(Phaseolus Vulgaris L.), En La República Dominicana

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(Phaseolus Vulgaris L.), En La República Dominicana Universidad de León DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA Y CIENCIAS AGRARIAS Instituto de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad Aislamiento, caracterización y selección de rhizobia autóctonos que nodulan habichuela roja (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), en la República Dominicana. TESIS DOCTORAL César Antonio Díaz Alcántara Codirectores: Fernando González Andres (ULE) Mª de la Encarnación O. Velázquez Pérez (USAL) 2010 INDICE 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ..................................................1 1.1. FIJACIÓN BIOLÓGICA DE NITRÓGENO...................................................3 1.2. SIMBIOSIS RHIZOBIUM-LEGUMINOSA....................................................4 1.3. EL MACROSIMBIONTE: LAS LEGUMINOSAS ...............................................6 1.3.1. La judía (Phaseolus vulgaris) .....................................................................7 1.3.2. El cultivo de la judía en República Dominicana.......................................9 1.4. EL MICROSIMBIONTE: LOS RHIZOBIA .................................................11 1.4.1. Taxonomía de los rhizobia ........................................................................12 1.4.2. Biodiversidad de los rhizobia ....................................................................14 1.4.3. Características simbióticas de los rhizobia.............................................15 1.4.4. Los rhizobia que forman simbiosis con Phaseolus vulgaris ................17 1.4.5. Los rhizobia como inoculantes de leguminosas ....................................18 2. OBJETIVOS........................................................23 3. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ..............................27 3.1. PROCEDENCIA DE LOS NÓDULOS .......................................................29 3.1.1. Características de los suelos en los que se aislaron las cepas..........30 3.1.2. Aislamiento de cepas de rhizobia a partir de nódulos de habichuela 30 3.1.3. Mantenimiento y conservación de las cepas aisladas..........................31 3.2. CARACTERIZACIÓN GENOTÍPICA .........................................................31 3.2.1. Extracción de DNA para PCR y secuenciación.....................................31 3.2.2. Análisis de los perfiles de TP-RAPD .......................................................33 3.2.3. Secuenciación de DNA..............................................................................34 3.2.4. Análisis filogenético de las secuencias...................................................35 3.3. CARACTERIZACIÓN FENOTÍPICA..........................................................35 3.3.1. Morfología ....................................................................................................35 3.3.2. Fisiología......................................................................................................36 3.3.2.1. Crecimiento en diferentes condiciones de pH, temperatura y salinidad ........................................................................................... 36 3.3.2.2. Resistencia natural a antibióticos ........................................ 36 i 3.3.2.3. Utilización de Fuentes de Carbono y Nitrógeno .................. 37 3.4. ENSAYOS DE INFECTIVIDAD Y EFECTIVIDAD DE LAS CEPAS AISLADAS........................................................................................................38 3.4.1. Producción de plantas................................................................................38 3.4.2. Inoculación de las plantas.........................................................................39 3.4.3. Análisis de la efectividad de fijación de nitrógeno.................................40 3.5. ENSAYO EN MICROCOSMOS.................................................................41 3.5.1. Suelos empleados en ensayos de microcosmos ..................................42 3.5.2. Fertilización..................................................................................................42 3.5.2.1. Fertilización nitrogenada en el testigo con nitrógeno........ 43 3.5.2.2. Fertilización fosfatada....................................................... 43 3.5.2.3. Fertilización potásica ........................................................ 44 3.5.3. Diseño experimental de los ensayos en microcosmos.........................44 3.5.3.1. Operaciones durante el cultivo en microcosmos. ............. 45 3.5.3.2. Análisis de datos............................................................... 45 4. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN...........................47 4.1. AISLAMIENTO DE MICROORGANISMOS..............................................49 4.2. CARACTERIZACIÓN MORFOLÓGICA ...................................................49 4.2.1. Morfología macroscópica ......................................................................49 4.2.2. Morfología microscópica........................................................................50 4.3. CARACTERIZACIÓN GENOTÍPICA .........................................................51 4.3.1. Análisis de los perfiles de TP-RAPD ...................................................51 4.3.2. Secuenciación y análisis filogenético del gen ribosómico 16S .......54 4.3.3. Secuenciación y análisis filogenético de los genes recA y atpD ....55 4.3.4. Análisis de los genes atpD y recA concatenados..............................63 4.3.5. Análisis de los genes atpD y recA concatenados..............................64 4.4. CARACTERIZACIÓN FENOTÍPICA..........................................................66 4.4.1. Fisiología.................................................................................................66 4.4.1.1. Crecimiento a diferentes temperaturas, condiciones de pH y salinidad ........................................................................................ 66 4.4.1.2. Resistencia natural a antibióticos ..................................... 67 4.4.1.3. Utilización de fuentes de carbono y nitrógeno .................. 72 4.4.1.4. Agrupamiento fenotípico................................................... 73 4.5. CARACTERIZACIÓN SIMBIÓTICA ..........................................................75 4.5.1. Secuenciación y análisis filogenético del gen nodC .............................75 ii 4.6. EFECTIVIDAD SIMBIÓTICA EN MEDIO HIDROPÓNICO LIBRE DE NITRÓGENO Y CONDICIONES DE ESTERILIDAD........................................79 4.7. EFECTIVIDAD EN CONDICIONES DE MICROCOSMOS........................83 5. CONCLUSIONES ...............................................93 6. BIBLIOGRAFÍA ..................................................97 iii iv 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 2 INTRODUCCIÓN 1.1. FIJACIÓN BIOLÓGICA DE NITRÓGENO El nitrógeno es uno de los elementos químicos esenciales para todos los seres vivos ya que forma parte de los ácidos nucleicos y de las proteínas y, por lo tanto, es fundamental en la estructura y el metabolismo celular (Paerl, 1998). Las plantas toman el nitógeno - + directamente desde el suelo en forma de nitratos (NO3 ) o amonio (NH4 ), algo que no pueden hacer los animales, que precisan tomarlo en forma de compuestos orgánicos. Sólo algunos procariotas pueden tomar el nitrógeno directamente desde la atmósfera, via fijación de nitrógeno, convirtiendo el nitrógeno molecular en nitrógeno asimilable por otros seres vivos. Teniendo en cuenta que este elemento es muy abundante en la atmósfera, la obtención de nitrógeno directamente desde ésta es una de las vías más importantes para el mantenimiento del ciclo del nitrógeno, del que forman parte las bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno, junto con otros grupos de bacterias que llevan a cabo procesos intermedios de transformación de compuestos nitrogenados y de desnitrificación, que devuelve finalmente el nitrógeno a la atmósfera. Por lo tanto, la existencia de un equilibrio en el ciclo del nitrógeno es fundamental para la vida en la tierra y esto conlleva el mantenimiento de los ecosistemas microbianos presentes en los medios terrestres y acuáticos. La fijación biológica de nitrógeno supone más del 60% de la fijación global del nitrógeno en la tierra y los microorganismos que llevan a cabo este proceso se denominan diazotrofos (Lloret y Martínez-Romero, 2005; Raymond et al., 2004). La enzima responsable de la fijación de nitrógeno se denomina nitrogenasa y está compuesta por dos metaloproteínas, una con Fe (ferroproteína o nitrogenasa reductasa) y otra con Fe y Mo (ferromolibdoproteína o nitrogenasa propiamente dicha) como grupos activos. Dentro de los diazotrofos hay muchas especies que llevan a cabo la fijación de nitrógeno en vida libre, mientras que otras lo hacen a través de asociaciones simbióticas con plantas. Los fijadores de vida libre están distribuidos en numerosos grupos de bacterias que comprenden bacterias anaerobias como Clostridium, anaerobias facultativas como Klebsiella y aerobias como Azospirillum, Azotobacter o Beijerinckia (De Felipe, 2006). Algunos de estas bacterias fijadoras en vida libre son endofíticas de plantas y colonizan los espacios intercelulares radiculares de la planta hospedadora. En algunas de estas asociaciones se ha demostrado la incorporación del nitrógeno fijado a la planta, como ocurre con Gluconacetobacter (Muñoz-Rojas y Caballero-Mellado, 2003), Azospirillum (Berg et al., 1980) y Herbaspirillum (Vargas et al., 2003) que son endofitos de caña de azúcar y contribuyen a su fertilización nitrogenada. Existen también estudios que muestran que algunas especies de bacterias pertenecientes a los géneros Azoarcus, Azospirillum y Burkholderia (Govindarajan et al., 2007; Hurek y Reinhold-Hurek, 2003; Kao et al., 2003; Reinhold-Hurek
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