The Digital City Critical Dimensions in Implementing the Smart City Planning, Technology, Privacy and Equality Editor: Tali Hatuka Authors: Tali Hatuka, Eran Toch, Michael Birnhack, Hadas Zur Tel Aviv University (Hebrew, 2018), English, 2020 Blavatnik Interdisciplinary Cyber Research Center The Digital City Critical Dimensions in Implementing the Smart City Planning, Technology, Privacy and Equality Editor: Tali Hatuka Authors: Tali Hatuka, Eran Toch, Michael Birnhack, Hadas Zur Tel Aviv University (Hebrew, 2018), English, 2020 Blavatnik Interdisciplinary Cyber Research Center Table of Contents Preface 4 1. Developing a Vision for a 4. Exclusion and Inequality City in the Digital Age in the Digital City About the Authors 6 Tali Hatuka 12 Tali Hatuka and Hadas Zur 100 I. Digitization Processes and I. Basic Concepts: Inequality Abstract 8 the Smart City Model 14 in the Digital Age 102 II. Digitization and the II. Research on Digitial Development of a New Model Inequality: International and of Governance 18 Israeli Studies 106 III. Centrality of the Private III. Initiatives for Responding to Sector in Implementing Digital Inequality in Israel 114 Technological Initiatives 24 IV. Planning Recommendations: IV. Decision-Making Inequality 128 Process for Developing Technological Initiatives 30 5. Policy Recommendations V. Developing a Strategic Plan: for the Digital City 132 Motivation, Budget and Change 36 I. Conclusions: The Digital City 134 VI. Planning Recommendations: II. Recommendations for Policy 38 Developing Work Procedures for the Digital City 144 2. Technological Infrastructure Epilogue 158 and Cyber Threats in the Digital City Additional Reading 160 Eran Toch 44 I. Technologies in a Digital City 46 Bibliography 164 II. Establishing Technological Systems in Cities 52 III. Vulnerability of the City in the Digital Era 54 IV. Planning Recommendations: Technology 60 3. Protecting Privacy in the Digital City The Digital City: Critical Dimensions Michael Birnhack 64 in Implementing the Smart City Planning, Technology, Privacy and Equality I. Basic Concepts: Privacy and Confidentiality of Personal Editor: Tali Hatuka Data 68 Authors: Tali Hatuka, Eran Toch, Michael II. Privacy in the City in the Birnhack, Hadas Zur Digital Era 80 Tel Aviv University (Hebrew, 2018), III. Challenges and Opportunities: English, 2020 The Israeli Arena 90 The research and publication of this IV. Planning Recommendations: Translator: Shoshana Michael-Zucker guide was supported by the Blavtnik Privacy 96 Interdisciplinary Cyber Research Center, Graphic Designer: Michal Semo Kovetz, Tel Aviv University, Israel TAU Graphic Design Studio © All rights reserved to Tel Aviv University Blavatnik Interdisciplinary Cyber Research Center 2020 3 Preface Many cities in Israel and around the world are trying to adapt themselves to the digital era. This adaptation is a complex system-wide process that influences all layers of life for people living in the city. Where to begin? What are the best initiatives for a city in Israel? What is the significance of local context and community needs? Is the size of the city significant? How should the digital processes be designed and what are the issues that require attention? This guide proposes answers to these questions with a focus on four principal issues: planning, technology, privacy, and social inequality. We identify these four dimensions as critical issues that must be considered in the digital era. Smart city is a marketing The starting point of this document is that smart city is a marketing concept, concept and should be used – and should be used – if at all – with great caution. Furthermore, cities cannot if at all – with great caution. be ranked either quantitatively or qualitatively on the basis of the smart city Furthermore, cities cannot be model. As a new model that emerged from the private sector, there is still little ranked either quantitatively research that examines implementation of the smart city ideas and projects. or qualitatively on the basis of The scant literature can be categorized into two principal types. The first relates the smart city model. to promoted content; most is written by private companies, and deals with the advantages of the smart city and the importance of digitization for developing urbanism. The other type of literature is more conceptual – sometimes techno- utopian – academic writing that relates to core ideas, their evolution and history. However, there is still insufficient information about the way ideas about smart cities influence policy, and how this policy relates to a city’s visioning, legal challenges, social needs and political processes of decision-making. Furthermore, digitization processes impact each city in a different manner. This variation is influenced by the profile of residents, their needs and the prevalent lifestyle in the city. Therefore, the assimilation of digital initiatives requires that policy-makers and planners not only be familiar with basic concepts related to digitization but also understand the opportunities and risks inherent in the technological revolution. Only in-depth knowledge will help decision-makers initiate well thought-out processes for assimilating technology in the city and developing appropriate policy. The current guide contains five chapters dealing with the digital city. Each of the first four chapters are devoted to one of the core subjects: planning, technology, privacy, and social inequality. Each chapter begins with a survey of the issues in the academic literature, followed by introducing basic concepts, presentation of the attitudes of Israeli policy-makers on the subject, and concludes with policy recommendations. The fifth and last chapter summarizes the policy recommendations regarding each of the core issues. Note that our study does 4 not focus on specific applications – digitization evolves and changes at a rapid rate – but rather presents a comprehensive map that characterizes the technological, planning, legal and social challenges of the field. This guide, originally written and published in 2018, was translated and revised in 2020. The guide is part of the broader Smart City Cyber Security project on the vulnerability of digital cities, which is supported by the Blavatnik Interdisciplinary Cyber Research Center (ICRC) at Tel Aviv University. The information and issues presented below are based on literature reviews and a wide-reaching qualitative study conducted in Israel in 2015-2017. The purpose of the study was to map the implementation of digitization in Israeli cities, identify the obstacles and challenges, and learn about the diverse strategies and concepts of local authorities, the national government, private sector technology companies and consultants working in the field. We interviewed 40 key actors in the Israeli field including: senior officials in local authorities and national government, senior officials in technology companies and consultants involved in smart city development. In October-December 2016, we conducted a telephone survey on smart cities in Tel Aviv-Jaffa. The survey was conducted in four sections of the city: the Ajami neighborhood in Jaffa, and three neighborhoods in Tel Aviv: Bavli, Shapira and the city center. The survey included 490 interviewees age 18 and over, who were interviewed in either Hebrew or Arabic. The questionnaire dealt with digital literacy, digital gaps, patterns for using smart governance, online consumption, privacy, and IT security. This guide is based on these sources, and on the information gathered in the interviews and survey. We thank our colleague, Prof. Issi Rosen-Zvi, of Tel Aviv University’s Buchmann Faculty of Law, for his assistance in early stages of the research, and also to Shahaf Donio, Sunny Menozzi Peterson, and Hila Spies who assisted with preparing the literature reviews. We also thank the B.I. and Lucille Cohen Institute for Public Opinion Research for coordinating the telephone survey. We are grateful for the meticulous translation and editing of Shoshana Michael-Zucker. In addition, we thank the interviewees for their valuable time and cooperation. Finally, special thanks to Hadas Zur, a doctoral candidate in the Porter School of Environment and Earth Sciences, who coordinated the research, and was a partner in both the research and the writing of this guide. We hope that this document will help cities worldwide become familiar with the digital arena, and the advantages and challenges technological innovations brings to our life. Tel Aviv, October 2018 Tali Hatuka, Eran Toch, Michael Birnhack and Hadas Zur (English version: February 2020) 5 About the Authors Prof. Tali Hatuka, an architect and an urban planner, is Prof. Michael Birnhack is Associate Dean for Research and a Professor for Urban Planning at the Porter School of Professor of Law at Tel Aviv University. He researches and Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University. She is lectures on issues of privacy and technology. His book, Private the founder and head of the Laboratory of Contemporary Space: The Right to Privacy, Law & Technology [Hebrew] was Urban Design (LCUD), and the founder and editor-in-chief of awarded the Israeli Society for Political Science Prize in 2010. the online journal Urbanologia. Her work is focused primarily Birnhack was a member of the Israeli Public Council for the on two main fields: (1) the urban realm and society (i.e., public Protection of Privacy, and the Schofmann Committee on Data space, conflicts and dissent); and (2) urban