AHPG898 Coptic Dialects 4 credit points Unit Guide Semester 1, 2012

Faculty of Arts Department of Ancient History 2

1. GENERAL INFORMATION

1.1 Convenor

Position: Unit Convenor Name: Dr Victor Ghica Email: [email protected] Phone: (02) 9850 8240 Office: W6A 524 Office hours: upon request.

Students are strongly encouraged to visit the Coptic Studies page (http://www.mq.edu.au/about_us/faculties_and_departments/faculty_of_arts/department_of_ancient_hist ory/coptic_studiesatmq/) and the website of the Department of Ancient History at Macquarie University (http://mq.edu.au/about_us/faculties_and_departments/faculty_of_arts/department_of_ancient_history/ho me/) to find out about the department, the teaching staff, units and degrees offered. Distance students will be provided with a handbook by the Centre for Open Education. The handbook contains all pertinent information about enrolment, receiving course materials, handing in assignments and general study skills. Distance students should therefore first consult the handbook for questions about these matters. Please note though that the assignments for this language unit will not be mailed in to the Centre for Open Education, but e-mailed directly to your lecturer using the assignments tool on the website (see below p. 4).

1.2 General inquiries

Position: Departmental Administrator Name: Ms Raina Kim Email: [email protected] Phone: +61 2 9850 8833 Office: W6A 540

1.3 Welcome

Welcome to AHPG898 Coptic Dialects! If you have enrolled in this course, you will have quite a good command of Coptic grammar and the Sahidic dialect. You are able to read stories in Sahidic, to ponder the wisdom of a desert father in the original or to trace the life of a well-known saint or martyr.

But there is a vast realm of fascinating texts outside Sahidic literature, and the aim of this course is to open up this realm for you: the literature in the other dialects of Coptic. Many of you may know one of these dialects: Bohairic, which is still in use today in the liturgy of the Coptic-Orthodox church. Bohairic is certainly the best known dialect of Coptic, and there is a wealth of saints’ lives and sermons for us to read. But there is an intriguing array of other texts which Coptic dialectology will make accessible to you, in Fayumic, Akhmimic, Lycopolitan, or Mesokemic. Old Bible translations and interesting manuscript finds belonging to religious groups for some time in competition with Christianity (Gnostics, Manichaeans) make for interesting reading in these dialects.

2. ACADEMIC CONTENTS

2.1 Credit points

AHPG898 is worth 4 credit points.

2.2 Pre-requisite 3

The pre-requisite for this unit, which will be offered biannually, is AHPG896 Coptic I - Sahidic or AHPG829 Coptic I - Bohairic (ideally: AHPG897 or AHPG839, Coptic II), or previous knowledge of Coptic.

2.3 Unit description and outcomes

This unit will introduce students to the main regional forms of Coptic and make accessible the following treasures of Coptic literature: • Bohairic: There is a rich literature in Bohairic Coptic in Early Medieval manuscripts which were produced after Bohairic had begun to supplant Sahidic as the dominant form of Coptic in the 9th century: martyrdoms and other saints’ lives, sermons and liturgical texts. Of course, Bohairic Coptic is still of vital importance today as the liturgical language of the Coptic Church. rd • Akhmimic, Fayyumic, Lycopolitan, Mesokemic: From the 3 century CE, educated bilingual milieus in Egypt translated the Bible into Coptic. At first these groups seem to have translated into their own regional language form, which means that we have a number of early bible manuscripts in all of these dialects. After the 5th century, this wealth of variety is reduced, and Akhmimic, Lycopolitan and Mesokemic texts phased out. We will discuss questions of general interest and not shrink back from the debate which arose in the 1980s, whether we are allowed to deduce the existence of different regional language forms (dialects) just because we have written texts that use different forms of orthography. We will also look at the background of the texts and aim at seeing them in their historical context. Welcome then to a semester of variety and challenges!

2.4 Graduate capabilities

Cognitive capabilities 1. Discipline knowledge and skills Our postgraduates will be able to demonstrate a significantly enhanced depth and breadth of knowledge, scholarly understanding, and specific subject content knowledge in their chosen fields. 2. Critical, analytical and integrative thinking Our postgraduates will be capable of utilising and reflecting on prior knowledge and experience, of applying higher level critical thinking skills, and of integrating and synthesising learning and knowledge from a range of sources and environments. A characteristic of this form of thinking is the generation of new, professionally oriented knowledge through personal or group-based critique of practice and theory. 3. Research and problem solving capability Our postgraduates will be capable of systematic enquiry; able to use research skills to create new knowledge that can be applied to real world issues, or contribute to a field of study or practice to enhance society. They will be capable of creative questioning, problem finding and problem solving.

Interpersonal and personal dispositions 4. Effective communication Our postgraduates will be able to communicate effectively and convey their views to different social, cultural, and professional audiences. They will be able to use a variety of technologically supported media to communicate with empathy using a range of written, spoken or visual formats. 5. Engaged and responsible, active and ethical citizens Our postgraduates will be ethically aware and capable of confident transformative action in relation to their professional responsibilities and the wider community. They will have a sense of connectedness with others and country and have a sense of mutual obligation. They will be able to appreciate the impact of their professional roles for social justice and inclusion related to national and global issues 6. Capable of professional and personal judgment and initiative Our postgraduates will demonstrate a high standard of discernment and common sense in their professional and personal judgment. They will have the ability to make informed choices and decisions that reflect both the nature of their professional work and their personal perspectives.

3. ASSESSMENT IN THIS UNIT 4

3.1 Assessment at a glance

Assignments (weighted according to length and difficulty) (2 x 30%) 60% Vocabulary tests: frequent words from dialects other than Sahidic (2 x 10%) 20% Grammar tests: grammar patterns and rules from dialects other than Sahidic (2 x 10%) 20%

3.2 Assessment tasks

Learning any ancient language is based on three basic principles: assimilation, repetition and application: • the continuous assimilation of new words and grammatical structures, • the memorisation and constant repetition of the knowledge acquired and • the application of this knowledge by means of translation and grammatical exercises.

In a classroom setting the control of the students’ progress is fairly easy, both for teachers and for the students themselves, with vocabulary tests, translation exercises and other tests usually done in an exam environment. Distance students will need to be extra disciplined about learning the new words and going over material already learned.

Assignments

You will be given two assignments consisting in translation exercises and questions on the contents of the lessons covered. If you have reviewed the lesson contents and learned the vocabulary, you will be able to work on these assignments without major problems. • The assignments will be posted on the internal pages of the website using the assignments tool. • Please use the assignments tool on the website of the unit to submit and retrieve your assignments. • Please remember to proofread all your assignments before you send them out! Check your (English) spelling and grammar.

Typing Coptic

While communicating with your lecturer and your fellow students, you will need to type words in Coptic or Greek. Now most ancient language fonts – even if they are of the same language – have a different distribution of characters on the keyboard. So if members of the group use different fonts, this will lead to misunderstandings. I suggest therefore that you download the public domain Coptic and Greek fonts “Ifao N Copte” and “IFAO-Grec Unicode” or “New Athena Unicode”.

Ifao N Copte and IFAO-Grec Unicode

They are available for both PC and Macintosh computers on the following website: http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/outils/polices/ Please take also note of the copyright notice on the website indicated. The fonts are available for a wide range of use, even for publication, however, commercial use is not permitted. They are accompanied by a readme file, which explains the keyboard distribution of the letters and diacritics (accents, punctuation marks). They are professional fonts and give most of the diacritics and graphemes encountered in Coptic texts.

Coptic Unicode: New Athena Unicode

It is only in 2005 that a separate Unicode standard for Coptic has been defined. Before it has just been treated as an appendix of Greek. A free unicode font (New Athena Unicode) is available at: http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~pinax/greekkeys/NAUdownload.html. For information on Coptic input using New Athena Unicode see: http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~pinax/coptic.html. If you wish to use type Coptic or Greek in an assignment or essay, install one of these fonts on your computer. To type Coptic or Greek in the online discussion forum use the following procedure: • When you create a discussion message, in the right upper corner of your window a little box should appear that reads "enable HTML creator". 5

• If you click this box, the HTML editor should appear on your screen. Make sure you have selected “WYSIWYG” (“What you see is what you get”) at the bottom of the box. • Among the options at the top of the box there is a drop down menu with all the fonts installed on your computer. Choose SPAchmim from the list and try typing some Coptic (or SPIonic for Greek): you should see the words in this font, and anyone who has this font installed on their computer can see them in that font too.

Vocabulary tests

There will be two vocabulary tests and two grammar tests (see below “Unit Schedule”, p. 10-12). The vocabulary tests will consist in about 20 frequent in Bohairic Coptic and in about 20 frequent words in other dialects (Fayumic, Akhmimic, Lycopolitan) respectively. A list of frequent words in these dialects will be provided. The grammar tests will cover all grammar matters presented in Thomas O. Lambdin, Introduction to Sahidic Coptic, Macon 1983, 2nd edition 1992 and the dialectal characteristics of every single dialect studied prior to the test. • Internal students will be given these tests on campus at the dates mentioned below (“Unit Schedule”, p. 10-12). • External students will be given these tests on Skype or (in exceptional cases) over the phone. By this time students will certainly be fluent in the names of the letters of the alphabet, so spelling out the words over the phone should not present a problem (please note: we shall be using the Sahidic names of the letters – not the modern (Bohairic) names)! Please make a time for the tests well in advance. You can reach me either via the e-mail function of iLearn or at [email protected].

3.3 Attendance

Internal students must attend weekly lectures. External students are to access these lectures via the iLearn tool on the unit’s webpage.

3.4 Examination(s)

There will be no exam for this unit. Both internal and external students will receive their marks through continuous assessment.

3.5 Assignment submission

• Please use the assignments tool on the website of the unit to submit and retrieve your assignments.

3.6 Extensions and penalties

In the event that an assignment cannot be submitted on time, you must contact the convener as soon as possible, otherwise marks may be deducted.

3.7 Returning assignments

Marked assignments will be returned via the assignments tool on the website.

4. DELIVERY AND RESOURCES

4.1 Delivery mode

AHPG898 will be delivered both face-to-face and online to distance students. For information on how to access the website please see below section 4.4.

4.2 Lecture times and locations 6

The unit will be taught both internally and to distance students. For internal students, it will be taught every Tuesday from 9 am to 12 pm. The venue is Y3A 210. For current updates, lecture times and classrooms please consult the MQ Timetables website: http://www.timetables.mq.edu.au.

4.3 Required and recommended resources

The unit materials consist of four parts: • Coursenotes • Audio Recordings • Website • E-reserve

4.3.1 Coursenotes

There is no English language textbook available to introduce students to Coptic dialectology. Students with a reasonable command of German are encouraged to look at: Walter C. Till, Koptische Dialektgrammatik, mit Lesestücken und Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. Munich 1961. For a comprehensive bibliography see below.

However, knowledge of a foreign language other than Sahidic Coptic is not indispensable to follow the course (although some juggling with dictionaries will be required). The unit website (see below) will make written coursenotes and articles on the individual dialects available. For a review of Sahidic Coptic see the textbook for Coptic I and II: Thomas O. Lambdin, Introduction to Sahidic Coptic, Macon 1983, 2nd edition 1992.

A very good investment for AHPG898 (Coptic Dialects) and AHPG899 (Advanced Coptic) is a Coptic dictionary. There is a reprint of Walter E. Crum, Coptic Dictionary, Oxford 1939 available (see http://www.wipfandstock.com). If you want to have a preview of the dictionary, I have seen a digitised version of the paper Crum at http://www.metalog.org/files/crum.html; there is another version online at http://www.tabs-online.com/TABS/Crum/. An electronic version on CD is advertised at http://bible.zoxt.net/catalog.htm for 10 USD and another is foreshadowed at http://www.logos.com/products/prepub/details/2529. The prices (at around 100 USD) for the reprint and the Logos CD are similar. Crum only contains words of Egyptian origin. It needs to be supplemented by a Greek lexicon for the words of Greek origin. The most comprehensive is H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon. New (Ninth) Edition Completed 1940, with a Supplement 1968, Oxford, Oxford University Press 1976 (available online at the Perseus Project http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi- bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057).

4.3.2 Audio Recording/iLecture

There will also be audio recordings available to both internal and distance students. The recordings will give you access to the full three hours of face-to-face teaching every week. The recordings will be available on the unit’s website (see the next section) both for listening directly on your computer and for download. The recordings will also be sent out to distance students by the Centre for Open Education as an Audio CD.

4.3.3 Website

The website (see the next section) will be • A privileged means of communication both for the students and the lecturer and among the students themselves. This is especially important for distance students. • A way to provide information and materials, including the audio recordings, to students quickly and accessibly. • The tool for the submission and retrieval of assignments. 7

4.3.4 E-reserve

The electronic materials for this unit placed on e-reserve (readings) can be accessed directly from the reserve page of Macquarie University Library at: http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/reserve/ Just enter the unit code (AHPG898).

4.4 Unit webpage

• Accessing the website • Contents of the website • Technical Help o Macquarie University Library o Centre for Open Education

4.4.1 Accessing the website

There are different ways in which to access the unit and the electronic resources it contains: For an online guide to using the website, see: https://learn.mq.edu.au/webct/RelativeResourceManager/25994001/Public%20Files/getstart/getStarted.h tml For all login varieties you will need your Macquarie Student ID number and your myMQ student portal password (see http://students.mq.edu.au/home/).

A blackboard page of this unit is also available.

• Go to the Online Teaching Facility at https://ilearn.mq.edu.au/login/MQ/

o Login directly to the units accessible to you

4.4.2 Contents of the Website

Some of the tools provided on the website are: • A discussion tool, where all students enrolled in this unit can post questions to the group and participate in the compulsory online tutorial discussions. The convener will check the discussion tool at least twice a week to post new materials, follow the threads of the discussion etc. Please remember to post questions as soon as they occur to you – do not put them all off until the last week before the essay is due! • An e-mail tool which will be used for one-to-one communication between students and lecturers. Please e-mail your questions via this mail tool rather than sending it to my usual office e-mail. This will make it easier to keep track of the mail which belongs to this particular unit only. • The Lecture tool from which you can listen to or download the audio recordings of the face-to- face teaching. • This study guide will also be provided on the website. • An assignments tool where you can submit your essay electronically.

4.4.3 Technical help

Technical help is provided by the following institutions: • Macquarie University Library • Centre for Open Education

Macquarie University Library 8

The website of the Macquarie University Library (http://www.mq.edu.au/on_campus/library/) offers a wealth of information for all students and not only on the holdings of the library. Under the section “On Campus” > “Research” you will find “LibGuides - help to research your subject”, under the sections “LibGuides - help to research your subject” and “Referencing” you will find suggestions how to go about researching, evaluating, and presenting the information for your assignment. These suggestions are tailored to the needs of the various fields, so choose “Ancient History” from the list of subject areas (http://libguides.mq.edu.au/home). Students also have access to a vast selection of electronic journals and databases which the university subscribes to. Please see below for instructions how to access these sources for your research.

IT HelpComputers

• IT Help provides information technology support and information and helps, among others, with general computer issues, access to unit pages and online material, and remote access to Library databases.

Contact: IT Help Desk Level 1, University Library Phone: +61 2 9850 HELP (4357) Freecall: 1800 063 191 (within Australia) Internet Chat: ICQ#: 32801246 Face to Face: IT Help Desk E-mail: Just Ask form http://www.libanswers.mq.edu.au/ 24x7 Follow the Sun Helpdesk email: [email protected]

Remote Access to Databases and Journals

• To access databases and e-resources directly from an off-campus location, please go to the university library homepage (http://www.mq.edu.au/on_campus/library/).

Distance education students may find help also through:

Library Distance Education Service

• Macquarie University Library provides numerous services for distance students, including online access to the Library’s Web catalogue and databases, reference assistance, IT help, online IT training, reciprocal borrowing and letters of introduction to other libraries.

Contact: Library Distance Education Service http://www.mq.edu.au/on_campus/library/borrowing/distance_education_students/ Macquarie University Library NSW 2109 Australia E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +61 2 9850 7558 Fax: +61 2 9850 7504 Free Phone (within Australia): 1 800 632 743 The Library also provides Delivery Services to Distance Education students living outside the Sydney metropolitan area (this includes Macquarie University students residing overseas.) Please note that books and some other media will not be posted to addresses outside Australia.

Centre for Open Education http://www.mq.edu.au/about_us/offices_and_units/centre_for_open_education/ Macquarie University 9

NSW 2109 Australia E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +61 2 9850 7470 Fax: +61 2 9850 7480 The Centre for Open Education is the primary point of contact between distance students and the University. It organizes and distributes the various forms of teaching materials, the electronic registration of the receipt and return of distance education assignments. Guidance for students is provided through the Distance Education Student Handbook distributed to all students enrolled in distance education. External students enrolled in this unit will receive this study guide and the audio registrations on CD through the COE (in addition to having the possibility to listen to the registrations on the web and download them). However, you will be submitting your assignments directly to your lecturers using the assignments tool on the unit website.

5. POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

Macquarie University has a range of policies that relate to learning and teaching, including

• Assessment • Unit guide • Special consideration

They can be found at Policy Central (http://www.mq.edu.au/policy/). Macquarie's procedures relating to plagiarism can be found at http://www.mq.edu.au/policy/docs/academic_honesty/policy.html

5.1 Feedback and unit evaluation

In this unit you will receive a range of verbal and written feedback on your assessment tasks and work in class or online.

To monitor how successful we are in providing quality teaching and learning, the Faculty of Arts also seeks feedback from students. One of the key formal ways students have to provide feedback is through unit and teacher evaluation surveys. The feedback is anonymous and provides the Faculty with evidence of aspects that students are satisfied with and areas for improvement. The Faculty of Arts also holds two student feedback meetings per year. Please watch for advertisements for these meetings and take the opportunity to share your suggestions for improvement. At present, the Faculty is prioritising feedback on assessment and feedback.

IMPORTANT: The unit’s plan and layout provide for us to cover the most important dialects of Coptic. The study plan is laid out accordingly. Initially we will cover Sahidic grammar to review the most important features and to bring everybody to the same starting point. We will set aside about two weeks for each of the other five main dialects of Coptic.

All coursenotes, scholarly articles and Coptic texts for the readings will be provided on the unit website (internal pages) if not indicated otherwise.

I will provide a vocabulary learning list for Bohairic and the other dialects. I will also provide some word lists from dialect grammars. However, Coptic dialect grammars are firmly in the hand of the French and the Germans, so these word lists do NOT give English translations. The translations given in these word lists are easily recognisable (e.g. through quotation marks), and it will be necessary for you to look up words from the lists in Till, Achmimisch-Koptische Grammatik or Koptische Dialektgrammatik in a German dictionary or of Mallon, Grammaire copte in a French one.

Two very good online German-English dictionaries are provided by the Technical University Munich and the Technical University Chemnitz. 10

• http://dict.leo.org/ • http://dict.tu-chemnitz.de/

Good French-English dictionary are provided by • http://www.wordreference.com/ • http://dictionary.cambridge.org/ Have a go at these ones, too.

However good these word lists may be (and however good you may be at deciphering the French and German), there is almost no possibility to do advanced Coptic language units without a good dictionary.

6. UNIT SCHEDULE

Week 1 (Feb 28) Topics Introduction to Coptic dialectology • Historical grammar of the Egyptian language • Are there dialects in Coptic? • Introduction to the use of Coptic dictionaries

Reading Peust, Carsten, Egyptian Phonology, Göttingen 1999, pp. 33-39 and 65-67.

Week 2 (Mar 6) and Week 3 (Mar 13) Topic Sahidic

Week 2: Overview of Sahidic Grammar, discussion of special problems and reading from the Gospel of John ch. 11 Week 3: Sahidic reading from the Martyrdom of St Isidorus Texts from the readings in Walter Till, Achmimisch-Koptische Grammatik, Leipzig 1928 (Gospel of John) and Henri Munier, “Les actes du martyre de Saint Isidore”, BIFAO 14 (1918) 97-190 will be provided. The Martyrdom of St Isidorus of Antioch, whose relics are preserved on the Greek island of Chios, is one of the martyrdoms which, although concerning a non-Egyptian saint, seem to have been written in Egypt. The entire text is preserved in a manuscript from the year 893 originally from the monastery of the archangel Michael in Hamuli, Fayum (today in the Pierpont Morgan Library, New York). The Coptic martyrdom, which shows similarites to the martyrdom of St George, has little relation to a Greek martyrdom of the same saint. The plot is determined by the initial vision, in which the archangel Michael prophesies a fivefold death and resurrection to the saint.

Grammar test 1 (Mar 13) See the assignments tool on the unit website.

Week 4 (Mar 20) and Week 5 (Mar 27) Topic Bohairic

Week 4: Introduction to Bohairic, reading from the Martyrdom of Lacaron Week 5: Bohairic reading: Conversion of a Manichaean woman Texts from the readings in A. Mallon, Grammaire Copte. Bibliographie, chrestomathie et vocabulaire, 4e éd. revue par M. Malinine, Beyrouth 1956 (Conversion of a Manichaean woman, pp. 74-78) and from I. Balestri and H. Hyvernat, Acta Martyrum vol. I, Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium Scriptores Coptici I, Leipzig 1907, 1-23 (Martyrdom of Lacaron) will be provided. 11

The Martyrdom of Apa Lacaron contains a very colourful collection of miracles which has caused a sceptical age to name it “one of the worst specimens of its kind”. It contains eight miraculous rescues partly modelled on the martyrdom of St George. The text named by Mallon “Conversion of a Manichaean woman” is an excerpt from a sermon on penitence attributed to Cyril of Alexandria. It is preserved in a manuscript in the Vatican Library, but no Greek original for this sermon is known.

Homework Learn Bohairic vocabulary (part 1) A list of frequent Bohairic words will be provided for learning.

Vocabulary test 1 (Mar 27) See the assignments tool on the unit website.

Week 6 (Apr 3) and Week 7 (Apr 24) Topic Fayumic

Week 6: Introduction to Fayumic and reading from the Acts of the Apostles Week 7: Fayumic reading: Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles Texts from the readings contained in Walter Till, Koptische Chrestomathie für den fayumischen Dialekt, mit grammatischer Skizze und Anmerkungen, Vienna 1930 will be provided. The Apocryphal Acts of Philipp and Peter and Andrew and Matthew (in the city of the cannibals) respectively do not belong to an early set of five apocryphal acts, among which those of Paul and Thecla (see below week 10), but to a later stage (4th/5th cent.) which sees a multiplication of acts to give each member of the collegium of the apostles their own hagiographical dossier. Characteristic for these later acts is the local colour of the legends.

Homework Learn Bohairic vocabulary (part 2) A list of frequent Bohairic words will be provided for learning.

Assignment 1 (due Apr 24) See the assignments tool on the unit website.

Recess from 9 April to 22 April Use the time wisely to revise all vocabulary and grammar learned so far!

Week 8 (May 1) and Week 9 (May 8) Topic Akhmimic

Week 8: Introduction to Akhmimic and reading from Exodus Week 9: Akhmimic reading from the Apocalypse of Elijah Texts from the readings provided in Walter Till, Achmimisch-Koptische Grammatik, Leipzig 1928 (Exodus) and from Georg Steindorff, Die Apokalypse des Elias, eine unbekannte Apokalypse und Bruchstücke der Sophonias-Apokalypse. Texte und Untersuchungen 17, Leipzig 1899 (Apocalypse of Elijah) will be provided. For the Apocalypse of Elijah see also David Frankfurter, Elijah in Upper Egypt: The Apocalypse of Elijah and Early Egyptian Christianity. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress 1993. The Apocalypse of Elijah is a text preserved in various manuscripts, among which a complete Akhmimic version. It has been described as a 3rd century Christian reworking of a text created in Jewish milieus of the 1st/2nd centuries, incorporating ancient Egyptian apocalyptic material. It describes a situation of war and lawlessness in Egypt, and the appearance of the Antichrist. In a final battle, in which the Antichrist is opposed only by Elijah and a few others among the just, he is slain, and Christ comes to create a new heaven and a new earth over which to reign together with the just. 12

Vocabulary Test Internal Students: Vocabulary test Bohairic Coptic on April 27! External Students: Vocabulary test by phone on May 3 from 5-7 p.m.!

Homework Learn Fayumic and Akhmimic vocabulary A list of frequent words will be provided for learning.

Grammar test 2 (May 8) See the assignments tool on the unit website.

Week 10 (May 15) and Week 11 (May 22) Topic Lycopolitan

Week 10: Introduction to Lycopolitan and Lycopolitan reading from the Apocryphal Acts of Paul Week 11: Lycopolitan reading from the Kephalaia of the Teacher, ch. VII Texts from the readings in Walter Till, Achmimisch-Koptische Grammatik, Leipzig 1928 (Acts of Paul) and from Hans Jakob Polotsky and Alexander Böhlig, Manichäische Handschriften der Staatlichen Museen Berlin: Kephalaia, Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 1940, 1966 (Kephalaia of the Teacher) will be provided. The Acts of Paul and Thecla are part of a series of stories about several of the apostles of the New Testament originating in the 2nd (3rd) century and transmitted in various languages, which emphasise celibacy. The plot usually involves a woman renouncing her family ties (husband, fiancé, parents) and following the apostle, inspired by his preaching, sometimes in male clothing. It has been much discussed whether these stories are reflections of a greater freedom of movement and choice for women in earliest Christianity or whether they are just using female characters in a debate among male theologians about the place of asceticism in Christian communities. The Kephalaia are a collection of lectures on doctrinal problems attributed to Mani, the founder of Manichaeism, but most probably dating to the first generation of disciples after Mani’s death in 276.

Vocabulary test 2 (May 22) See the assignments tool on the unit website.

Homework Learn Lycopolitan vocabulary A list of frequent words will be provided for learning.

Week 12 (May 29) and 13 (Jun 5) Topic Mesokemic

Week 12: Introduction to Mesokemic and reading from the Gospel of Matthew Week 13: Readings from various dialects, conclusion and general discussion The Mesokemic text of the Gospel of Matthew ch. 5 from Hans-Martin Schenke, Das Matthäus- Evangelium im mittelägyptischen Dialekt des Koptischen (Codex Scheide). Texte und Untersuchungen 127, Berlin 1981, will be provided.

Vocabulary Test Internal Students: Vocabulary test other dialects on May 25! External Students: Vocabulary test by phone on May 31 from 5-7 p.m.!

Assignment 2 (due Jun 5) See the assignments tool on the unit website. (This is a shorter assignment than the previous ones which accounts for the shorter time allowed for its completion).

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7. RESOURCES

7.1 Roman, Byzantine, and Early Islamic Egypt – Outline of Events

(This timeline is provided for the orientation of those students without previous familiarity with the history of Egypt in the First Millennium. Underlined names and other terms will appear as hyperlinks in the electronical version of this timeline.)

Roman Period 30 BCE Conquest of Egypt by Caesar Augustus; Egypt becomes a Roman Province, with Greek retained as its administrative language 30 BCE - 14 CE The reign of Caesar Augustus 14-37 The reign of Emperor Tiberius 19 Germanicus (adoptive son of Tiberius) travels to Egypt 37-41 Caligula 41-54 Claudius ~ 50 St Mark the Evangelist missionises in Alexandria (various dates given by church historians) 54-68 Nero 69 Year of four emperors; Vespasian acclaimed by the legions stationed in Egypt and visits the temple of Serapis in Alexandria 70 Destruction of the temple in Jerusalem, numerous Jewish refugees come to Alexandria 79-81 Titus 81-96 Domitian 96-98 Nerva 115-117 Jewish rebellions in Egypt; the important community is virtually destroyed under Trajan and Hadrian 117-138 Hadrian ca. 120 Christians in Egypt documented by papyrus finds 130 Travel of Hadrian to Egypt; Antinoos drowns in the Nile and is deified; foundation of Antinoopolis 138-161 Antoninus Pius 172-173 Rebellion in the Delta under the leadership of a priest Isidorus 178-188 Julian first visible archbishop in Egypt 180-192 Commodus 193-211 Septimius Severus ~ 200 Flowering of Alexandrian theology (Origen, Clement) 201 First major persecution of Christians 211 Caracalla becomes emperor (after murdering his brother Geta) 212 Roman citizenship given to all free inhabitants of the empire (Constitutio Antoniniana) 215 Massacre in Alexandria (reason: Alexandrians producing ironic verses on the murder of Geta) 241 Shapur I ascends to the throne of Sassanian Persia 14

242 Mani (216-276) founds the religion of Manichaeism; Manichaean missionaries diffuse his teaching in Egypt in the second half of the 3rd cent. 249-51 and Further persecutions under Decius (249-251) and Valerian (253-260; captured by the 257-59 Persians in 260) ca. 251-356 St Anthony, model for the eremitic lifestyle 260 Tolerance edict of Gallienus; the following 40 years of peace enable Christianity to spread rapidly 270-272 Egypt under the control of Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, defeated by Aurelian 283/4 Diocletian becomes emperor; important administrative reforms with far-reaching impact on Egypt 288-346 Pachomius, model of the coenobitic lifestyle, abbot of a congregation of male and female monasteries 293 Tetrarchy established (with Diocletian and Maximian as Augusti, Galerius and Constantius Chlorus as Caesars) 296 Revolt in Egypt led by Domitius Domitianus and Aurelius Achilles 298 Alexandria reconquered by Diocletian 303-311 Major persecutions of Christians (Edicts) 305 Diocletian and Maximian abdicate (Diocletian dies in 311/2), Constantius and Galerius become Augusti 306 Constantius dies 311 Galerius issues decree of tolerance; dies 312 Battle of Milvian Bridge; Constantine 313 Tolerance edict (Edict of Milan) of Constantine (324-337 sole ruler) from 318 Debate on Arianism (the Alexandrian presbyter Arius underlines the subordinate role and different nature of the Son as compared to the Father) 325 Ecumenical Council of Nicea, Arius’ teaching condemned, Arianism continues to exist in the 4th century as the creed of several emperors and some Germanic peoples 328-373 Athanasius, leading representative of Antiarianism, exiled several times by Arian emperors 330 Constantinople (work started in 324) becomes capital of the Roman Empire after 348-465 Shenoute of Atripe, abbot of a congregation of male and female monastic houses in Upper Egypt, important theologian and Coptic language author 361.363 Julian, last pagan emperor, killed in battle against the Persians, succeeded by Jovian 364 Valentinian (West) and Valens (East) 379-395 Theodosius I 381 Proscription of Arianism 385-412 Theophilus Patriarch of Alexandria 391/392 Closure of pagan temples and prohibition of sacrifices by Theodosius I, destruction of the temple of Serapis at Alexandria

Byzantine Period

395 Division of the Roman Empire between the sons of Theodosius; Egypt becomes part of the Eastern Empire (Constantinople) under Arcadius 412-444 Cyril Patriarch of Alexandria; Egypt’s influence in the Church at its summit 15

415 Murder of the famous neo-platonist philosopher Hypatia by Alexandrian Christians; synagogues converted into churches 431 Council of Ephesus 451 Council of Chalcedon; in the wake of the council centred around the question of the nature of Christ, large parts of the Egyptian Church separate in a century-long process from the Church in Constantinople, leading to a coexistence of Chalcedonian and non- Chalcedonian (Coptic) patriarch in Egypt 474-491 Zeno, emperor in the East (with two interruptions to his rule), attempts to reunite the divided church 491 Anastasius (supports the non-Chalcedonian party) 527-565 Justinian; attempts to reunite the churches (from a Chalcedonian viewpoint) by political and military means; his wife Theodora (dies in 548) supports the non-Chalcedonian party 535-537 Last pagan temple on the island of Philae closed ~ 570 Mohammed born 603 onwards Persian (Sassanian) invasions of eastern provinces 610-641 Heraclius 614 Persians besiege and capture Jerusalem; the True Cross is taken 619-29 Occupation of Egypt by the Persian Sassanians 630 After the defeat of the Persians in 628, Heraclius restores True Cross to Jerusalem, returns in triumph to Constantinople 632 Mohammed dies 635 Arabs conquer Damascus 636 Battle of the River Yarmuk: Byzantine army defeated 638 Jerusalem surrendered to the Arabs 641-68 Constans II

Early Islamic Period

640.42 Conquest of Egypt by an Arab force under the general cAmr ibn al-cAs; the lower and medium echelons of the administration still in the hands of local Christian dignitaries 706 Use of Greek as administrative language abolished; flowering of Coptic as administrative language in the 7th and 8th centuries 8th-9th cent. Increasing arabisation (government edicts redacted in Arabic starting in 706); first wave of conversions in the wake of failed rebellions and fiscal pressure in the first half of the 9th cent., culminating in the ultimately unsuccessful Bashmuric revolts with the deportation or conversion of many Christians 8th-13th cent. Production of the majority of Coptic manuscripts known today, copying, redacting and collecting activity in Coptic monasteries 969-1250 Fatimids (until 1171) and Ayyubids (1171-1250): relative tolerance of Christians and Jews with sporadic persecutions (mainly 1010-1020 under al-Hakim); increasing substitution of Arabic for Coptic also in the religious sphere 1250-1390 Bahri-Mameluks: numerous pogroms. Christians becoming scapegoats for a hated foreign rule and a Sunni Muslim revival in Egypt leads to a wave of persecutions and conversions

16

7.2 The Coptic Alphabet & Writing Coptic

7.2.1 The Coptic Alphabet

Letter (Greek) Numerical Transcription Phonetic Pronunciation Name value Transcription a Alpha 1 a /a/ as the first vowel sound of I in bite /bAIth/ b Beta 2 b /B/ /B/, a sound which doesn’t exist in English. It is produced by narrowing the airstream flow between the lips (e.g. Castilian caballo, /ka–
a´o/, “horse”) g Gamma 3 g /g/ as G /g/ in garden d Delta 4 d /d/ as D /d/ in delegate e Epsilon 5 e /E/ as E /E/ in bed z Zeta 7 z /z/ as Z /z/ in zip h Eta 8 ê /e/ as the first vowel sound of AI in explain /Eks– pleIn/ q Theta 9 th /th/, /t/ as /th/ at the beginning of a stressed syllable; as /t/ at the beginning of an unstressed syllable ei/i Iota 10 i, j /i/, /j/ as I /i/ in mist but also as y /j/ as in young in words such as eiwte
/–jo.t«/ k Kappa 20 k /k/ as C /k/ in caught l Lambda 30 l /l/ as L /l/ in land m My 40 m /m/ as M /m/ in mouth n Ny 50 n /n/ as N /n/ in nose x Xi 60 ks, x /k¡s/ as X /k¡s/ in xenophobia o Omikron 70 o /O/ as A /O/ in Washington or OU /O/ in bought p Pi 80 p /p/ as P /p/ in pride r Rho 100 r /¨/ as R /¨/ in rule s Sigma 200 s /s/ as S /s/ in sip t Tau 300 t /t/ as T /t/ in twin ou/u Ypsilon 400 u, w (in Greek /u/, /w/, /y/ as OE /u/ in shoe (in words of Egyptian words: y) origin). u as a separate letter occurs in Greek loan words with the pronunciation /y/ as in the German Umlaut ü (fünf, Küche) f Phi 500 ph /p/ as P /p/ in police c Chi 600 ch, kh /kh/, /k/ as /kh/ at the beginning of a stressed syllable; as /k/ at the beginning of an unstressed syllable y Psi 700 ps /p¡s/ as PS /p¡s/ in psoriasis (if the optional “p” at the beginning of the word is sounded) w Omega 800 o@ /o/ as British O /o/ in lost v Shai s#, sh /S/ as SH /S/ in shine F Fai f /f/ as F /f/ in fine H Hori h /h/ as H /h/ in hat j Djanja c#, j /t¡S/ as TCH /t¡S/ in match C Kjima kj /c/ as CH /t¡Sh/ in child T Ti ti /t/+/i/ one sign for 2 sounds: /t/+/i/

Letters used only in other dialects of Coptic are G
(Akhmimic only) and J
(Khai; Bohairic only). They are pronounced as the CH in Scottish loch /x/.

17

Table information:

The table contains information about the names, numerical value and pronunciation (reconstructed by scholars) of the letters of the Coptic alphabet. • The first column gives the shape of the letter in one of the Coptic fonts available (there are both commercial and public domain Coptic fonts available; some of them just for typing out the alphabet, others including the punctuation marks and diacritical signs necessary for professional editing of texts). For non-commercial Coptic fonts see the following pages (there may be others out there): o http://www.sil.org/computing/fonts/ o http://copticchurch.net/coptic_fonts/

• The second column gives the (Greek) names of the letters. We shall be using these names in spelling out words if there is any doubt about their identity. There are also Bohairic Coptic names for these letters, which we shall introduce at a later stage. • The letters of the Greek alphabet are also used as numerals. In Sahidic Coptic the numerical values of the letters are used, e.g. to number the pages of a codex (book). In most other cases, the numbers are written out. In Bohairic Coptic the use of the numerical value of the letters is much more frequent than in Sahidic. • You will have noticed that some numbers are missing (namely, 6, 90 and 900). These numerals consist of Greek letters which were no longer productive in the Greek alphabet and were thus not adopted for writing Coptic. However, they entered Coptic as numerals. Here they are: v
(Stigma) for “6”, J (Koppa) for “90”, ` (Sampi) or
for “900”. • The conventional transcription (not to be confused with the phonetic transcription; see next paragraph) is the way in which Coptic letters are usually rendered in English language publications when the author does not want to use a Coptic font (conventions in other language, e. g., French or German, may differ slightly). • The pronunciation of the letter is given in two different ways: by trying to find an English word in which the sound is contained, or by rendering the sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The IPA is a system developed to make a consistent way of representing the sounds of any given language possible). If you want to learn more about the IPA, visit the following web address: http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/

This pronunciation given in my list bases itself on the reconstructions of two Egyptologists: Carsten Peust (see his book: Egyptian Phonology, Göttingen 1999) and Matthias Müller. Please note that there are diverging opinions about the pronunciation of a few of the sounds, so in some grammars you may find slightly different pronunciations. Do not worry unduly about this at this stage!

7.2.2 Writing Coptic

Although it will not be necessary for you at this point to submit entire text compositions in Coptic, you will still need to type some Coptic words and to read Coptic texts. You will be receiving passages of text written in Coptic, in particular the course notes. You may be sent some PDF-files as well, so there will be no problem, as long as you have downloaded the free Acrobat Reader (at: http://www.adobe.com). However, you may need to write some grammatical forms or individual words in Coptic. Also if you wish to post any Coptic word or text to the discussion group you may need to type in Coptic (and sometimes in Greek). See above, section 3.2 for information about Coptic and Greek fonts.

Transcription

There are different types of transcription: • phonetic transcription (using, as a rule, the International Phonetic Alphabet) • and conventional transcription (for both of which see above p. 16). There is also a simplified conventional transcription for e-mail only. The purpose of this transcription is to avoid having to use diacritics (the little extra strokes, accents, etc., which are added to a standard Latin alphabet for the transcription of languages using a different writing system). 18

So in the “e-mail” transcription you would be using the conventional transcription as in the table on p. 16, but with the following modifications: You would use “o” for the letter Omikron and “O” for the letter Omega, “e” for the letter Epsilon and “E” for the letter Eta, “s” for the letter Sigma and “S” for the letter Shai. Djanja would be represented by “j” (with Iota represented by “i” alone). You are welcome to use this transcription in your e-mails.

7.3 Grammatical Terminology

NOTE: Grammar doesn’t hurt! If you have studied little or no grammar at school and if in the course of this unit you should encounter a term which is unfamiliar to you, you have several options (maybe you can come up with more?): • Consult the Basic Traditional Grammatical Terminology provided below (courtesy of Dr B. Ockinga) • Consult one of the online glossaries of grammatical terms (see below) • Read one of the introductions to English grammar recommended below • Use Google as a search tool. Just type, e. g.: “define: noun” • Ask (either face-to-face or using the discussion group tool provided on the website of this unit). Remember: there are no stupid questions! However, before asking, try to find the answer yourself first by making use of all the other possibilities listed here.

7.3 Basic Traditional Grammatical Terminology

Types of Words Noun: Word used as the name of a person, place or thing. Adjective: A word used to describe a noun. Pronoun: A word, which can stand in place of a noun, e.g. “he”, “she”, “it”. Article: Determines a noun: “the” is a definite article; “a” is an indefinite article Interrogatives: Question words; words, which introduce a question, e.g. “who”, “whose”, “which”, “when”. Verb: A word denoting action transitive verb: A verb which can take a direct object. intransitive verb: A verb which cannot take a direct object. Adverb: A word qualifying a verb or adjective. Preposition: Word governing (and normally preceding) a noun or pronoun, expressing the relationship of the latter to another word. e.g. “He is at home”, “She is in bed”, “It was done by him”. Conjunction: Conjunctions link words, clauses, or sentences: “because”, “since”, “while”, “and”, “or” Function of words in sentences Subject: A noun or noun equivalent about which something is predicated in a proposition Predicate: What is said of a subject (to predicate: to assert or affirm as true or existent) Object: A noun or noun equivalent governed by an active transitive verb or a preposition. Direct object: Primary object of a verbal action Indirect object: Person or thing affected by a verbal action but not primarily acted on. Combinations of words Sentence: Set of words containing or implying a subject and a predicate, and expressing a statement, question, exclamation or command Clause: Group of words that includes a subject and a verb forming a sentence or part of a sentence: “{[She often visits Egypt]main clause [because she loves the monuments]subordinate clause.}sentence” 19

Phrase: A combination of words that form a meaningful part of a sentence: “the green car”; “at half past four”.

For further reading see:

J.R. Bernard, A Short Guide to Traditional Grammar (Sydney, 1975)

Ruth Colman, The Briefest English Grammar ever Produced (Mayfield, 2004)

Annette Harrison, Macquarie Student Guides. Basic English Grammar (South Yarra, 2003)

Online glossaries of linguistic terms are provided, among others, by: Dr Peter Coxhead, Birmingham University http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~pxc/nlpa/nlpgloss.html#morphology SIL International (formerly known as Summer Institute of Linguistics), Dr Eugene E. Loos, general editor: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms (This glossary answers about any question one might have on linguistic terminology). Online guides to grammar and writing are provided, among others, by: Oxford University Press at: http://www.askoxford.com/betterwriting/ Community College Foundation at: http://www.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/

7.4 Selected Bibliography on Coptic Language (With a focus on Sahidic Coptic)

The titles marked with an asteriskus * are placed on reserve or on three-day-loan in the library. (NB. Please note also that many of the reference works, such as the Coptic Encyclopedia, other encyclopedias and dictionaries, are kept in the reference section of the library in any case and cannot be checked out. Please consult the library catalog for more information.) The titles marked ** are available on electronic reserve on the website of this unit. More titles may be added to the reserve list or made available on electronic reserve as the semester progresses (also upon request by students, just ask, and it will be done if at all possible!). Some of the categories are underlined because they contain a hyperlink. In the electronic version of this study guide, this link will lead to a definition of the term for those unfamiliar with linguistic terminology.

Coptic Language in general

The 8th volume of the Coptic Encyclopedia is almost exclusively dedicated to Coptic language, with particular attention to Coptic dialects: Atiya, Aziz, Coptic Encyclopedia, 8 vols, New York 1991. **Emmel, Stephen, Coptic, The Anchor Bible Dictionary 4, New York: Doubleday, 1992, 180-188.

Progress reports

At the international congresses for Coptic Studies held every four years starting in 1976, progress reports are given on the different areas of the field. Linguistics is traditionally one of these areas. Funk, Wolf-Peter, Coptic Linguistics, 1984-1988, in: M. Rassart-Debergh and J. Ries (eds.), Actes du IVe Congrès Copte, Louvain-la-Neuve, 5-10 sept. 1988, Publications de l’Institut Orientaliste de Louvain, 41, Louvain-la-Neuve: Institut Orientaliste, 1992, vol. 2, p. 53-63. Layton, Bentley, Four Years of Progress in Coptic Linguistics, in: Tito Orlandi (ed.), Acts of the Fifth International Congress of Coptic Studies, Washington, Vol. 1, Reports on Recent Research, Roma: CIM 1993, 97-110. Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Coptic Linguistics: 1992-1996, in: Stephen Emmel et alii (eds.), Ägypten und Nubien in spätantiker und christlicher Zeit. Akten des 6. Internationalen Koptologenkongresses, Münster, 20.-26 .Juli 1996, Band 2 (= Sprachen und Kulturen des christlichen Orients, 6,2), Wiesbaden: Reichert 1999, 317-326. 20

Zakrzweska, Ewa D., A bibliography of Coptic linguistics and linguistic studies related to Coptic, 1996- 2000, in: Mat Immerzeel and Jacques van der Vliet (eds.), Coptic Studies on the Threshold of a New Millennium. Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Coptic Studies Leiden, 27 August – 2 September 2000, Leuven: Peeters 2004, 27-38.

Dictionaries

Introductory remarks on dictionaries: Coptic dictionaries traditionally only contain the part of the lexicon of the Coptic language derived from Ancient Egyptian. This is due to the fact that they were first compiled in an age in which every educated person was expected to read the classical languages fluently. Little attention was then given to the fact that the words of the Coptic language derived from Greek may have a meaning which differs considerably from the meaning the same words have in the Greek of a, let’s say, Plato or Aristotle. At this point of learning Coptic it is not necessary to purchase one of the Dictionaries listed below, although access to a dictionary will be necessary for the advanced study of Coptic. For the purposes of this unit, the glossaries in the textbook (pp. 209-358 for the words of Egyptian origin, pp. 359-363 for those of Greek origin) are quite sufficient. However, if students should happen to wish to consult one of the Coptic dictionaries listed below, they will notice that the arrangement of word in the dictionaries is different from that of the textbook. Since the dictionaries were compiled by scholars with an Egyptological training, they are arranged according to the principles of the dictionaries for Ancient Egyptian, i. e. according to the consonantal roots of a word, not taking the vowels into account. Thus, you would find the word swtm “to hear” under the consonantal root s-t-m, not taking into account the vowel “w”. A noticeable part of the lexicon of Coptic (in some texts up to 20%) is made up of Greek words. Greek words are especially prominent among the religious terms used by Christians and adherents of faiths competing with Christianity (Gnosticism, Manichaeism) or among the terms used in the administrative, legal, and fiscal system of Egypt. The latter derives from the fact that Greek was used as an administrative language in Egypt from the conquest of the country by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE up to the early 8th century CE. In the Ptolemaic era, before the Roman conquest of Egypt in 31 BCE, it was partly used alongside Demotic (a cursive form of the hieroglyphs), which could be used (this was done mainly by Egyptians) for administrative documents. However, by the middle of the 1st century CE, Greek had become the only administrative language, since the new rulers, the Roman emperors, discouraged the use of Demotic. Coptic on the other hand, as a non-literary language (e.g. for letters), flowered first mainly in monastic circles. The end of the Roman (Byzantine) rule with the Arab conquest of Egypt in 641/2 opened up possibilities for the wider use of Coptic as an administrative language. So since for 600 years Greek was the language in which government and subjects communicated, it is no wonder that Coptic possesses so many so-called “loan” words from Greek. These words, unfortunately, because of the scholarly tradition in lexicography described above, are not contained in the “Coptic” dictionaries even though they should have been. For the purposes of this course you can use the glossary of Greek words provided in the textbook. More advanced students will learn to look them up in the Greek dictionaries listed below. Apart from the large dictionary by Liddell and Scott, for religious terms Bauer and Lampe may be fruitfully consulted, for administrative or military terms Sophocles is useful.

Coptic

ern, Jaroslav, Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge 1976. Crum, Walter E., Coptic Dictionary, Oxford 1939 (The most comprehensive dictionary of the Coptic language, contains references, but no etymologies). Kasser, Rodolphe, Compléments au dictionnaire copte de Crum. Bibliothèque d’études coptes, Cairo 1964. Smith, Richard, A concise Coptic-English Lexicon, Grand Rapids 1983 (2nd edition Scholars’ Press 1999) (emphasis on Biblical and Gnostic materials). Spiegelberg, Wilhelm, Koptisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg 1912 (superseded by Westendorf). 21

Strasbach, M.-O. and B. Barc, Dictionnaire inversé du copte. Cahiers de la Bibliothèque Copte 2, Louvain, Peeters, 1984 (dictionary which inverts the order of words and letters, particularly useful for filling in lacunae when editing Coptic manuscripts professionally, no meanings given). Westendorf, Wolfhart, Koptisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg 1965-77 (comprehensive Coptic- German dictionary, contains few references to original sources, but the large number of etymologies given make it particularly valuable for Egyptologists).

Greek

Bauer, W. A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature: a translation and adaptation of the fourth revised and augmented edition of Walter Bauer’s Griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch zu den Schriften des Neuen Testaments und der übrigen urchristlichen Literatur, by William F. Arndt and F. Wilbur Gingrich; 2nd ed., rev. and augmented by F. Wilbur Gingrich and Frederick W. Danker from Walter Bauer’s 5th ed., 1958, Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1979. Förster, Hans, Wörterbuch der griechischen Wörter in den koptischen dokumentarischen Texten, Berlin- New York: De Gruyter 2002 (dictionary of all terms of Greek origin to be found in Coptic documentary sources, full references to the original sources, valuable, with some limitations, also for literary Coptic). Lampe, G. W. H., A Patristic Greek Lexicon, Oxford: Oxford University Press 1961. Liddell, H. G. and R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon. New (Ninth) Edition Completed 1940, with a Supplement 1968, Oxford, Oxford University Press 1976 (also available online at the Perseus Project http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/resolveform). Sophocles, E. A., Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods (From B.C. 146 to A.D. 1100), New York 1887 (various reprints; paperback edition 2004).

Grammars and Chrestomathies 1

Eccles, Lance, Introductory Coptic Reader. Selection from the Gospel of Thomas with Full Grammatical Explanations, Kensington 1991. *Lambdin, Thomas O., Introduction to Sahidic Coptic, Macon: Mercer UP 1983 (2nd edition 1992). *Layton, Bentley, A Coptic Grammar. Porta Linguarum Orientalium N. S. 20, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz 2000. Layton, Bentley, Coptic Gnostic Chrestomathy. A Selection of Coptic Texts with Grammatical Analysis and Glossary, Leuven: Peeters 2004. *Mallon, Alexis, Grammaire copte: bibliographie, chrestomathie et vocabulaire, 4 éd. revue par Michel Malinine, Beyrouth 1956. Plisch, Uwe-Karsten, Einführung in die koptische Sprache (sahidischer Dialekt). Sprachen und Kulturen des Christlichen Orients 5. Wiesbaden: Reichert 1999. Plumley, J.M., An Introductory Coptic Grammar (Sahidic Dialect), London: Home & Van Thal, 1948. Polotsky, Hans Jacob, Grundlagen des koptischen Satzbaus, American Studies in Papyrology 28, 29, Decatur GA: Scholars Press, 2 vols., 1987, 1990. *Reintges, Chris, Coptic Egyptian (Sahidic Dialect). A Learner’s Grammar. Afrikawissenschaftliche Lehrbücher 15, Köln: Rüdiger Köppe 2004. *Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Coptic Grammatical Chrestomathy. A Course for Academic and Private Study. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 30, Leuven: Peeters 1988. Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Coptic Grammatical Categories. Structural Studies in the Syntax of Shenoutean Sahidic. Analecta Orientalia 53, Roma, Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, 1986. Stern, Ludwig, Koptische Grammatik, Leipzig: T. O. Weigel 1880. 2 Till, Walter, Koptische Grammatik, Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz 1961. Torallas Tovar, Sofía, Gramática de Copto Sahídico. Manuales y Anejos de “Emérita” 63, Madrid 2001.

1 A chrestomathy is a choice of text passages, especially to help in learning a language. 22

Vergote, J., Grammaire Copte, 2 vols., vol. 1: Introduction, phonétique et phonologie, morphologie synthématique (structure des sémantèmes), vol. 2: Morphologie syntagmatique, Leuven 1973/1983. Of interest may also be: Online Bibliography on the Egyptian language, including Coptic: Glyphs and Grammars Part II: Advanced Resources, compiled by Michael Tilgner and Aayko Eyma: http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/Alley/4482/glyphs2.html

History of the Egyptian Language

General

Loprieno, Antonio, Ancient Egyptian and other Afroasiatic Languages, in: J. Sasson (ed.), Civilizations of The Ancient Near East. London: Scribners 1995, 2135-2150. *Loprieno, Antonio, Ancient Egyptian, A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1995. (Online review by J. G. Manning in the Bryn Mawr Classical Review: http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2000/2000-08-14.html) **Loprieno, Antonio, Egyptian and Coptic, in: Roger D. Woodard (ed.) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’s Ancient Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, Ch. 7. Loprieno, Antonio, From Ancient Egyptian to Coptic, in: Martin Haspelmath et alii (eds.), Language Typology and Language Universals/Sprachtypologie und sprachliche Universalien/La Typologie des langues et les universaux linguistiques: An International Handbook/Ein internationales Handbuch/Manuel international, 1-2. Berlin: de Gruyter 2001, 1742-61.

Development of Coptic and disappearance of Demotic

Depauw, Mark, A Companion to Demotic Studies, Bruxelles: Fondation Reine Elisabeth 1997. Hodge, Carleton T., Coptic Double Consonants, in: Yoel Arbeitman and Allan R. Bomhard (eds.), Bono Homini Donum: Essays in Historical Linguistics in Memory of J. Alexander Kern, Amsterdam: Benjamins 1981, 659-664. **Lewis, Naphtali, The Demise of the Demotic Documents: When and Why, in: Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 79 (1993), 276-281. Quaegebeur, Jan, Pre-Coptic, in: Coptic Encyclopedia 8 (1991), 188-190. Quaegebeur, Jan, Pre-Old Coptic, in: Coptic Encyclopedia 8 (1991), 190-191. Quaegebeur, Jan, De la préhistoire de l’écriture copte, in: Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica 13 (1982), 125-136. Ritner, Robert K., The Coptic Alphabet, in: Peter T. Daniels and William Bright (eds.), The World’s Writing Systems, New York: Oxford UP 1996. 287-90, 295-96. Satzinger, Helmut, Old Coptic, in: Coptic Encyclopedia 8 (1991), 169-175. Satzinger, Helmut, Die altkoptischen Texte als Zeugnisse der Beziehung zwischen Ägyptern und Griechen, in: P. Nagel (ed.), Graeco-Coptica, Halle, Martin-Luther-Univers., 1984 = Wiss. Beiträge 48, 137-146. Satzinger, Helmut, On the Prehistory of the Coptic Dialects, in: W. Godlewski (ed.), Coptic Studies. Acts of the Third International Congress of Coptic Studies, Warsaw, 20-25 Aug. 1984, Warszawa 1990, 413-416. Satzinger, Helmut, On the Origin of the Sahidic Dialect, in: T. Orlandi and F. Wisse (eds.), Acts of the Second International Congress of Coptic Studies Roma 22-26 September 1980, Roma 1985, 307- 312.

Loan words in Coptic

Funk, Wolf-Peter, Polis, Polites und Politeia im Koptischen. Zu einigen Fragen des einschlägigen koptischen Lehnwortschatzes, in: E.Ch. Welskopf (ed.), Das Fortleben altgriechischer sozialer Typenbegriffe in den Sprachen der Welt, 2. Teil, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag 1982, 283-320. 23

Hopfner, Theodor, Über Form und Gebrauch der griechischen Lehnwörter in der koptisch-sacidischen Apophthegmaversion. Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Philosophisch- Historische Klasse 62/2, Wien 1917. Horn, Jürgen, Latino-Coptica. Erwägungen zur den lateinischen Lehnwörtern des koptischen Wortschatzes, in: AA VV, Atti del XVII Congresso Internazionale di Papirologia, Napoli: Centro Internazionale per lo Studio dei Papiri Ercolanensi 1984, 1361-1376. Kasser, Rodolphe, Vocabulary, Copto-Greek, in: Coptic Encyclopedia 8 (1991), 215-222. Paryski, Marie, A Study of Greek Loan-Words in the Sahidic Bohairic Dialects of the Coptic Language, Ph.D. Diss. University of Michigan 1941. Girgis, W. A., Greek loan words in Coptic I-V, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte 17 (1964) 63- 73; 18 (1966), 71-96; 19 (1970) 57-88; 20 (1971) 53-68; 21 (1975) 33-53. Anba Gregorius, Greek Loan Words in Coptic. Greek Conjunctions in Coptic, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte 30 (1991), 77-92. (Anba) Gregorius, Greek Loan Words in Coptic, VI, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte 23 (1976-8), 199-222.

Phonology

Hintze, Fritz, Zur Koptischen Phonologie, in: Enchoria 10 (1980), 23-91. **Loprieno, Antonio, Egyptian and Coptic Phonology, in: Alan S. Kaye and Peter T. Daniels (eds.), Phonologies of Asia and Africa (Including the Caucasus), I-II, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1997, 431-60. *Peust, Carsten, Egyptian Phonology, Göttingen: Peust & Gutschmidt Verlag 1999 (pp. 33-39 and 65-67 on e-reserve). Satzinger, Helmut, Koptische Vokalphoneme und ägyptische Pluralformation, in: Stephen Emmel et alii (eds.), Ägypten und Nubien in spätantiker und christlicher Zeit. Akten des 6. Internationalen Koptologenkongresses, Münster, 20.-26. Juli 1996, Band 2, (= Sprachen und Kulturen des christlichen Orients, 6,2), Wiesbaden: Reichert 1999, 365-374. Satzinger, Helmut, Phonologie des koptischen Verbs (Sacidischer Dialekt), in: Manfred Görg and Edgar Pusch (eds.), Festschrift Elmar Edel, 12. März 1979. Ägypten und Altes Testament 1, Bamberg 1979, 343-389. Till, Walter C. Betrachtungen zum Wortakzent im Koptischen, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte 13 (1951), 13-22. Worrell, William H., Syllabic consonants in Sahidic Coptic, in: Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 69 (1933), 130-131. Worrell, William H., Coptic sounds. University of Michigan studies, humanistic series 26. Ann Arbor 1943

Morphology

Nominal

Callender, John B., Appositive Constructions in Sahidic, in: D.W. Young (ed), Studies Presented to H.J. Polotsky, Beacon Hill MS: Pirtle Polson, 1981, 68-79. Depuydt, Leo, Possessivpronomina und Possessivausdrücke im Koptischen, in: Enchoria 13 (1985), 207- 209. Layton, Bentley, The Coptic Determinator Syntagm and Its Constituents, in: Journal of Coptic Studies 1 (1990), 79-97. Polotsky, Hans Jacob, “Article” and “Determinative Pronoun” in Coptic, in: Lingua Aegyptia 1 (1991), 241- 242. Polotsky, Hans Jacob, Die koptischen Possessiva, in: Enchoria 13 (1985), 89-96. Polotsky, Hans Jacob, Zur Determination in Koptischen, in: Orientalia 58 (1989), 464-472. Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, What’s In a Name? On Coptic (PA-) “(he) of-”, in: Enchoria 13 (1985), 97-102. 24

Satzinger, Helmut, On the Definiteness of the Coptic Noun, in: M. Rassart-Debergh and J. Ries (eds.), Actes du IVe Congrès Copte, Louvain-la-Neuve, 5-10 sept. 1988, Publications de l’Institut Orientaliste de Louvain 41, Louvain-la-Neuve, Institut Orientaliste 1992. 2 vols., vol. 2, p. 74-81. Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, The Proper Name: Structural Prolegomena to Its Syntax. A Case Study in Coptic, Beihefte zur Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 15, Wien 1989.

Verbal

Dembska, Albertyna, Remarks on the Origin of Coptic t Suffix-pronoun 1st pers. sing. c., in: Bulletin de la Société d’Egyptologie de Genève 11 (1987), 27-36. Elanskaya, Alla I., The T-Causative in Coptic, in: D. W. Young (ed.), Studies Presented to Hans Jakob Polotsky, Beacon Hill MS: Pirtle Polson, 1981, 80-130. Emmel, Stephen, Proclitic Forms of the Verb 75 in Coptic, in: D. W. Young (ed.), Studies Presented to Hans Jakob Polotsky, Beacon Hill MS: Pirtle Polson 1981, 131-146. Funk, Wolf-Peter, Toward a Synchronic Morphology of Coptic, in: R. McL. Wilson, The Future of Coptic Studies, Leiden: Brill 1978, 104-24. Green, Michael, The Coptic share Pattern and its Ancient Egyptian Ancestors. A Reassessment of the Aorist Pattern in the Egyptian Language, Warminster: Aris & Phillips 1987. Layton, Bentley, A Penultimate Personal Object Morph in Classical Sahidic Coptic, in: Stephen Emmel et alii (eds.), Ägypten und Nubien in spätantiker und christlicher Zeit. Akten des 6. Internationalen Koptologenkongresses, Münster, 20.-26.Juli 1996, Band 2 (= Sprachen und Kulturen des christlichen Orients, 6,2), Wiesbaden: Reichert 1999, 347-358. Nagel, Peter, Die Determination des Subjektnomens im Präsens I und das Problem der Satztypen des Koptischen, in: Hallesche Beitrage zur Orientwissenschaft 2, (1980), 77-93. Quecke, Hans, Zur Passivumschreibung im Koptischen, in: Jürgen Osing and Günter Dreyer (eds.), Form und Mass, Beiträge zur Literatur, Sprache und Kunst des alten Ägypten, Festschrift für Gerhard Fecht, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1987, 395-404. Reintges, Chris, Aspects of the morphosyntax of subjects and objects in Coptic Egyptian, in: Ton van der Wouden and Hans Broekhuis (eds.) Linguistics in the Netherlands 2001, Amsterdam 2001, 177- 188. Reintges, Chris, Second Tenses don’t exist, in: M. Immerzeel & J. van der Vliet (eds.), Coptic studies on the threshold of a new millennium. Proceedings of the seventh International congress of Coptic studies, Leiden, 27 August-2 September 2000, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 133, Leuven: Peeters 2004, 131-144. Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Apodotic e3swtm: A hitherto unnoticed Late Coptic tripartite pattern conjugation form and its diachronic perspective, in: Le Muséon 86 (1973), 455-466. Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Protativ e3swtm: A hitherto unnoticed Coptic tripartite conjugation form and its diachronic connections, in: Orientalia 43 (1974), 369-381. Young, Dwight W., The Coptic Tenses in the Writings of Shenoute, Ph.D. Diss. Dropsie College 1955. Other categories Layton, Bentley, Compound Prepositions in Sahidic Coptic, in: D.W. Young (ed), Studies Presented to H.J. Polotsky, Beacon Hill MS: Pirtle Polson, 1981, 239-268.

Syntax

General

Reintges, Chris, Agreement marking, case assignment and the composition of the Coptic clause, in: Göttinger Miszellen 180 (2001), 97-102. Reintges, Chris, Syntactic conditions on special inflection in Coptic Interrogatives, in: Jacqueline Lecarme (ed.), Research in Afroasiatic Grammar II. Papers from the fifth conference on Afroasiatic languages (Paris, June 2000), Current issues in linguistic theory 241, Amsterdam 2003, 363-408. Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Existential Statements in the Sahidic New Testament. Work Notes, in: Göttinger Miszellen 77 (1984), 67-79. 25

Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Bohairic Narrative Grammar, in: Stephen Emmel et alii (eds.), Ägypten und Nubien in spätantiker und christlicher Zeit. Akten des 6. Internationalen Koptologenkongresses, Münster, 20.-26. Juli 1996, Band 2 (= Sprachen und Kulturen des christlichen Orients, 6,2), Wiesbaden: Reichert 1999, 375-389. Till, Walter C., Die Satzarten im Koptischen, in: Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung 2 (1954), 378-402.

Nominal Sentence

Callender, John B., Studies in the Nominal Sentence in Egyptian and Coptic, Near Eastern Studies 24, Berkeley: University of California Publications 1985. Depuydt, Leo, Specificity or Emphasis in Egyptian and Coptic Nominal Sentences?, in: Chronique d’Egypte 61 (1986), 358-367. Depuydt, Leo, The Emphatic Nominal Sentence in Egyptian and Coptic, in: G. Englund, P. J. Frandsen (eds.), Crossroad. Chaos or the Beginning of a New Paradigm, Kobenhavn: Carsten Niebuhr Institute, 1986, 91-118. Depuydt, Leo, The Emphatic Nominal Sentence in Egyptian and Coptic, in: Orientalia 56 (1987) 37-54 Funk, Wolf-Peter, Formen und Funktionen des interlokutiven Nominalsatzes in den koptischen Dialekten (I), Langues orientales anciennes - philologie et linguistique (LOAPL), 3 (1991), 1-75. Schenkel, Wolfgang, “Spezifizität” - der Schlüssel zum ägyptisch-koptischen Nominalsatz?, in: Bibliotheca Orientalis 42 (1985), 255-265. Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Grammatical Discovery Procedure and the Egyptian-Coptic Nominal Sentence, in: Orientalia 56 (1987), 147-175. Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Notes on some Coptic nominal sentence patterns, in: Studien zur Sprache und Religion Ägyptens. Zu Ehren von Wolfhart Westendorf überreicht von seinen Freunden und Schülern, 2 vols., vol. 1: Sprache, Göttingen: Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie 1984, 175- 189.

Verbal System

Depuydt, Leo, A propos de la notion de mouvement en copte et en égyptien, in: Chronique d’Egypte 60 (1985), 85-95. Depuydt, Leo, For the sake of ouw4, ‘love’: an exception to the Stern-Jernstedt Rule and its History, in: Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 79 (1993), 282-286. Funk, Wolf-Peter, Zur Syntax des koptischen Qualitativs, in: Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 104 (1977), 25-39. Green, Michael, The tare pattern in Coptic non-biblical texts, in: Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 110 (1983), 132-143. Jernstedt, Peter V., Zum Gebrauch des koptischen Qualitativs, in: Doklad Akademii Nauk SSSR 1925, 74-77. Jernstedt, Peter V., Das koptische Präsens und die Anknüpfungsarten des näheren Objekts. Doklad Akademii Nauk SSSR 2 1927, 69-74. Loprieno, Antonio, From VSO to SVO? Word Order and Rear Extraposition in Coptic, in: Rosanna Sornicola, Erich Poppe and Ariel Shisha-Halevy (eds.), Stability, Variation and Change of Word- Order Patterns over Time, Amsterdam: Benjamins 2000, 23-39. **Polotsky, Hans Jacob, The Coptic Conjugation System, in: Orientalia 29 (1960), 392-422 (reprinted in Polotsky, H.J., Collected Papers, Jerusalem: Magnes Press 1971). Polotsky, Hans Jacob, Verbalaspekte im Koptischen, in: Göttinger Miszellen 88 (1985), 19-24. Quecke, Hans, Zum substantivischen Relativsatz im Koptischen, in: T. Orlandi and F. Wisse (eds.), Acts of the Second Int. Congress of Coptic Studies, Roma: CIM 1985, 261-281. Reintges, Chris, A configurational approach to Coptic second tenses, in: Lingua Aegyptia 10 (2002), 343- 388. 26

Reintges, Chris, Stem Allomorphy, Verb Movement and Case Assignment in Coptic Egyptian, in: Marcel den Dikken and Kees Hengeveld (eds.), Linguistics in the Netherlands 1995, Amsterdam: Benjamins 1995, 191-202. Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, The “Tautological Infinitive” in Coptic: A Structural Examination, in: Journal of Coptic Studies 1 (1990), 99-127. Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Some Reflections on the Egyptian Conjunctive, in: Cäcilia Fluck et alii (eds.), Divitiae Aegypti. Koptologische und verwandte Studien zu Ehren von Martin Krause, Wiesbaden: Reichert 1995, 300-314. Weima, J. A. D., The Second Tense in the Gospel of Thomas: The “Sleeping Beauty” of the Coptic Verbal System, in: Orientalia 59 (1990), 335-439.

Semantics and Pragmatics

Bosson, Nathalie, Expression de la comparaison en langue copte saidique, in: Faits de Langues: Revue de Linguistique 5 (1995), 109-22. Bosson, Nathalie, De l'expression du rapport à l’objet en langue copte, in: Stephen Emmel et alii (eds.), Ägypten und Nubien in spätantiker und christlicher Zeit. Akten des 6. Internationalen Koptologenkongresses, Münster, 20.-26. Juli 1996, Band 2 (= Sprachen und Kulturen des christlichen Orients, 6,2), Wiesbaden: Reichert 1999, 327-334. Dembska, Albertyna, A Note on the Meaning of the Coptic Verb twoun ‘Arise,’ ‘Rise’, in: Rocznik Orientalistyczny 46 (1): 105-110. Depuydt, Leo, The Meaning of the Coptic Particle rw and Related Constructions in Semitic and Other Languages, in: Journal of Coptic Studies 3 (2001), 113-128. Depuydt, Leo, “Voir” et “regarder” en copte: etude synchronique et diachronique, in: Revue d’Egyptologie 36 (1985) 35-42. Funk, Wolf-Peter, On a Semantic Typology of Conditional Sentences, in: Folia Linguistica 19 (1985), 365- 413. Quecke, Hans, Zur direkten und indirekten Rede im Koptischen, in: Journal of Coptic Studies 1 (1990), 129-35. Reintges, Chris, Code-mixing strategies in Coptic Egyptian, in: Lingua Aegyptia 9 (2001), 193-237. Young, Dwight W., On Shenoute’s Use of Present I, in: Journal of Near Eastern Studies 20 (1961), 115- 119. Young, Dwight W., Unfulfilled Conditions in Shenoute’s Dialect, in: Journal of the American Oriental Society 89 (1969), 399-407. Young, Dwight W., Esope and the Conditional Conjugation, in: Journal of Near Eastern Studies 21 (1962), 175-185.

Online resources

On the home page of Dr Lance Eccles at Macquarie University, several valuable study aids for Coptic are available in pdf-format: http://laurel.ocs.mq.edu.au/~leccles/coptic.html • Outline of Sahidic Morphology • Outline of Bohairic Morphology • A Short Classified English-Coptic (Sahidic) Vocabulary and • The same vocabulary together with example sentences • Selections from the Life of Bishop Pisentius with English translation • Notes on Selections from Pisentius

7.5 Additional Biblography on Coptic Dialects

NOTE: Many general studies on the Coptic language or individual phenomena will transgress dialect border and will thus be contained already in the bibliography centered on Sahidic Coptic given above. They will not be repeated here. Mutatis mutandis, the bibliography given below, which 27

focusses on dialects, will contain valuable information on Coptic in general and on the Sahidic dialect in particular.

Dialectology, General and Transdialectal Studies

Barta, Winfried, Versuch einer Grobgliederung der ägyptisch-koptischen Syntax, in: Regine Schulz, Manfred Görg (eds.), Lingua Restituta Orientalis. Festgabe... Julius Assfalg, Ägypten und Altes Testament 20, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz 1990, 9-16. Cartreau, Frédéric, Système “codique” et système “codé”: Pertinence linguistique de la variante graphique en copte, in: LOAPL (Langues Orientales Anciennes, Philologique Et Linguistique) 1 (1988), 33-47. Clarysse, Willy, Greek Accents on Egyptian Names, in: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 119 (1997), 177-184. Funk, Wolf-Peter, Dialects Wanting Homes: A Numerical Approach to the Early Varieties of Coptic, in: Jacek Fisiak (ed.), Historical Dialectology, Regional and Social. Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs 37, Berlin etc.: Mouton de Gruyter 1988, 149-192. Funk, Wolf-Peter, L’apport de la dialectologie à l’étude des documents littéraires coptes, in: Annuaire, École pratique des Hautes Études 99 (1990-91), 321-324. Funk, Wolf-Peter, Toward a Linguistic Classification of the “Sahidic” Nag Hammadi Texts, in: David W. Johnson (ed.), Acts of the Fifth International Congress of Coptic Studies, Washington, 12-15 August 1992. Vol. 2, Part 1-2, Papers from the Sections, Roma: CIM 1993, 163-177. Funk, Wolf-Peter, Eine frühkoptische Ausgleichsorthographie für Unter- und Mittelägypten?, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Egyptologie de Genève 4 (1980), 33-38. Funk, Wolf-Peter, Koptische Isoglossen im oberägyptischen Raum (3, 4), in: Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache 114 (1987), 45-54. Funk, Wolf-Peter, Koptische Isoglossen im Oberägyptischen Raum. 1 ESCE “wenn” etc., in: Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache 112 (1985), 19-24. Funk, Wolf-Peter, Koptische Isoglossen im oberägyptischen Raum. 2, in: Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache 113 (1986), 103-114. Funk, Wolf-Peter, Zur Negation des Präsens in den oberägyptischen Dialekten, in: Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache 114 (1987), 101-102. Hintze, Fritz, Eine Klassifizierung der koptischen Dialekte, in: AA. VV., Studien zu Sprache und Religion Ägyptens. Zu Ehren von Wolfhart Westendorf überreicht von seinen Freunden und Schülern, Göttingen: Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie 1984, 411-432. Hintze, Fritz, Zur koptischen Phonologie, in: Enchoria 10 (1980), 23-92. Junge, Friedrich, Late Egyptian Grammar, Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 2001. Kasser, Rodolphe, Dialects, in: Coptic Encyclopedia 8 (1991), 87-97. Kasser, Rodolphe, Á propos des caractéristiques lexicales des dialectes coptes dans divers textes bibliques, in: Wlodzimierz Godlewski (ed.), Coptic Studies. Acts of the Third International Congress of Coptic Studies, Warsaw, 20-25 August 1984, Warszawa: PWN 1990, 187-194. Kasser, Rodolphe, A Standard System of Sigla for Referring to the Dialects of Coptic, in: Journal of Coptic Studies 1 (1990), 141-151. Kasser, Rodolphe, Aleph initial ou final en copte, in: Orientalia 57 (1988), 139-144. Kasser, Rodolphe, EI ou I pour /I/ ou /J/ dans les dialectes coptes, in: Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 20 (1983), 123-126. Kasser, Rodolphe, Le copte vraiment vivant, ses idiomes écrits (langues, dialectes, subdialectes) au cours de leur millénaire (IIIe-XIIe siècles environ), in: Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte 28 (1986-89), 11-50. Kasser, Rodolphe, Les dialectes coptes et les versions coptes bibliques, in: Biblica 46 (1965), 287-310. Kasser, Rodolphe, Les sonantes portant l’accent tonique et les sonantes entièrement atones en usage ou non-usage dans l’orthographe spécifique des langues et (sub)dialectes coptes, in: Cäcilia Fluck et al., Divitiae Aegypti. Koptologische und verwandte Studien zu Ehren von Martin Krause, Wiesbaden, Reichert 1995, 181-199. 28

Kasser, Rodolphe, Marius Chaîne et la thèse d’une relation phonologique privilégiée entre les langues coptes saïdique et bohaïrique, in: Journal of Coptic Studies 1 (1990), 73-77. Kasser, Rodolphe, Nommer les principaux graphemes vieux-coptes?, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Egyptologie de Genève 12 (1988), 53-57. Kasser, Rodolphe, Orthographe (sub)dialectale copte du vocabulaire copto-grec avant le VIIIe siecle de notre ère, in: Museum Helveticum 40 (1983), 207-215. Kasser, Rodolphe, OTUs et OTUs: taxonomie, discernement et distinction des catégories en dialectologie et géographie dialectale coptes, in: Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale 87 (1987), 225-253. Kasser, Rodolphe, Phonologie superficielle et sou-jacente en Copte, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte 26 (1984), 43-50. Kasser, Rodolphe, Prééminence de l’alphabet grec dans les divers alphabets coptes. Première partie: Propos liminaires, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Egyptologie de Genève 15 (1991), 57-68. Kasser, Rodolphe, Prééminence de l’alphabet grec dans les divers alphabets coptes. Seconde partie: spécimens textuels, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Egyptologie de Genève 16 (1993), 51-64. Kasser, Rodolphe, Prolegomènes à un essai de classification systématique des dialectes et subdialectes coptes selon les critères de la phonétique, in: Le Muséon 93 (1980), 53-112, 237-298; 94 (1981), 91-152. Kasser, Rodolphe, Sigles des dialectes coptes. Propositions pour une convention permettant d’unifier les divers usages systématiques actuellement en vigueur, in: J.-M. Rosenstiehl (ed.). Troisième Journée d’Etudes (Musée du Louvre, 23 mai 1986). Etudes Coptes III. Cahiers de la Bibliothèque Copte 4, Louvain-Paris, Peeters: 1989, 1-10. Kasser, Rodolphe, Terminologie dialectale dans les dictionnaires coptes, in: AA. VV., Studien zu Sprache und Religion Ägyptens. Zu Ehren von Wolfhart Westendorf überreicht von seinen Freunden und Schülern, Göttingen: Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie 1984, 433-446. Kasser, Rodolphe, Voyelles en fonction consonantique consonnes en fonction vocalique et classes de phonèmes en Copte, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Egyptologie de Genève 5 (1981), 33-50. Kasser, Rodolphe, Voyelles et syllabes toniques, mi-toniques et atones en copte, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Egyptologie de Genève 17 (1993), 49-55. Loprieno, Antonio, Methodologische Anmerkungen zur Rolle der Dialekte in der ägyptischen Sprachentwicklung, in: Göttinger Miszellen 53 (1981-2), 75-95. Lüddeckens, Erich, Ägypten, in: Günter Neumann (ed.), Die Sprachen im Römischen Reich der Kaiserzeit (Kolloquium vom 8. bis 10. April 1974), Köln: Rheinland Verlag 1980, 241-266. MacCoull, Leslie S. B., Egyptian Coptic Language Pamphlets: The Challenge of a Typology of Errors, in: Coptic Church Review 6 (1985), 17-21. MacCoull, Leslie S. B., The Teshlot Papyri and the Survival of Documentary Coptic in the Eleventh Century, in: Orientalia Christiana Periodica 55 (1989), 201-206. Meeks, Dimitri, Etymologies coptes. Notes et remarques, in: S. Giversen, M. Krause, P. Nagel (eds.), Coptology: Past, Present, and Future. Studies in Honour of Rodolphe Kasser, Leuven: Peeters 1994, 197-212. Oerter, Wolf B., Die sogenannten Nominalpräfixe: Zur Anwendung eines Begriffs in Grammatiken des Koptischen, in: Stephen Emmel et alii (eds.), Ägypten und Nubien in spätantiker und christlicher Zeit. Akten des 6. Internationalen Koptologenkongresses, Münster, 20.-26. Juli 1996, Band 2, (= Sprachen und Kulturen des christlichen Orients, 6,2), Wiesbaden: Reichert 1999, 359-364. Osing, Jürgen, Einige koptische Etymologien, in: Annales du Service des Antiquités Egyptiennes 71 (1987), 205-212. Osing, Jürgen, Koptische Etymologien, in: AA. VV., Studien zu Sprache und Religion Ägyptens. Zu Ehren von Wolfhart Westendorf überreicht von seinen Freunden und Schülern, Göttingen: Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie 1984, 283-288. Schenke, Hans-Martin, Zur Bildung der Nomina in der Ägyptischen Sprache, in: Orientalistische Literatur- zeitung 77 (1982), 229-236. Till, Walter, Koptische Dialektgrammatik, mit Lesestücken und Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. Munich 1961. 29

Vergote, Jozef, Essai de comparaison diachronique entre les systèmes de conjugaison égyptiens et copte. Le conjonctif, in: AA. VV., L’Egyptologie en 1979. Axes prioritaires... 1, Paris: CNRS 1982, 77-80. Vycichl, Werner, Die altägyptische Nominalendung -u und ihr Fortleben im Koptischen, in: S. Giversen, M. Krause, P. Nagel (eds.), Coptology: Past, Present, and Future. Studies in Honour of Rodolphe Kasser, Leuven: Peeters 1994, 249-252.

Akhmimic

Funk, Wolf-Peter, Zur Frage der achmimischen Version der Evangelien, in: S. Giversen, M. Krause, P. Nagel (eds.), Coptology: Past, Present, and Future. Studies in Honour of Rodolphe Kasser, Leuven: Peeters 1994, 327-340. Kasser, Rodolphe, Gémination de voyelles dans le P. Bodmer VI, in: T. Orlandi, F. Wisse (eds.), Acts of the Second International Congress of Coptic Studies, Roma: CIM 1985, 89-120. Kasser, Rodolphe, Usage de la surligne dans le P. Bodmer VI. Notes additionelles, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Egyptologie de Genève 5 (1981), 23-32. Kasser, Rodolphe, Usage de la surligne dans le Papyrus Bodmer VI, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Egyptologie de Genève 4 (1980), 53-59. Nagel, Peter, Akhmimic, in: Coptic Encyclopedia 8 (1991), 19-27. Till, Walter, Achmimisch-Koptische Grammatik, Leipzig 1928.

Bohairic

Cannuyer, Christian, KEPITO: Heritier Bohairique de Hw.t-k3-Pth?, Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache 112 (1985), 115-118. Kasser, Rodolphe, Djinkim sur tel graphème nasal ou vocalique de la langue copte bohaïrique, in: David W. Johnson (ed.), Acts of the Fifth International Congress of Coptic Studies, Washington, 12-15 August 1992. Vol. 2, Part 1-2, Papers from the Sections, Roma: CIM 1993, 235-245. Kasser, Rodolphe, Langue copte bohairique: Son attestation par les inscriptions des Kellia et leur évaluation linguistique, in: Stephen Emmel et alii (eds.), Ägypten und Nubien in spätantiker und christlicher Zeit. Akten des 6. Internationalen Koptologenkongresses, Münster, 20.-26. Juli 1996, Band 2, (= Sprachen und Kulturen des christlichen Orients, 6,2), Wiesbaden: Reichert 1999, 335- 346. Kasser, Rodolphe, Le Djinkim en usage dominant dans l’orthographe ‘classique’ de la langue Bohaïrique (aux XIIIe-XIVe siècles surtout): parallèles, antécédents, principes et réalisation, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte 33 (1994), 109-142. Kasser, Rodolphe, Le Pap. Vat. Copto 9, codex des Petits Prophètes (note préliminaire sur la variété subdialectale B74 de ce témoin “Bohaïrique ancien”, IVe s.), in: M. Rassart-Debergh and J. Ries (eds.), Actes du IVe Congrès Copte, Louvain-la-Neuve, 5-10 sept. 1988, 2 vols, vol. 2, Publications de l’Institut Orientaliste de Louvain 41, Louvain: Institut Orientaliste 1992, 64-73. Kasser, Rodolphe, L’épigraphie copte aux Kellia et l’information qu’elle donne sur l’importance de la langue Bohairique B5, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte 37 (1998), 15-48. Kasser, Rodolphe, Phnouti, Compendium surligné puis non surligné dans l’orthographe de la langue copte bohaïrique, in: U. Luft (ed.), The Intellectual Heritage of Egypt (Misc. Kákosy), Studia Aegyptiaca 14, Budapest 1992, 335-341. Roquet, Gérard, Syntaxe de deux allomorphes à gradation prosodique specialisée: NIM et NEM bohairiques en fonction d’exclamatifs, in: AA. VV., Deuxième journée d’études coptes, Louvain- Paris: Peeters 1986, 57-80. Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Bohairic, in: Coptic Encyclopedia 8 (1991), 53-60. Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Bohairic-Late Egyptian Diaglosses: A Contribution to the Typology of Egyptian, in: D.W. Young (ed.), Studies Presented to H.J. Polotsky, Beacon Hill MS: Pirtle Polson 1981, 314- 338. 30

Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Pluridimensional Oppositions: Three Case Studies in Scripture (Pentateuch) Bohairic, in: S. Giversen, M. Krause, P. Nagel (eds.), Coptology: Past, Present, and Future. Studies in Honour of Rodolphe Kasser, Leuven: Peeters 1994, 225-248. Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Bohairic Narrative Grammar, in: Stephen Emmel et alii (eds.), Ägypten und Nubien in spätantiker und christlicher Zeit. Akten des 6. Internationalen Koptologenkongresses, Münster, 20.-26. Juli 1996, Band 2, (= Sprachen und Kulturen des christlichen Orients, 6,2), Wiesbaden: Reichert 1999, 375-389. Zakrzewska, Ewa D., Adverbial Clauses in the Structure of the Text: The Case of the Bohairic «Participium Absolutum», in: Stephen Emmel et alii (eds.), Ägypten und Nubien in spätantiker und christlicher Zeit. Akten des 6. Internationalen Koptologenkongresses, Münster, 20.-26. Juli 1996, Band 2, (= Sprachen und Kulturen des christlichen Orients, 6,2), Wiesbaden: Reichert 1999, 420- 430.

Fayumic

Funk, Wolf-Peter, Gedanken zu zwei faijumischen Fragmenten, in: Christianisme d’Égypte. Hommages à René-Georges Coquin. Cahiers de la Bibliothèque copte 9, Paris-Louvain: Peeters 1995, 93-100. Kasser, Rodolphe, Fayyumic, in: Coptic Encyclopedia 8 (1991), 124-131. Kasser, Rodolphe, “Tu es belle” NANOUI etc. en fajoumique F7, in: Göttinger Miszellen 85 (1985), 41-42. Till, Walter, Koptische Chrestomathie für den fayumischen Dialekt, mit grammatischer Skizze und Anmerkungen, Vienna 1930.

Lycopolitan

Funk, Wolf-Peter, How Closely Related are the Subakhmimic Dialects?, in: Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache 112 (1985), 124-139. Funk, Wolf-Peter, Die Morphologie der Perfektkonjugation im NH-Subachmimischen Dialekt, in: Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache 111 (1984), 110-130. Funk, Wolf-Peter, How Closely Related Are the Subakhmimic Dialects?, in: Wlodzimierz Godlewski (ed.), Coptic Studies. Acts of the Third International Congress of Coptic Studies, Warsaw, 20-25 Aug. 1984, Warszawa: PWN 1990, 117-118. Kasser, Rodolphe, La particule insolite de protase “ENETHE” etc. dans les textes en dialecte copte lycopolitain, in: Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica 15 (1984), 249-252. Kasser, Rodolphe, Lazare conté en un lycodiospolitain d’aspect fort étrange (Jean 10,7-13,38), in: Christianisme d’Égypte. Hommages à René-Georges Coquin, Cahiers de la Bibliothèque copte 9, Paris-Louvain: Peeters 1995, 21-34. Kasser, Rodolphe, Encore un document protolycopolitain, Le Muséon 98 (1985), 79-82. Kasser, Rodolphe, L’identité linguistique du ms. Cambridge Univ. Lib. Or. 1700.1 à la péripherie de l’aire lycopolitaine, in: Le Muséon 99 (1986), 221-228. Kasser, Rodolphe, Orthographie et phonologie de la variété subdialectale lycopolitaine des textes gnostiques coptes de Nag Hammadi, in: Le Muséon 97 (1984), 261-312. Kasser, Rodolphe, Un nouveau document protolycopolitain, in: Orientalia 51 (1982), 30-38. Nagel, Peter, Lycopolitan (or Lyco-Diospolitan or Subakhmimic), in: Coptic Encyclopedia 8 (1991), 151- 159. Nagel, Peter, Thomas der Mitstreiter (zu NHC II 7 : p 138.8), in: Bulletin de la Société d’Egyptologie de Genève 4 (1980), 65-71. Roquet, Gérard, Variation libre, tendence, durée. De quelques traits de langue copte dans les Nag Hammadi Codices, in: AA VV, Ecriture et traditions dans la littérature copte. Cahiers de la bibliothèque copte 1, Louvain: Peeters 1983, 28-36.

Mesokemic

Bosson, Nathalie, 6eb-, forme atone de 6ob (II Thessaloniciens 3,11) dans le codex mésokémique de Milan (P.Mil.Copti 1), in: Göttinger Miszellen 145 (1995), 59-61. 31

Bosson, Nathalie, Le système supralinéaire du Codex de papyrus de Milan en dialecte mésokémique, in: S. Giversen, M. Krause, P. Nagel (eds.), Coptology: Past, Present, and Future. Studies in Honour of Rodolphe Kasser, Leuven: Peeters 1994, 165-192. Funk, Wolf-Peter, Beiträge des Mittelägyptischen Dialekts zum Koptischen Konjugationssystem, in: D.W. Young (ed.), Studies Presented to H.J. Polotsky, Beacon Hill MS: Pirtle Polson 1981, 177-210. Gabra, Gawdat, Bemerkungen zu einigen Wörtern des oxyrhynchitischen (mesokemischen) Psalters, in: S. Giversen, M. Krause, P. Nagel (eds.), Coptology: Past, Present, and Future. Studies in Honour of Rodolphe Kasser, Leuven: Peeters 1994, 193-196. Kasser, Rodolphe, “Djinkim” ou “surligne” dans les textes en dialecte copte Moyen-egyptien, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte 23 (1976-8), 115-157. Kasser, Rodolphe, Subdialectes en Mesokémique?, in: Sebastià Janeras, Miscellania papirologica Ramon Roca-Puig, Barcelona: Fundaciò Salvador Vives Casajuana 1987, 159-170. Schenke, Hans-Martin, Ein Brief als Textzeuge für den mittelägyptischen Dialekt des koptischen (P.Mich. Inv. 525), in: Journal of Coptic Studies 1 (1990), 59-72. Schenke, Hans-Martin, Mesokemic (or Middle Egyptian), in: Coptic Encyclopedia 8 (1991), 162-164. Schenke, Hans-Martin, On the Middle Egyptian Dialect of the Coptic Language, in: Enchoria 8 (1978), 43*(89)-(104)58*. Schenke, Hans-Martin, Mittelägyptische “Nachlese” (I): Bemerkungen zum Adverb HITROUR “schnell” anlässlich der Edition von Restfragmenten der Mailänder mittelägyptischen Handschrift der Paulusbriefe mit einen neuen Beleg, in: Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache 116 (1989), 160-174. Schenke, Hans-Martin, Mittelägyptische “Nachlese” (II): Ein Privatbrief im mittelägyptischen Dialekt des Koptischen, in: Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache 119 (1992), 43-60. Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Middle Egyptian Gleanings: Grammatical Notes on the “Middle Egyptian” Text of Matthew, in: Chronique d’Egypte 58 (1983), 311-329.

Sahidic

Kasser, Rodolphe, Approche de la langue copte proto-saïdique, in: C. Berger, G. Clerc, N. Grimal (eds.), Hommages à Jean Leclant, Bibliothèque d’Étude 104, vol. IV, Le Caire 1994, 152-162, Kasser, Rodolphe, Le dialecte protosaidique de Thebes, in: Archiv für Papyrusforschung 28 (1982), 67- 81.

Other Dialects

Funk, Wolf-Peter, Die Zeugen des koptischen Literaturdialekts I7, in: Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache 114 (1987), 117-133. Kasser, Rodolphe, EF’SO@TM ou EF’SO@TP de l’apodose: Nouveaux exemples en dialecte copte P (dit paléo-thébain), in: Discussions in Egyptology 30 (1994), 65-72. Kasser, Rodolphe, Graphèmes coptes jumeaux (KXC ambivalents à double origine possible), in: Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica 19 (1988), 117-121. Kasser, Rodolphe, La diplé obélismeneé dramatique du P. Bodmer III: signe critique pour annoncer la réplique ou l’affirmation catégorique, bonne ou scandaleuse (et sim.), in: Aegyptus 69 (1999), 109- 156. Kasser, Rodolphe, Le parfait I copte A- et AH(A) et le langage de l’étrangère (Prov. 6.24-26 et 7.15-16), in: Aegyptus 64 (1984) 229-236. Kasser, Rodolphe, Le système de préfixes verbaux et les graphies mo= pour mmo= (acc.) dans le Papyrus Bodmer III, in: Journal of Coptic Studies 3 (2001), 153-168. Kasser, Rodolphe, Psi en ti et ti pointé dans le P. Biling. 1 de Hambourg, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Egyptologie de Genève 9-10 (1984-5), 135-140. Kasser, Rodolphe, Vestiges d’un passé verbal (parfait II) à valeur causale, P era= etc., in: Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale 86 (1986), 199-202. Kasser, Rodolphe and Helmut Satzinger, L’idiome du P.MICH.5421, in: Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 74 (1982), 15-32. 32

Satzinger, Helmut, Sudan-Ägyptisch und Elephantine-Koptisch, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Egyptologie de Genève 4 (1980), 83-87.

Selected Text Editions

Akhmimic

Böhlig, Alexander, Der achmimische Proverbientext nach Ms. Berol. Orient. oct. 987, Munich 1958. Kasser, Rodolphe, Papyrus Bodmer VI: Livre des Proverbes, CSCO 194-5, Louvain 1960. Lacau, Pierre, Textes coptes en dialectes akhmimique et sahidique, in: Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale 8 (1911), 43-109. Lefort, Louis Théophile, Fragments bibliques en dialecte akhmîmique, in: Le Muséon 66 (1953), 1-30. Lefort, Louis Théophile, Les Pères apostoliques en copte, CSCO 135-6, Louvain 1952, 1-18. Malinine, Michel, Fragments d’une version achmimique des Petits Prophètes, in: Bulletin of the Byzantine Institute 2 (1950), 365-415. Rösch, Friedrich, Bruchstücke des ersten Clemensbriefes nach dem achmimischen Papyrus der Strassburger Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, mit biblischen Texten derselben Handschrift, Strasbourg 1910. Schmidt, Carl, Der erste Clemensbrief in altkoptischer Übersetzung, Texte und Untersuchungen 32, Leipzig 1908. Schmidt, Carl, Gespräche Jesu mit seinen Jüngern nach der Auferstehung, Texte und Untersuchungen 43, Leipzig 1919. Steindorff, Georg, Die Apokalypse des Elias, eine unbekannte Apokalypse und Bruchstücke der Sophonias-Apokalypse. Texte und Untersuchungen 17, Leipzig 1899. Till, Walter, Die achmimische Version der zwölf kleinen Propheten (Codex Rainerianus, Wien). Coptica 4, Copenhagen 1927. Till, Walter, Osterfestbrief und Predigt im achmimischen Dialekt, Leipzig 1931.

Bohairic

Balestri, Giuseppe/Hyvernat Henri, Acta Martyrum I and II, CSCO 43, 44, Paris 1907, 1908, 86, Paris 1924, 125, Paris 1950. Burmester, Oswald H. E./Devaud, E., Psalterii Versio Memphitica e Recognitione Pauli de Lagarde, Louvain 1925. de Vis, Henri, Homélies Coptes de la Vaticane, Copenhagen 1922-1929. Horner, George, The Coptic Version of the New Testament in the Northern Dialect otherwise called Memphitic and Bohairic, Oxford 1898-1905. Hyvernat, Henri, Les Actes des Martyrs de l’Égypte, Paris 1886-7. Lagarde, Paul de, Catenae in Evangelia Aegyptiacae Quae Supersunt, Göttingen 1886. Lagarde, Paul de, Der Pentateuch Koptisch, Leipzig 1865. Porcher, E. Le livre de Job, version copte publiée et traduite. Patrologia Orientalis 18 (1924), 209-339. Tattam, Henry, Prophetae Maiores in Dialecto Linguae Aegyptiacae Memphitica seu Coptica. Edidit cum Versione Latina, Oxford 1852.

Fayyumic

Husselman, Eleanor M., The Gospel of John in Fayumic Coptic (P. Mich. Inv. 3521), Ann Arbor 1962. Husselman, Eleanor M., The Martyrdoms of Cyriacus and Julitta in Coptic, in: Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 4 (1965), 79-86. Lefort, Louis Théophile, Les Pères apostoliques en copte. Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium 135/136, Scriptores Coptici 17/18, Louvain 1952. Stern, Ludwig, Fajjumische Papyri im Ägyptischen Museum zu Berlin, in: Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache 23 (1885), 23-44. 33

Lycopolitan

Allberry, C. R. C., Manichäische Handschriften der Sammlung A. Chester Beatty 2: A Manichaean Psalm-Book, Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 1938. Attridge, Harold W., Nag Hammadi Codex I (The Jung Codex). Nag Hammadi Studies 22, Leiden 1985 (Nag Hammadi Codices I,1-5, X,1, XI, 1-2 are written in Lycopolitan). Giversen, Søren, The Manichaean Coptic papyri in the Chester Beatty Library, part 2: Homilies & varia. Cahiers d'orientalisme 15, Genève 1986. Hedrick, Charles W., Nag Hammadi codices XI, XII, XIII. Nag Hammadi Studies 28, Leiden 1990. Pearson, Birger A., Nag Hammadi Codices IX and X. Nag Hammadi Studies 15, Leiden 1981. Polotsky, Hans Jakob and Alexander Böhlig, Manichäische Handschriften der Staatlichen Museen Berlin: Kephalaia, Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 1940, 1966. Schmidt, Carl, Acta Pauli aus der Heidelberger koptischen Papyrushandschrift Nr. 1, Leipzig 1904. Thompson, Herbert, The Gospel of St John According to the Earliest Coptic Manuscript, London 1924.

Mesokemic

Orlandi, Tito, Papiri della Università degli Studi di Milano (P. Mil. Copti) vol. 5, Lettere di San Paolo in copto ossirinchita, Milan 1974. Schenke, Hans-Martin, Das Matthäus-Evangelium im mittelägyptischen Dialekt des Koptischen (Codex Scheide). Texte und Untersuchungen 127, Berlin 1981. Schenke, Hans-Martin, Das Matthäus-Evangelium im mittelägyptischen Dialekt des Koptischen (Codex Schøyen), Oslo 2001.