but recently a new spe- with special reference to their symbiotic plasmids and all cies, Rhizobium leucaenae, has been proposed to accom- possible determinants of resistance to stressful condi- modate the type A strains, with strain CFN 299 selected tions and antimicrobial compounds. The sequence of as the representative of the species [14]. Strain PRF 81 was the symbiotic plasmid of R. leucaenae CFN 299 was also isolated from a common-bean nodule collected in the obtained and analyzed. Possible mechanisms of broad Ormeño-Orrillo et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:735 Page 3 of 26 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/735 host range and symbiotic plasmid evolution were found, strain. The chromosomes coded for most genes assigned as well as features that may explain the basis of the en- to functionally important
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