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• Historical Situation/Context • Audience • Purpose • Point of View

Period 1: 1491-1607 Chapter: 1, Supplemental Readings Quiz: 9/17 (M) or 18 (T) Review: 9/13 (R) or 9/14 (F) Key Questions 1. How did the Native American Indians of North America live in the pre-contact era? 2. Why and how did the Spanish begin to explore North and South American from 1492-1607? 3. What was the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Americas and Europe? 4. How did Native Americans resist European control? Official AP Outline Key Concept 1.1 As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments. Key Concept 1.2: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Key Dates: 1492, 1607 Key Terms: • Pre Contact North America • Spanish Mission System • Southwest Tribes: Pueblo • Resistance to Spanish • Northwest Tribes: Chinook • Pueblo Revolt • Great Basin Tribes: Shoshone • Great Plains Tribe: Apache • Northeast Tribe: Iroquois HAPP • Atlantic Seaboard Tribe: Powhatan Historical Situation/Context • Spanish and Portuguese Exploration Audience • Causes of Exploration Purpose • Exploration Technology Point of View • Christopher Columbus • Epidemics: Smallpox • West African Slave Trade • Columbian Exchange: food, animals • Encomienda System • Christianity • Spanish Colonial Economics • Spanish Colonial Labor • African Slavery • European Population Growth • European Capitalism • New World Social Changes • Bartolome de Las Casas • Juan de Sepulveda • Casta System • Black Legend • Spanish Colonial Race Relations • Juan de Onate .

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Chapter Three the Genesis of the Black Legend
1 Chapter Three The Genesis of the Black Legend "Todo esto yo lo vide con mis ojos corporates mortales." Bartolomé de las Casas, 1504. "I saw all this with my very own eyes." “ I watched as the Lamb opened the first of the seven seals. Then I heard one of the four living creatures say in a voice like thunder, “Come!” I looked, and there before me was a white horse! Its rider held a bow, and he was given a crown, and he rode out as a conqueror bent on conquest.” [Revelation 6:1,2] Or, in Latin as Las Casas may have been accustomed to reading it “Et vidi quod aperuisset agnus unum de septem signaculis et audivi unum de quattuor animalibus dicentem tamquam vocem tonitrui veni. Et vidi et ecce equus albus et qui sedebat super illum habebat arcum et data est ei corona et exivit vincens ut vinceret.” 1Perhaps he also read it in Spanish: “Vi cuando el Cordero abrió uno de los sellos, y oí a uno de los cuatro seres vivientes decir como con voz un trueno: Ven y mira. Y miré, y he aquí un caballo banco; y el que lo montaba tenía un arco; le fue dada una corona, y salió venciendo, y para vencer.” "Like a partridge that hatches eggs it did not lay is the man who gains riches by unjust means." Jeremiah 17:11 Next to climbing aboard a ship for a long journey, there is probably nothing more exciting than getting off that same ship! Especially if after a long voyage, sometimes made terrifying by the perils of the sea.
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Literary Hispanophobia and Hispanophilia in Britain and the Low Countries (1550-1850) License CC BY-NC-ND Link to Publication
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Introduction: On Hispanophobia and Hispanophila across time and space Rodríguez Pérez, Y. DOI 10.26530/OAPEN_1006718 10.1515/9789048541935 Publication date 2020 Document Version Final published version Published in Literary Hispanophobia and Hispanophilia in Britain and the Low Countries (1550-1850) License CC BY-NC-ND Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Rodríguez Pérez, Y. (2020). Introduction: On Hispanophobia and Hispanophila across time and space. In Y. Rodríguez Pérez (Ed.), Literary Hispanophobia and Hispanophilia in Britain and the Low Countries (1550-1850) (pp. 11-45). (Heritage and Memory Studies; Vol. 10). Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.26530/OAPEN_1006718, https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048541935 General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:02 Oct 2021 Introduction: On Hispanophobia and Hispanophilia across Time and Space Yolanda Rodríguez Pérez Abstract This introductory chapter puts the case studies presented in this edited volume into a broader historical and theoretical context.
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University of Dundee MASTER of PHILOSOPHY Changing British Perceptions of Spain in Times of War and Revolution, 1808 to 1838
University of Dundee MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY Changing British Perceptions of Spain in Times of War and Revolution, 1808 to 1838 Holsman, John Robert Award date: 2014 Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY Changing British Perceptions of Spain in Times of War and Revolution, 1808 to 1838 John Robert Holsman 2014 University of Dundee Conditions for Use and Duplication Copyright of this work belongs to the author unless otherwise identified in the body of the thesis. It is permitted to use and duplicate this work only for personal and non-commercial research, study or criticism/review. You must obtain prior written consent from the author for any other use. Any quotation from this thesis must be acknowledged using the normal academic conventions. It is not permitted to supply the whole or part of this thesis to any other person or to post the same on any website or other online location without the prior written consent of the author.
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Battleground Perceptions in the Portuguese Early Modern Atlantic
WIH0010.1177/0968344517725540War in HistoryDantas da Cruz 725540research-article2018 Original Article War in History 1 –26 From Flanders to Pernambuco: © The Author(s) 2018 Reprints and permissions: Battleground Perceptions in sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav https://doi.org/10.1177/0968344517725540DOI: 10.1177/0968344517725540 the Portuguese Early Modern journals.sagepub.com/home/wih Atlantic World Miguel Dantas da Cruz Instituto de Ciências Sociais – Lisbon University, Portugal Abstract This article addresses the way the Portuguese experience in the seventeenth-century battlefields of Flanders, during the Iberian Union (1580–1640), reshaped Portuguese military thought and culture. It argues that their traditional martial perceptions – almost exclusively based in imperial experiences, especially against the Muslims in North Africa and in India – were transformed by the direct exposure to Spanish military endeavours in Europe. It also argues that the experience in Flanders resurfaced in the South Atlantic, in all its religious and political dimensions, transforming the prestige of Brazil as a battlefield. Finally, the article revisits the way the Flanders experience poisoned Spanish–Portuguese relations. Keywords Portuguese Atlantic, Iberian Union, War of Flanders, martial imaginary, battleground perceptions Introduction King Sebastian, in his attempt to go to North Africa, to attack the Moors himself, beyond being moved by the zeal of exalting the Catholic Faith, and spreading the Christian religion, had the example of all of his ancestors, who were always the Generals of their own Arms, and the first ones to attack. King John I went in person to take Ceuta with his four sons in a massive fleet. Afonso V went himself three times…to carry on with the war on the Berber Coast, where he achieved many victories… Manuel I was also determined to go there, carrying on with this Corresponding author: Miguel Dantas da Cruz, Instituto de Ciências Sociais – Lisbon University, Av.
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La Leyenda Negra in British and American Children's Literature: 1583 to the Present
La Leyenda Negra in British and American Children's Literature: 1583 to the Present Horacio Sierra University of Florida It has now been more than 400 years since the Spanish Golden Age novelist and satirist Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas first commented on the anti-Hispanic phenomenon that carne to be known as La Leyenda Negra, the Black Legend, in his treatise España Defendida. While a significant amount of literary, historical, and cultural research has been completed by scholars both in Spain and abroad regarding the origins and evolution of La Leyenda Negra, little, if any, research has focused on the propagation of the legend in children's literature, particularly in the literature produced for British and American children. Karen Sánchez-Eppler notes the link between "the processes of national forma- tion" and children's literature, remarking that "the nineteenth century motivated the production of a veritable sea of cheap moral tracts for children" whose rhetoric "explicitly articúlate the felt similitudes between the national projects of raising good, white, middle-class, Christian, American children and that of raising an economic and cultural American empire" (399). The challenge in applying such a statement to depictions of Spain, Spaniards, and the Spanish New World in British and American children's literature is heightened by the knowledge that anyone truly familiar with Spain possesses: the Spanish can raise "good, white, middle-class, Christian" children as well as any of its European counterparts. A brief examination of the origins of La Leyenda Negra will serve to illustrate how English-language children's literature that deals with the Híspanle world problematizes the Spanish reality (intentionally or not) through xenophobic, religiously bigoted, and ethnically prejudiced representa tions.' In respect to books that deal with history in one form or another, there is an "assumption that children are an identifiable group that requires a particular kind of text written for it by a superior group" 124 'MESTER, VOL.
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FACULTAD de FILOSOFÍA Y LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO de FILOLOGÍA INGLESA Grado en Estudios Ingleses TRABAJO DE FIN DE GRADO Bartolomé de las Casas and the Dissemination of the Black Legend in England Sandra Rivera Gonzalo Tutora: Ana Sáez Hidalgo 2016-2017 2 ABSTRACT The Black Legend has been essential in the history of Spain, specially in the relations between Spaniards and England. One of the figures that contributed to the creation of this Black Legend was Bartolomé de las Casas and his work in the defense of the Native Indians of America, Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias. The following dissertation shows how the translations of Las Casas’ work have a great importance in the dissemination of the Black Legen in England. For this, four English translation of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are analyzed, paying special attention to the prefatory and paratextual material, from the prefaces to the images added to the original material. This analysis proves a thematic pattern describing negatively both Spaniards and their actions, which significantly marked the perception of Spain in England. KEYWORDS: Bartolomé de las Casas – Black Legend – Dissemination – Translations – England – Spain La Leyenda Negra ha sido esencial en la historia de España, especialmente en las relaciones de los españoles con Inglaterra. Una de las figuras que contribuyó a la creación de esta Leyenda Negra fue Bartolomé de las Casas y su obra en la defensa de los indios de América, Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias. El siguiente trabajo muestra como las traducciones de la obra de Las Casas tienen una gran importancia en la divulgación de la leyenda negra en Inglaterra.
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Introduction: on Hispanophobia and Hispanophilia Across Time and Space
Introduction: On Hispanophobia and Hispanophilia across Time and Space Yolanda Rodríguez Pérez Abstract This introductory chapter puts the case studies presented in this edited volume into a broader historical and theoretical context. It exposes the triangular literary, cultural and political relationship between Britain, the Low Countries and Spain in two very different – though strongly interconnected – historical periods, the early modern period and the nineteenth century. It contends that to fully understand how cultural representations of Spain and its cultural legacy have been forged, it is essential to expose the intricate historical dynamics of Hispanophobia and Hispanophilia. Furthermore, it exposes and problematizes certain historiographical biases regarding the cultural role of Spain and the historical asymmetry in the representation of Spain. Keywords: Hispanophilia/Hispanophobia, Black Legend, national images, Anglo-Dutch-Spanish relations, early modern period, nineteenth century Spain has been a fruitful locus for European imagination for centuries, having been mostly perceived in black-and-white oppositions, either as the tyrannical and fanatical force behind an empire in search of universal dominance in the early modern period or as an imaginary geography of a ‘Romantic’ Spain, veiled in a haze of exotic and appealing authentic- ity. Although the Napoleonic wars certainly played a role in a new and internationally widespread positive appreciation of Spain, the idea that this change at the turn of the nineteenth century represented a paradigm shift should be nuanced. The image of Spain, its culture and its inhabitants did not evolve inexorably from negative to positive, from a Black Legend of Spanish tyranny to a rosy myth of Romantic Spain.
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Literary Hispanophobia and Hispanophilia in Britain and the Low Countries (1550-1850)
10 HERITAGE AND MEMORY STUDIES Rodríguez (ed.) Pérez in Britain and the (1550-1850) Low Countries Literary Hispanophobia and Hispanophilia Edited by Yolanda Rodríguez Pérez Literary Hispanophobia and Hispanophilia in Britain and the Low Countries (1550-1850) Literary Hispanophobia and Hispanophilia in Britain and the Low Countries (1550-1850) Heritage and Memory Studies This ground-breaking series examines the dynamics of heritage and memory from a transnational, interdisciplinary and integrated approach. Monographs or edited volumes critically interrogate the politics of heritage and dynamics of memory, as well as the theoretical implications of landscapes and mass violence, nationalism and ethnicity, heritage preservation and conservation, archaeology and (dark) tourism, diaspora and postcolonial memory, the power of aesthetics and the art of absence and forgetting, mourning and performative re-enactments in the present. Series Editors Ihab Saloul and Rob van der Laarse, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Advisory Board Patrizia Violi, University of Bologna, Italy Britt Baillie, Cambridge University, United Kingdom Michael Rothberg, University of Illinois, USA Marianne Hirsch, Columbia University, USA Frank van Vree, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Literary Hispanophobia and Hispanophilia in Britain and the Low Countries (1550-1850) Edited by Yolanda Rodríguez Pérez Amsterdam University Press This research has been made possible with the generous support of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) within the ‘Innovational Research Incentives Scheme Vidi’. Cover illustration designed by David Durà Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6298 937 5 e-isbn 978 90 4854 193 5 doi 10.5117/9789462989375 nur 685 Creative Commons License CC BY NC ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0) All authors / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2020 Some rights reserved.
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"Leyenda Negra" and the Circulation of Anti-Catholic and Anti-Spanish Prejudices by Friedrich Edelmayer
The "Leyenda Negra" and the Circulation of Anti-Catholic and Anti-Spanish Prejudices by Friedrich Edelmayer The concept of the "leyenda negra" gathers together all the accusations against the "Spanish", the subjects of the crowns of Aragon and Castile, that circulated in Europe from the late Middle Ages and also in the New World since the 16th century. The term was created by Julián Juderías in 1913, and other authors developed it further. At that time when Spain seemed to be suffering from internal problems and a collective inferiority complex due to the loss of the last remnants of its empire, the goal was to prove that for centuries domestic and foreign enemies had done everything they could to drag the glorious Spanish past through the mud. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. The Emergence of the Concept of the Leyenda Negra 2. The Genesis of Anti-Spanish Prejudices from the 13th to the 16th Centuries 3. The Image of the Spanish between the 17th and the 19th Centuries 4. Appendix 1. Sources 2. Bibliography 3. Notes Citation The Emergence of the Concept of the Leyenda Negra According to the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española, the leyenda negra, the black legend, is an anti-Spanish disposition that has spread since the 16th century. Even this short and not very illuminating statement shows clearly that the leyenda negra is primarily a negative concept. In addition, it also creates the impression that outside "Spain" people have been systematically talking badly of the "Spanish" ever since the beginning of the early modern period. Therefore, it almost seems strange that the concept itself only emerged in the 20th century.
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Anti-Spanish Sentiment in English Literary and Political Writing 1553
Anti-Spanish sentiment in English literary and political writing 1553-1603 Mark G Sanchez Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The University of Leeds The School of English June, 2004 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. 1 Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to my PhD research supervisor, Dr. Michael G. Brennan,for his unstinting supportand scholarlyguidance from 2000 to 2004. I would also like to thank the Schoolof English, and in particular ProfessorDavid Fairer, for having offered me the chanceto study at Leedsduring the last eight years. Finally, I would like to expressmy thanks to Dr. Bernard Linares, the Gibraltarian Minister for Education and Training, and to the librarians and staff of the Brotherton University Library, Leeds. 11 Abstract This thesis examines anti-Spanish sentiment within Marian and Elizabethan literary and political writing. Although its primary aim is to reinvigorate the reader's perceptions about a topic that has traditionally been subject to considerable scholarly neglect, four `core' objectives can still be identified (a) to demonstrate how `anti-Spanishness' began as a deliberate, highly systematic attempt to tackle a number of unresolved issues within the minds
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Being Beyond: the Black Legend and How We Got Over It (Slater And
HOS0010.1177/0073275317694897 694897research-article2017 Special Issue: Iberian Science: Reflections and Studies HOS History of Science 2017, Vol. 55(2) 148 –166 Being beyond: The Black © The Author(s) 2017 Reprints and permissions: Legend and how we sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav https://doi.org/10.1177/0073275317694897DOI: 10.1177/0073275317694897 got over it journals.sagepub.com/home/hos John Slater University of California – Davis Maríaluz López-Terrada INGENIO (CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València) Abstract We used to think it was the job of a historian of Spanish science to combat the negative evaluations of Hispanic cultures that came to be known as the Black Legend. Paradoxically, attempts to amend dominant narratives of the history of science (such as the Scientific Revolution) so that they might accommodate Spain bolstered the very stories we meant to dismantle. Caring about the Black Legend deformed the history we were trying to write and never convinced the people we hoped to sway. In this article, we provide an overview of the historiographic tendencies that most shaped our careers – responses to the Black Legend, such as contributionist history and bibliometrics – and explain why we have chosen to move on. Keywords Spain, the Black Legend, history of science, early modern Spanish science, bibliometrics, historiography If we viewed the early modern landscape of scientific knowledge from the perspective of Philip II, who ruled from 1556–98, we would see many different cities and regions, each Corresponding author:
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The Black Legend Against Spain Is Part of a Vast Movement Started by the Enemies of the Faith to Destroy the Catholic Religion
A woodcut allegedly depicting a typical interrogation of the Spanish Inquisition: The Black Legend against Spain is part of a vast movement started by the enemies of the Faith to destroy the Catholic religion. It is not an isolated case; other Catholic countries like ltaly, Ireland and Poland have had their reputations smeared for their adhesion to the Faith. The Black Legend seeks to throw discredit upon the Faith by building biases and prejudices against Catholicism. A current example of these attacks is Dan Brown's book The Da Vinci Code, a malevolent cocktail of fake scholarship, lies and half-truths. It seeks to instill in Catholics a sense of embarrassment and shame about the way in which their ancestors lived and practiced their faith. The effect is subtle but too often ends by Catholics then doubting the truth of the Faith. The Black Legend was fanned largely by Protestant and liberal ideology and, particularly in the twentieth century, the Marxist re-interpretation of history. Even in Latin America, the influence of the so-called “Enlightenment” movement (largely directed against the Catholic faith) led to a type of Black Legend that was used to justify the aspirations of political independence from Spain. In that region political “adulthood” in the early nineteenth century was grounded in a rationalist ideology that repudi- ated the Hispanic heritage1. Regrettably, even today many priests and religious of the Church have accepted totally or partially the Black Legend against Spain. They have led protest movements against the celebrations of the Fifth Centennial observing the discovery and conquest of America.
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