Material Culture of the Numa the JOHN WESLEY POWELL , COLLECTION 1867-1880

'im.•,i "S^v ' Material Culture of the Numa THE JOHN WESLEY POWELL , COLLECTION 1867-1880 'ift'^^^ nr^ -h <v ''-vt^.. 1 ^^^v^' SMITHSONIAN CONTRlBiiTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY <^-%mi^I^^^^ ^T^4^ SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contr/but/ons to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world cf science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. S. Dillon Ripley Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 26 Material Culture of the Numa THE JOHN WESLEY POWELL COLLECTION 1867-1880 Don D. Fowler and John F. Matley SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS City of Washington ABSTRACT Fowler, Don D., and John F. Matley. Material Culture of the Numa: The John Wesley Powell Collection, 1867-1880. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, number 26, 181 pages, 82 figures, 1 map, 2 tables, 1979.—Between 1867 and 1880 John Wesley Powell made collections of material culture items from several Numic-speaking Indian groups in the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau regions of the western United States. The collections were made in conjunction with Powell's ethnographic studies of those groups (Fowler and Fowler, eds., 1971). The USNM (United States National Museum) collections, on deposit in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, were studied by the authors in 1967-1968. The items described herein represent approximately one-half of the total collections. The remainder were deposited, on an exchange basis, in other major museums in the United States and abroad in the latter portion of the 19th century. Several individual items, or classes of items, from the USNM collections, were described by various authors of comparative studies of American Indian material culture in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. However, the full range of items in the collections has not been described previously. The bulk of the items were collected by Powell from various Southern Paiute or Northern Ute bands; the remainder from the Deep Creek Gosiute, and Goose Creek, Bear River and Wind River Shoshoni. The items reflect cultures in the early stages of acculturation to the intrusive Euroamerican cultures. The value of the collections is enhanced by photographs taken, principally in 1873 and 1874, by John K. (Jack) Hillers, Powell's photographer. The photo graphs show various items being worn or used by their makers. With the exception of Powell's studies and collections, systematic ethnographic work among Numic-speaking Indian peoples was not undertaken until the 1920s or later. By that time, much knowledge of, and use of, aboriginal crafts had been lost or existed only in the memories of older people. In contrast, the collections described herein reflect still viable lifeways of the "Numa" as lived in the 1870s, and add a significant increment to our knowledge of those lifeways. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: North American Indian design of mounted horsemen on animal skin. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Fowler, Don D. 1936- Material culture of the Numa. (Smithsonian contributions to anthropology ; no. 26) Based on the John Wesley Powell Col lection in the National Museum of Natural History. Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.33:26 1. Numic Indians—Antiquities. 2. Indians of North America—Great Basin—Antiquities. 3. Great Basin—Antiquities. 4. Powell, John Wesley, 1834-1902—Ethnological collections. I. Matley, John F., joint author. II. National Museum of Natural Hisory. III. Title IV. Series GN1.S54 no. 26 [E99.N97] 301.2'08s [97O'.O04'97] 78-22066 Contents Page INTRODUCTION 1 Acknowledgments 4 Numa Material Culture 4 THE COLLECTION 10 Basketry 11 Kaibab Southern Paiute 11 Seed Fans 11 Seed Baskets 11 Bowls and Trays 12 Pitch-covered Water Jugs 13 Other Baskets 13 Uinkarets Southern Paiute 13 Seed Fans 13 Seed Baskets 13 Basket Hats 14 Bowls and Trays 14 Shivwits Southern Paiute 14 Seed Fans 14 Winnowing Trays 15 Bowls and Trays 15 Pitch-covered Water Jugs 16 Southern Paiute, Southern Utah 16 Seed Fans 16 Seed Baskets 16 Basket Hats 18 Winnowing Trays 19 Bowls and Trays 19 Pitch-covered Water Jugs 20 Pitch Containers 21 Other Baskets 21 Moapa Southern Paiute 22 Seed Fans 22 Seed Baskets 22 Basket Hats 22 Pitch Containers 23 White River Utes, Colorado Territory 23 Baskets 23 Pitch-covered Water Jugs 23 Deep Creek Gosiute 23 Bowls 23 Pitch-covered Water Jugs 24 Goose Creek Shoshoni 24 Basket Hat 24 iii SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY IV Page Netting and Cordage ^ Southern Paiute, Southern Utah • • • • 25 Large Rabbit Nets ^^ Small Nets/Haversacks 2" Shivwits Southern Paiute 2" Small Nets/Haversacks 26 Moapa Southern Paiute 27 Large Rabbit Nets 27 Small Nets/Haversacks 27 Deep Creek Gosiute 28 Small Nets/Haversacks 28 Netting-related Items 28 Southern Paiute, Southern Utah 28 Shivwits and Moapa Southern Paiutes 28 Clothing 28 Kaibab Southern Paiute 30 Men's Clothing 30 Women's Clothing 32 .Miscellaneous 36 Shivwits Southern Paiute 36 Men's Clothing 36 Women's Clothing 36 Ute, Colorado Territory 37 Men's Clothing 37 Uintah Ute 37 Men's Clothing 37 Women's Clothing 39 Goose Creek Shoshoni 45 Men's Clothing 45 Women's Clothing 46 Bear Lake Shoshoni 49 Men's Clothing 49 Women's Clothing 49 Wind River Shoshoni 50 Men's Clothing 50 Women's Clothing 52 Miscellaneous 52 Headgear 53 Kaibab Southern Paiute 53 Moapa Southern Paiute 54 Las Vegas Southern Paiute 55 Uintah Ute 55 Deep Creek Gosiute 56 Goose Creek Shoshoni 56 Bear Lake Shoshoni 56 Wind River Shoshoni 57 Necklaces, Bracelets, and Ornaments 57 Kaibab Southern Paiute 57 Shivwits Southern Paiute 57 NUMBER 26 Page Moapa Southern Paiute 58 Deep Creek Gosiute 59 Bear Lake Shoshoni 59 Wind River Shoshoni 59 Cradleboards and Accessories 59 Moapa Southern Paiute 60 Kaibab Southern Paiute 60 Ute, Colorado Territory 61 Cradle Swaddling 61 Moapa Southern Paiute 61 Kaibab Southern Paiute 61 Uinkarets Southern Paiute 61 Deep Creek Gosiute 61 Weapons and Manufacturing Tools 61 Bows 61 Kaibab Southern Paiute 62 Shivwits Southern Paiute 63 Uinkarets Southern Paiute 63 Moapa Southern Paiute 63 Southern Paiute, Southern Utah 63 Deep Creek Gosiute 64 Arrows 64 Arrowhead Types 64 Desert Side-notched 64 Small Isosceles Triangular Form 64 Small Triangular Forms 64 Larger Triangular Forms 65 Asymmetrical Triangular Form 65 Metal Points 65 Arrow Manufacturing Tools 66 Horn Shaft Straighteners 66 Antler Arrow Point Flakers 66 Arrow Smoother 66 Quivers 67 Kaibab Southern Paiute 67 Moapa Southern Paiute 67 Shivwits Southern Paiute 67 Uintah Ute 67 Goose Creek Shoshoni 67 Other Weapons and Instruments 68 Moapa Southern Paiute • 68 Goose Creek Shoshoni 68 Southern Paiute, Southern Utah 68 Hafted Stone Knives 68 Gaming Implements 69 Cane Dice 69 Four-Stick Game 69 Hand-Game Bones 70 Bark Playing Cards 71 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VI Page Musical Instruments ' ^ Rasps '1 Bullroarer 72 Drums 72 Pipes 72 Kaibab Southern Paiute 72 Deep Creek Gosiute 73 Fire-making Apparatus 74 Kaibab Southern Paiute 74 Moapa Southern Paiute 74 Wind River Shoshoni 74 Hide Processing Tools 75 Uintah Ute 75 Goose Creek Shoshoni 75 Culinary Equipment 76 Ladles 76 Wooden Bowls 76 Wooden Tray 76 Horn Spoons 76 Tortoise Shell Bowls 76 Leather Pouches 76 Kaibab Southern Paiute 76 Ute, Colorado Territory 77 Uintah Ute 77 Goose Creek Shoshoni 78 Horse Equipment 78 Parfleches 79 Uintah Ute 79 Kaibab Southern Paiute 79 Moapa Southern Paiute 79 Seuvarits Ute 79 Lariats 80 Uintah Ute 80 Saddles 80 Seuvarits Ute 80 Uintah Ute 81 Cruppers 82 Moapa Southern Paiute(?) 82 Uintah Ute 82 Saddle Bags 83 Seuvarits Ute 83 Uintah Ute 83 Wind River Shoshoni 83 Clay Figurines 84 Miscellaneous Articles 84 CONCLUSIONS 85 APPENDIX: Tables 87 LITERATURE CITED 101 FIGURES 105 Material Culture of the Numa Don F. Fowler and John F. Matley Introduction During his years of exploration and research in Powell's material culture collection is a unique the Colorado Plateau and Great Basin areas of and valuable ethnographic resource on the Numic- western North America between 1867 and 1880 speaking peoples of western North America. When (Darrah, 1951:73-204), Major John Wesley Powell Powell visited the various "Numa" bands in the made extensive studies of the Indian inhabitants late 1860s and early 1870s, the people either had of those regions (Fowler and Fowler, 1969).

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