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Tonga Biodiversity Stocktaking TONGA BIODIVERSITY STOCKTAKING TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 1 FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN (NBSAP) DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AUGUST 2004 Funding: GEF/UNDP Printed: Taulua Press Setting and Layout: Kulaea Kilisimasi Writers: Dr. Netatua Prescott Finau Pole Viliami Kami Taniela Hoponoa Poasi Ngaluafe ‘Asipeli Palaki Lupe Matoto Tupe Samani Editors: Dr. Netatua Prescott Patisepa S. Folaumoetu’i Department of Environment 2004. ii Glossary of Abbreviations and Terms ADB Asian Development Bank AusAID Australian Agency for International Development CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CPD Central Planning Department DCC Development Coordination Committee DOE Department of Environment Ecosystem A community of organisms and the physical habitat in which they live EIA Environmental/ecological impact assessment EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (United Nations) EPACS Environmental Planing and Conservation Section under the Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources, until July 2001 EPACS became the Department of Environment FFA Forum Fisheries Agency FAO Food and Agricultural Organization GOT Government of Tonga GEF Global Environment Facility HABITAT Place or type of site where an organism or population naturally occurs JICA Japan International Co-operation Agency MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food MET Tonga Meteorological Services MOE Ministry of Education MOFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs MCA Ministry of Civil Aviation MLCI Ministry of Labour Commerce and Industry MLSNR Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources MOF Ministry of Fisheries MOH Ministry of Health MOW Ministry of Works iii MOFin Ministry of Finance MMP Ministry of Marine & Ports MOP Ministry of Police NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plan NEMS National Environment Management Action Strategy NGO Non Government Organization Species Scientific identification, separation and naming of organisms SPREP South Pacific Regional Environment Programme SPC Secretariat for the Pacific Community SOPAC South Pacific Applied Geosciences Commission SPBCP South Pacific Biodiversity Conservation Programme UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change iv TABLE OF CONTENTS: GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS .........................................................................................III TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................... V CHAPTER ONE .....................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................1 1.0 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................1 1.1 SHORT DESCRIPTIONS AND OBJECTIVES ..........................................................................................1 1.1.1 The Process and Specific Activities .........................................................................................2 1.2 DEFINITION OF BIODIVERSITY..........................................................................................................3 1.3 WHAT COVERS IN THIS STOCKTAKING REPORT AND THE PROCESS .................................................5 1.4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PRESSSURES AND THREATS ............................................................6 1.4.1 Priority Setting for Biodiversity Conservation ........................................................................8 1.5 THE NEXT STEPS............................................................................................................................10 CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................................................11 AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION......................................................11 2.0 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................11 2.1 ROOT CROPS ..................................................................................................................................12 2.1.1 Aroids.....................................................................................................................................21 2.2 FRUI & FOOD TREE CROPS ............................................................................................................24 2.2.1 Fruit Tree Crops ....................................................................................................................25 2.2.2 Food Tree Crops....................................................................................................................28 2.3 FRUITS 29 2.4 VEGETABLES..................................................................................................................................32 2.4.1 Other Vegetable Species ........................................................................................................34 2.5 TRADITIONAL CROPS .....................................................................................................................36 2.6 LIVESTOCK ....................................................................................................................................39 2.7 THREATS AND PRESSURES ON THE AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY................................................41 2.8 AGRO-BIODIVERSITY GENETIC......................................................................................................42 2.8.1 Use of Agricultural Genetic/Biological Resources................................................................42 2.9 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK AND HUMAN RESOURCE BASE FOR AGRO-BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ...................................................................................................................................43 2.9.1 Agricultural Policies and Legislation....................................................................................45 2.9.2 Human Resource Base ...........................................................................................................46 2.11 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................51 2.12 ANNEXURES.................................................................................................................................52 CHAPTER THREE..............................................................................................................................59 TERRESTRIAL FAUNA.....................................................................................................................59 v 3.0 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................59 3.1 TERRESTRIAL FAUNA BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION............................................................60 3.1.1 Inverterbrates.........................................................................................................................60 3.1.2 Fruits......................................................................................................................................60 3.1.3 Vegetables..............................................................................................................................63 3.1.4 Rootcrops ...............................................................................................................................65 3.1.5 Forestry..................................................................................................................................66 3.2 VERTEBRATES..................................................................................................................66 3.2.1 Agricultural Livestock............................................................................................................66 3.2.2 BIRDS OF TONGA ..............................................................................................................67 3.2.3 Herpetofauna .........................................................................................................................71 3.2.4 Peka -Tongan Fruit Bat .........................................................................................................72 3.2.5 Rodents...................................................................................................................................73 3.2.6 Feral Cats ..............................................................................................................................73 3.3 ECOLOGICAL ZONES IN TONGA ......................................................................................................74 3.3.1 Dryland ..................................................................................................................................74 3.3.2 Wetlands.................................................................................................................................75 3.4 THREATS AND PRESSURES ON TERRESTRIAL FAUNA BIODIVERSITY ..............................................76
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