DOCSLIB.ORG

Malassezia Yeasts in Veterinary Dermatology: an Updated Overview

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Malassezia Yeasts in Veterinary Dermatology: an Updated Overview REVIEW published: 28 February 2020 doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00079 Malassezia Yeasts in Veterinary Dermatology: An Updated Overview Jacques Guillot 1* and Ross Bond 2 1 École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BioPôle Alfort, EA Dynamyc, UPEC, EnvA, Maisons-Alfort, France, 2 Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom Lipophilic yeasts of the genus Malassezia are important skin commensals and opportunistic skin pathogens in a variety of animals. The species M. pachydermatis was first isolated from the skin of a captive Indian rhinoceros with an exfoliative dermatitis in 1925, recognized as an important otic pathogen of dogs in the 1950’s, and finally accepted, after several years of controversy, as a common cause of canine dermatitis in the 1990’s. Since then, there has been considerable research into the biology of Malassezia yeasts and their interaction with their animal hosts. In dogs and cats, M. pachydermatis is associated with ceruminous otitis externa and a “seborrhoeic” dermatitis, wherein pruritic, erythematous skin lesions, often with brown/black greasy, malodourous material matting hairs, preferentially develop in intertriginous areas. Skin disease is favored by folds, underlying hypersensitivity disorders, endocrinopathies, defects of cornification, and in cats, various visceral paraneoplastic syndromes. Edited by: Diagnosis is based on detecting the yeast in compatible skin lesions, usually by cytology, Thomas Dawson, and observing a clinical and mycological response to therapy. Treatment normally Skin Research Institute of Singapore (A∗STAR), Singapore comprises topical or systemic azole therapy, often with miconazole—chlorhexidine Reviewed by: shampoos or oral itraconazole or ketoconazole. Management of concurrent diseases is Rui Kano, important to minimize relapses. Historically, wild-type Malassezia isolates from dogs and Nihon University, Japan Courtney Meason Smith, cats were typically susceptible to azoles, with the exception of fluconazole, but emerging Texas A&M University, United States azole resistance in field strains has recently been associated with either mutations *Correspondence: or quadruplication of the ERG11 gene. These observations have prompted increased Jacques Guillot interest in alternative topical antifungal drugs, such as chlorhexidine, and various essential [email protected] oils. Further clinical trials are awaited with interest. Specialty section: Keywords: Malassezia, dog, cat, diagnosis, treatment This article was submitted to Fungal Pathogenesis, a section of the journal Frontiers in Cellular and Infection INTRODUCTION Microbiology The genus Malassezia is comprised of a group of lipophilic yeasts that have evolved as Received: 02 January 2020 skin commensals and opportunistic cutaneous pathogens in a variety of mammals and birds Accepted: 17 February 2020 (Guého-Kellerman et al., 2010). The transition from commensal to pathogen is frequent in dogs in Published: 28 February 2020 particular, and in cats to a lesser extent, such that cases of Malassezia otitis externa and Malassezia Citation: dermatitis are commonly presented to veterinarians in small animal practice (Moraru et al., 2019). Guillot J and Bond R (2020) Malassezia Yeasts in Veterinary For example, the prevalence of otitis externa amongst dogs presenting to primary care practices Dermatology: An Updated Overview. is around 10% (O’neill et al., 2014), and up to 70% of such cases may be associated with M. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 10:79. pachydermatis (Forster et al., 2018). These cases are seldom straightforward to manage, because doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00079 clinical disease often reflects yeast proliferation due to a disturbance in the normal homeostatic Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology | www.frontiersin.org 1 February 2020 | Volume 10 | Article 79 Guillot and Bond Malassezia Yeasts in Veterinary Dermatology balance of host immunity, on the one hand, and yeast virulence, TABLE 1 | Malassezia species and main mammalian hosts. on the other (Ashbee and Bond, 2010). Thus, successful case Malassezia Synonyms Presence on Presence in lesions management is often dependent upon both treating yeast (and species healthy skin any concurrent bacterial) overgrowth with topical or systemic antimicrobial treatments, as well as identifying and correcting M. furfur Pityrosporum ovale In humans In humans (PV, FG) where possible, predisposing factors. Commonly identified Sometimes factors include concurrent allergic or endocrine skin disease, in animals defects in cornification, or anatomical defects such as skin M. pachydermatis P. pachydermatis, In dogs, cats, In dogs, cats, others folds or stenosed ear canals (Bond et al., 2010). By contrast, P. canis many others (SD, OT) (mostly canids) Sometimes in there are only sporadic reports of Malassezia associated with Sometimes in humans (FG) skin disease in large animal species. For example, Malassezia humans (dog overgrowth in the intermammary region and preputial fossa has contact) been implicated in tail-head pruritus and localized dermatitis in M. sympodialis M. furfur serovar A In humans and In humans (AD, SD) horses (White et al., 2006). Goats may present with Malassezia- animals Sometimes in cats (OT) associated seborrheic dermatitis (Pin, 2004; Eguchi-Coe et al., M. globosa P. orbiculare In humans and In humans (PV, SD, AD) 2011). Malassezia otitis has been reported in fennec foxes (Guillot M. furfur serovar B animals Sometimes in cats (OT) et al., 1994), ferrets (Dinsdale and Rest, 1995), pigs (Pinter et al., M. obtusa In humans In humans 2002), and camels (Kuttin and Glas, 1985). M. slooffiae In pigs, cats In humans (claws) Recently, the World Association of Veterinary Dermatology In humans commissioned the development of clinical consensus guidelines M. restricta M. furfur serovar C In humans In humans (SD) for the diagnosis and treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs M. dermatis In humans In humans (AD) and cats (Bond et al., 2020). A panel of specialists/diplomates M. japonica In humans In humans (AD, SD) in veterinary dermatology and mycology prepared a detailed M. nana In cats, horses In cats, cattle (OT) literature review of publications up to mid 2018, and made M. yamatoensis In humans In humans (SD) recommendations on selected topics. The draft document was M. caprae In goats presented at international veterinary meetings and uploaded on M. equina M. equi In horses In horses the WAVD website for comment for a period of 6 months. M. cuniculi In rabbits The final version comprised a systematic review of published M. arunalokei In humans In humans therapeutic studies, and current information on the ecology, M. brasiliensis In parrots – pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prevention of skin diseases M. psittaci In parrots – associated with Malassezia yeasts in dogs and cats. In view of the free access availability of this recent very detailed M. vespertilionis In hibernating bats – and wide-ranging review (Bond et al., 2020), the present article –, not reported; PV, pityriasis versicolor; FG, fungaemia; AD, atopic dermatitis; SD, aims to provide the reader with a general background summary seborrheoic dermatitis; OT, otitis. of current understanding of the roles of Malassezia yeasts in animal skin disease, with emphasis on recent publications from routine media without lipid supplementation. Malassezia yeasts mid 2018 to end of 2019 that expand upon previous knowledge. were further detected from different warm-blooded vertebrates and several specific names were proposed according to the latin names of the animals on which the yeasts were initially isolated: THE GENUS MALASSEZIA: A GROWING M. pachydermatis (from a rhinoceros within Pachydermata, NUMBER OF SPECIES IN A GROWING an obsolete nineteenth-century taxonomic order of mammals) NUMBER OF ANIMAL HOSTS (Weidman, 1925), M. caprae from goats (Cabanes et al., 2007), M. equina from horses (Cabanes et al., 2007), M. cuniculi Originally thought as a single species, Malassezia yeasts are from rabbits (Cabanes et al., 2011), M. pstittaci from parrots now known to form a unique cluster consisting of 18 species (Cabanes et al., 2016), and very recently M. vespertilionis from living almost exclusively on the skin and mucosal sites of warm- bats (Lorch et al., 2018). Some Malassezia yeasts (especially blooded vertebrates (Lorch et al., 2018; Theelen et al., 2018) M. pachydermatis) appear to have a broad host range, while (Table 1). During the last decade, the analysis of the genome of others are more host-specific with a close adaptation to the Malassezia yeasts suggested that their ancestors were plant or cutaneous ecosystem of a single animal species or a group soil fungal residents which progressively managed to survive and of phylogenetically related animals (Table 1). The number of develop in the cutaneous ecosystem (Xu et al., 2007). The genus currently described Malassezia species (n = 18) is likely limited Malassezia (Baillon) was created in 1889 for a single species, due to a sampling bias toward humans and domestic animals. We M. furfur, detected in cutaneous lesions in humans (Baillon, can imagine that the number of Malassezia species will increase 1889). Weidman was the first scientist to detect Malassezia yeasts when the skin microbiota of a broader range of wild animals from the skin of an animal, an Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros is investigated. unicornis) with a generalized exfoliative dermatitis (Weidman, Very recently, Lorch et al. were able to
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Malassezia Species Associated with Dermatitis in Dogs and Their Antifungal Susceptibility
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(6): 1994-2007 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 06 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.236 Malassezia Species Associated With Dermatitis in Dogs and Their Antifungal Susceptibility Uday Seetha, Sumanth Kumar, Raghavan Madhusoodanan Pillai, Mouttou Vivek Srinivas*, Prabhakar Xavier Antony and Hirak Kumar Mukhopadhyay Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Pondicherry-605 009, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT The present study was taken with the objective of isolation, characterization, molecular detection and antifungal sensitivity of Malassezia species from dermatitis cases from dogs in and around Pondicherry state. A total of 100 skin swabs were collected from the dogs K e yw or ds showing dermatological problems suggestive of Malassezia. Out of 100 swabs, 41 Malassezia isolates were successfully isolated and had good growth on Sabouraud’s Malassezia pachydermatis, Dextrose Agar (SDA) during the primary isolation from the skin swabs. Biochemical tests Sabouraud’s dextrose agar, Modified Dixon’s agar, for catalase, β- glucosidase activities and the capability to grow with three water soluble Polymerase chain reaction, lipid supplements, namely Tween 20, Tween 80 and Cremophor EL concluded that the M. Antifungal Susceptibility testing pachydermatis was the sole species isolated from the cases of canine dermatitis in Pondicherry state. Cytological examination revealed that direct skin swab smear was more Article Info sensitive than adhesive tape technique and impression smear. The frequency of isolation of Accepted: M. pachydermatis was higher in neck region (8) followed by other regions in canine.
    [Show full text]
  • Malassezia Baillon, Emerging Clinical Yeasts
    FEMS Yeast Research 5 (2005) 1101–1113 www.fems-microbiology.org MiniReview Malassezia Baillon, emerging clinical yeasts Roma Batra a,1, Teun Boekhout b,*, Eveline Gue´ho c, F. Javier Caban˜es d, Thomas L. Dawson Jr. e, Aditya K. Gupta a,f a Mediprobe Research, London, Ont., Canada b Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Uppsalalaan 8, 85167 Utrecht, The Netherlands c 5 rue de la Huchette, F-61400 Mauves sur Huisne, France d Departament de Sanitat i dÕ Anatomia Animals, Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona E-08193, Spain e Beauty Care Technology Division, Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, USA f Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook and WomenÕs College Health Science Center (Sunnybrook site) and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada Received 1 November 2004; received in revised form 11 May 2005; accepted 18 May 2005 First published online 12 July 2005 Abstract The human and animal pathogenic yeast genus Malassezia has received considerable attention in recent years from dermatolo- gists, other clinicians, veterinarians and mycologists. Some points highlighted in this review include recent advances in the techno- logical developments related to detection, identification, and classification of Malassezia species. The clinical association of Malassezia species with a number of mammalian dermatological diseases including dandruff, seborrhoeic dermatitis, pityriasis ver- sicolor, psoriasis, folliculitis and otitis is also discussed. Ó 2005 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Malassezia; Yeast; Identification; Animals; Disease 1. Introduction a positive staining reaction with Diazonium Blue B (DBB) [3]. The genus was named in 1889 by Baillon Members of the genus Malassezia are opportunistic [6] with the species M.
    [Show full text]
  • Biotyping of Malassezia Pachyderma-Tis Strains Using the Killer System
    Original Rev Iberoam Micol 1998; 15: 85-87 85 Biotyping of Malassezia pachyderma- tis strains using the killer system Selene Dall’Acqua Coutinho and Claudete Rodrigues Paula Microbiology Department of the Biomedical Sciences Institute of the Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil Summary The killer phenomenon has been used as epidemiological marker for Candida albicans, where hundreds of biotypes can be obtained. The objective of this study is to observe the behaviour of 30 strains of Malassezia pachydermatis iso- lated from dogs with otitis (15) or dermatitis (15) against 9 killer yeasts, which, when grouped in triplets produced a 3 digit code (biotype). The growth inhibition of the 30 strains of M. pachydermatis due to the effect of the killer yeasts used permitted the determination of the following biotypes: 888 (33.3%), 212 (26.7%), 111 (16.7%), 312 (6.7%), 512 (6.7%), 242 (3.3%), 311 (3.3%) and 411 (3.3%). Biotypes 888, 212 and 111 occurred most frequently in both ear canal and skin samples. Key words Malassezia pachydermatis, Dogs, Killer system, Otomycosis, Dermatomycosis Biotipificación de cepas de Malassezia pachydermatis por el sistema “killer” Resumen El fenómeno “killer” ha sido empleado para Candida albicans como marcador epidemiológico habiéndose obtenido cientos de biotipos. El objetivo de este tra- bajo fue estudiar el comportamiento de 30 muestras de Malassezia pachyder- matis, provenientes de 15 perros con otitis y 15 con dermatitis, frente a 9 levaduras “killer”, que agrupadas en tripletes generan un código de tres números (biotipos). La inhibición del crecimiento de las 30 cepas de M. pachydermatis por las levaduras “killer”empleadas, propició la obtención de 8 biotipos: 888 (33,3%), 212 (26,7%), 111 (16,7%), 312 (6,7%), 512 (6,7%), 242 (3,3%), 311 (3,3%) y 411 (3,3%).
    [Show full text]
  • Oral Colonization of Malassezia Species Anibal Cardenas [email protected]
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Master's Theses University of Connecticut Graduate School 7-5-2018 Oral Colonization of Malassezia species Anibal Cardenas [email protected] Recommended Citation Cardenas, Anibal, "Oral Colonization of Malassezia species" (2018). Master's Theses. 1249. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/1249 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Connecticut Graduate School at OpenCommons@UConn. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of OpenCommons@UConn. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Oral Colonization of Malassezia species Anibal Cardenas D.D.S., University of San Martin de Porres, 2006 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Dental Science At the University of Connecticut 2018 Copyright by Anibal Cardenas 2018 ii APPROVAL PAGE Master of Dental Science Thesis Oral Colonization of Malassezia species Presented by Anibal Cardenas, D.D.S. Major Advisor________________________________________________________ Dr. Patricia I. Diaz, D.D.S., M.Sc., Ph.D. Associate Advisor_____________________________________________________ Dr. Anna Dongari-Bagtzoglou, D.D.S., M.S., Ph.D. Associate Advisor_____________________________________________________ Dr. Upendra Hegde M.D. University of Connecticut 2018 iii OUTLINE 1. Introduction 1.1. Oral microbiome 1.2. Oral mycobiome 1.3. Association of oral mycobiome and disease 1.4. Biology of the genus Malassezia 1.5. Rationale for this study 1.6. Hypothesis 2. Objectives 2.1 Specific aims 3. Study design and population 3.1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria 3.1.1. Inclusion criteria 3.1.2. Exclusion criteria 3.2. Clinical study procedures and sample collection 3.2.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycologic Disorders of the Skin Catherine A
    Mycologic Disorders of the Skin Catherine A. Outerbridge, DVM, MVSc, DACVIM, DACVD Cutaneous tissue can become infected when fungal organisms contaminate or colonize the epidermal surface or hair follicles. The skin can be a portal of entry for fungal infection when the epithelial barrier is breached or it can be a site for disseminated, systemic fungal disease. The two most common cutaneous fungal infections in small animals are dermato- phytosis and Malassezia dermatitis. Dermatophytosis is a superficial cutaneous infection with one or more of the fungal species in the keratinophilic genera Microsporum, Tricho- phyton,orEpidermophyton. Malassezia pachydermatis is a nonlipid dependent fungal species that is a normal commensal inhabitant of the skin and external ear canal in dogs and cats. Malassezia pachydermatis is the most common cause of Malassezia dermatitis. The diagnosis and treatment of these cutaneous fungal infections will be discussed. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 21:128-134 © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. KEYWORDS dermatophytosis, Malassezia dermatitis, dogs, cats, Microsporum, Trichophyton, Malassezia pachydermatis ver 300 species of fungi have been reported toDermatophytosis be animal O pathogens.1 Cutaneous tissue can become infected when fungal organisms contaminate or colonize the epider- Etiology mal surface or hair follicles. The skin can be a portal of entry Dermatophytosis is a superficial cutaneous infection with for fungal infection when the epithelial barrier is breached or one or more of the fungal species in the keratinophilic genera it can be a site for disseminated, systemic fungal disease. Microsporum, Trichophyton,orEpidermophyton. Dermato- Canine and feline skin and hair coats can be transiently con- phyte genera that infect animals are divided into 3 or 4 taminated with a large variety of saprophytic fungi from the groups based on their natural habitat.
    [Show full text]
  • Importance of Malassezia Pachydermatis in Dogs
    Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie Corso di laurea magistrale in Medicina Veterinaria Importance of Malassezia pachydermatis in dogs L’importanza di Malassezia pachydermatis nel cane Relatore: Fausto Quintavalla Correlatore: Sergio Álvarez-Pérez Candidata: Maria Sole Bandini Anno accademico 2019/2020 Abstract The genus Malassezia belongs to Basidiomycota and currently includes 16 species, of which M. pachydermatis is the most commonly isolated from dogs. Actually, M. pachydermatis is a member of the normal microbiota of the skin and mucosal sites of dogs. Under certain conditions, these yeasts can act as opportunistic pathogens causing skin and ear infections of these animals. Topical and oral antifungal agents are frequently used for the therapy of Malassezia dermatitis and otitis, which are among the most frequently reported skin disorders in dogs. However, with the expanding use of antifungal agents, resistant strains of Malassezia are being increasingly detected. The development of resistance to these antifungals and other antimicrobials among veterinary pathogens also poses a potential threat to human health, particularly among zoonotic multidrug-resistant strains with potential to cause severe, life-threatening infections, which may be the case of M. pachydermatis. Restricting the use of critically important antimicrobials to safeguard their future effectiveness, a fundamental element of antimicrobial stewardship, is essential and it is driving a search for alternative treatments for these infections. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance represents a serious human and animal health risk. Therefore, good antimicrobial stewardship is essential to prolong the lifespan of existing therapies and new strategies are required to fight the infections caused by Malassezia yeasts in humans and animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Superficial Mycoses in Dogs and Cats 16
    Superficial Mycoses 2 in Dogs and Cats ESCCAP Guideline 02 Fourth Edition – February 2019 1 ESCCAP Malvern Hills Science Park, Geraldine Road, Malvern, Worcestershire, WR14 3SZ, United Kingdom First Edition Published by ESCCAP in March 2008 © ESCCAP 2008–2019 All rights reserved This publication is made available subject to the condition that any redistribution or reproduction of part or all of the contents in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise is with the prior written permission of ESCCAP. This publication may only be distributed in the covers in which it is first published unless with the prior written permission of ESCCAP. A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-1-907259-73-9 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 5 1. CONSIDERATION OF PET HEALTH AND LIFESTYLE FACTORS 6 2. CONTROL OF DERMATOPHYTOSIS IN DOGS AND CATS 8 2.1. Diagnosis 8 2.2. Treatment Procedures 10 2.3. Prevention 11 3. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF DERMATOPHYTE TRANSMISSION 12 4. CONTROL OF MALASSEZIA DERMATITIS IN DOGS AND CATS 12 4.1 Diagnosis 12 4.2. Treatment Procedures 13 5. OWNER CONSIDERATIONS IN PREVENTING ZOONOTIC DISEASES 14 6. STAFF, PET OWNER AND COMMUNITY EDUCATION 14 APPENDIX 1 – BACKGROUND 17 Superficial Mycoses 2 in Dogs and Cats ESCCAP Guideline 02 Fourth Edition – February 2019 3 TABLES Table 1: Characteristics of major dermatophyte species infecting dogs and cats in Europe 14 Table 2: Characteristics of Malassezia species recovered from the skin of animals
    [Show full text]
  • Granulomatous Skin Infection Caused by Malassezia Pachydermatis in a Dog Owner
    OBSERVATION Granulomatous Skin Infection Caused by Malassezia pachydermatis in a Dog Owner Yi-Ming Fan, MD; Wen-Ming Huang; Shun-Fan Li; Guo-Feng Wu, MM; Kuan Lai, MM; Rong-Yi Chen, MM Background: Malassezia pachydermatis is part of the nor- flammatory granuloma, numerous purple-red round or mal cutaneous microflora of dogs and many other mam- ovoid spores in the superficial necrotic tissue, and sparse mals. M pachydermatis has not yet been reported as an red spores in the dermis. The skin lesions healed after agent that causes skin infection in humans, although it oral fluconazole and cryotherapy. has been found to cause fungemia and other nosoco- mial infections in preterm newborns and immunocom- Conclusions: Definite diagnosis of M pachydermatis– promised adults. induced skin infection principally depends on the results of fungal culture and histologic examination, Observations: Malassezia pachydermatis was isolated and the combination of oral fluconazole and adjunc- from the facial granuloma of a healthy woman and her tive cryotherapy seems to be an effective therapeutic dog’s skin scrapings and cerumen. The yeast identity was regimen. established by standard methods and scanning electron microscopy. A skin biopsy specimen showed chronic in- Arch Dermatol. 2006;142:1181-1184 HE GENUS MALASSEZIA, M pachydermatis is frequent in wild and comprising 10 distinct domestic carnivores, including dogs, species, is principally cats, bears, ferrets, and foxes; less fre- recovered from the skin of quent in rhinoceros, pigs, primates, pin- mammals
    [Show full text]
  • Concurrent Session Presentations (Pdf)
    CONCURRENT SESSION PRESENTATIONS ZINC-ASSOCIATED DERMATOSES OF THE DOG Crow DW1 1Animal Dermatology Referral Clinic, Dallas, TX, USA BACKGROUND Zinc is an essential dietary element and is incorporated into enzymes where it plays a key role in regulating various aspects of cellular metabolism.1 If zinc levels are low due to insufficient dietary intake, decreased dietary absorption, competition between hormones such as estrogen and zinc for serum protein, or an inherent defect of zinc utilization or uptake at the cellular level, a disease state will likely result. 1-2 Four basic groups of zinc-associated dermatoses have been reported to date in the dog. The first (Syndrome I) may occur in any age of dog fed balanced diets and Siberian Huskies appear to be over represented as a breed. 1 The second (Syndrome II) has been reported in young dogs fed unbalanced diets low in zinc or high in plant protein (phytate) or calcium, which binds zinc and prevents absorption. Cereal or soy based diets have also been linked to this syndrome. 2 The third is lethal acrodermatitis in Bull Terriers that appears to be an inherited autosomal recessive trait that produces a lethal syndrome. These patients’ serum zinc levels are low, however, they do not respond to oral or parenteral zinc supplementation. 3 The last group reported was a litter of Pharaoh hound puppies that were severely clinically affected, exhibited low serum zinc levels and did respond favorably to intravenous but not oral zinc supplementation. 4 PHYSICAL FINDINGS The clinical hallmarks of zinc-associated dermatoses in the dog are crusting, alopecia and erythema with variable amounts of focal pruritus.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Proceedings Book
    2017 30TH PROCEEDINGS OF NAVDF April 26-29, 2017 ORLANDO, FLORIDA 2 (orfenicol, terbinane, mometasone furoate) Otic Solution Antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inammatory For Otic Use in Dogs Only The following information is a summary of the complete product information and is not comprehensive. Please refer to the approved product label for complete product information prior to use. CAUTION: Federal (U.S.A.) law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION: CLARO® contains 16.6 mg/mL orfenicol, 14.8 mg/mL terbinane (equivalent to 16.6 mg/mL terbinane hydrochloride) and 2.2 mg/mL mometasone furoate. Inactive ingredients include puried water, propylene carbonate, propylene glycol, ethyl alcohol, and polyethylene glycol. INDICATIONS: CLARO® is indicated for the treatment of otitis externa in dogs associated with susceptible strains of yeast (Malassezia pachydermatis) and bacteria (Staphylococcus pseudintermedius). DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: CLARO® should be administered by veterinary personnel. Administration is one dose (1 dropperette) per aected ear. The duration of eect should last 30 days. Clean and dry the external ear canal before administering the product. Verify the tympanic membrane is intact prior to administration. Cleaning the ear after dosing may aect product eectiveness. Refer to product label for complete directions for use. CONTRAINDICATIONS: Do not use in dogs with known tympanic membrane perforation (see PRECAUTIONS). CLARO® is contraindicated in dogs with known or suspected hypersensitivity to orfenicol, terbinane hydrochloride, or mometasone furoate, the inactive ingredients listed above, or similar drugs, or any ingredient in these medicines. WARNINGS: Human Warnings: Not for use in humans.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spectrum of Malassezia Infections in the Bone Marrow Transplant Population
    Bone Marrow Transplantation (2000) 26, 645–648 2000 Macmillan Publishers Ltd All rights reserved 0268–3369/00 $15.00 www.nature.com/bmt The spectrum of Malassezia infections in the bone marrow transplant population VA Morrison1,2 and DJ Weisdorf1 1Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA Summary: Malassezia consists of seven species, most human infec- tions are caused by Malassezia furfur, which includes the A consecutive series of 3044 patients who underwent species previously known as Pityrosporum ovale and BMT at the University of Minnesota over a 25 year per- Pityrosporum orbicularae.6–9 Sporadic cases of fungemia, iod were reviewed for the post-transplant occurrence of meningitis, urinary tract infection, and cutaneous infection infection caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur. Six caused by Malassezia pachydermatis have been patients, ranging in age from 1 to 54 years, developed reported.10,11 Malassezia sympodialis is an unusual cause Malassezia infections at a median of 59 days post trans- of human infection.12 These dimorphic saprophytic yeast plant. Five patients were allogeneic transplant recipi- isolates are known to have unusual lipophilic growth ents; the remaining patient had undergone autologous requirements, in that growth occurs on standard fungal transplantation. A spectrum of clinical manifestations media such as Sabouraud dextrose agar only when the cul- of Malassezia infection was seen in these patients, ture medium is supplemented with a source of including infections of mucosal surfaces and the skin, in medium/long-chain fatty acids. Although a variety of Mal- addition to catheter-related fungemia.
    [Show full text]
  • Unraveling Lipid Metabolism in Lipid-Dependent Pathogenic Malassezia Yeasts
    Unraveling lipid metabolism in lipid-dependent pathogenic Malassezia yeasts Adriana Marcela Celis Ramírez Unraveling lipid metabolism in lipid-dependent pathogenic Malassezia yeasts A.M.Celis Ramirez ISBN: 978-90-393-6874-9 The research described in this report was performed within the Microbiology group of Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands. It was supported by the Netherlands fellowship program NFP-phd.14/99 and the Colciencias grant No. 120465741393. Copyright © 2017 by A.M.Celis Ramirez. All rights reserved. Printed by: Proefschrift-aio.nl Cover design and Layout: Soledad R. Ordoñez Unraveling lipid metabolism in lipid-dependent pathogenic Malassezia yeasts Ontrafeling van het lipide metabolisme in lipide- afhankelijke pathogene Malassezia gisten (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. G.J. van der Zwaan, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 22 november 2017 des middags te 2.30 uur door Adriana Marcela Celis Ramírez geboren op 26 november 1974 te Neiva, Colombia Promotor: Prof. dr. H.A.B. Wösten Copromotor: Dr. J.J.P.A. de Cock Porque los sueños se hacen realidad Contents Chapter 1 General Introduction 9 Chapter 2 Malassezia pachydermatis: Genome and 33 physiological characterization of lipid assimilation 2A Draft Genome Sequence of the animal and 34 human pathogen Malassezia pachydermatis CBS 1879 2B Physiological characterization of lipid 41 assimilation in M. pachydermatis Chapter 3 Metabolic reconstruction and 53 characterization of the lipid metabolism of Malassezia spp.
    [Show full text]