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University of Dundee MASTER of PHILOSOPHY Changing British Perceptions of Spain in Times of War and Revolution, 1808 to 1838

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University of Dundee MASTER of PHILOSOPHY Changing British Perceptions of Spain in Times of War and Revolution, 1808 to 1838 University of Dundee MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY Changing British Perceptions of Spain in Times of War and Revolution, 1808 to 1838 Holsman, John Robert Award date: 2014 Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY Changing British Perceptions of Spain in Times of War and Revolution, 1808 to 1838 John Robert Holsman 2014 University of Dundee Conditions for Use and Duplication Copyright of this work belongs to the author unless otherwise identified in the body of the thesis. It is permitted to use and duplicate this work only for personal and non-commercial research, study or criticism/review. You must obtain prior written consent from the author for any other use. Any quotation from this thesis must be acknowledged using the normal academic conventions. It is not permitted to supply the whole or part of this thesis to any other person or to post the same on any website or other online location without the prior written consent of the author. Contact the Discovery team ([email protected]) with any queries about the use or acknowledgement of this work. Changing British Perceptions of Spain in Times of War and Revolution, 1808 to 1838. John Robert Holsman Submitted for the Degree of Master of Philosophy University of Dundee June 2014 2 Contents Acknowledgements 4 Declaration 5 Abstract 6 Introduction 7 Chapter One: The Peninsula War 1808 to 1814 30 Chapter Two: The South American Wars of Independences 1808 to 1820 77 Chapter Three: Revolution in Spain 1820 to 1823 118 Chapter Four: Spanish Exiles in Britain 1808 to 1838 159 Chapter Five: The Carlist War 1833 to 1838 196 Conclusion 245 Appendix 250 Bibliography 254 3 List of Illustrations Figure 1: The Flight of Joseph Bonaparte, King of Spain, 1808. 65 Figure 2. The Patriotic Dinner, British Zeal in the Cause of Spanish Liberty or a Hint to Legitimate Despots. By Samuel William Fores. 145 Figure 3.1: Money per Year Allocate to Spanish Exiles by the British Government 1824 to 1840. 177 Figure 3.2: Money per Year Allocate to Spanish Exiles by the British Government 1824 to 1840. 177 4 Acknowledgments I would like to thank the following for their help, support and time. My thanks must first of all go to my supervisors Dr. Christopher Storrs and Dr. Derek Patrick, for there guidance through much of my university career and studies during my MPhil, for there persistent help and advice. Additionally, the encouragement I received from other colleagues in the history department and the Disability Access Centre at the University of Dundee. To the late Richard Holmes, military historian, for inspiring me as a youth into the world of history and starting a passion which has led to continued studies in history. Many thanks for the funding which I received from the University to Dundee for travel expenses to the various archives and libraries which I visited across Britain. To Historic Scotland and Anna Visscher Ltd. for the work which has allowed me to fund my MPhil. To Michael Allardice of the Academic Skills Centre, Peter McCarra and Kirsty Buss for proof reading my thesis and giving me advice on my grammar and punctuation. Also Peter Leach proprietor of the Pro Kew Gardens bed and breakfast for housing me during research periods spent in London. Warm thanks also to the archivists and librarians, for the following institutions which provided me with the vital documents needed. The National Archives in London, Archivo Historico Nacional in Madrid, National Archives of Scotland, National Archive of the Catholic Church in Scotland, University of Liverpool Archive, University of Southampton, Special Collections Databases, British Library, National Library of Scotland. Finally, I am grateful for the love and support of my family and friends during the last few years. 5 Declaration I hereby declare that I, .............................., am the author of this thesis; that, unless otherwise stated, all references cited have been consulted by me; that the work of which the thesis is a record has been done by me; and that this thesis has not been previously accepted for a higher degree. Signed: .............................. Date:................................. Certificate This is to certify that .............................. has done this research under my supervision and that he has fulfilled the conditions of the relevant ordinances of the University of Dundee so that he is qualified to submit for the Degree of Master of Philosophy. Signed: .............................. Date:................................ 6 Abstract Historians have studied Anglo-Spanish relations for several years; however the diversity of British opinions towards the Spanish as revealed in the newspapers have been marginalised throughout history. The literature on the Peninsular War has been extensive, contributing to the overall narrative of British hostility and superiority towards the Spanish typified by the Black Legend. Britain’s opinions and support for the independence of South America and the Spanish Revolution of 1820 have been understood as overwhelmingly supportive of these movements. This study challenges these views and maps the change in British observers’ perceptions over thirty years, from the Peninsular War to the forgotten Carlist War. To judge these different attitudes and the extent of this change, British opinions will be examined from various angles, from the political ruling class in government, the military and the active British public, who debated issues in the newspapers and wrote memoirs of their experiences. This study shows a wider range of British perceptions on the issues of Spain and South America than most previous historians of the topic have suggested. That there was a persuasive conservative view of Spain held by many people who supported the rights of the Spanish monarchy against the rise of liberal political ideas and Britain’s two political parties did not always hold opinions which reflected wider public perceptions. This study gives us a more comprehensive understanding of British opinions of Spain, the control of information by newspapers, demonstrating that opinions were less resolute and that perceptions did change with time. 7 Introduction The way in which historians and literati have viewed the Spanish in the Age of Revolution is as being lazy, cruel and chaotic, but is this the case?1 The historiographical understanding of British opinions of Spain and South America previously have been simplistic in their narratives. Subsequently this has led to a biased version of British conceptions, from a Protestant perspective, reminiscent of the Black Legend of old or an overly broad Whiggish overview. Historians, in certain instances, commonly utilise sources which reflect a negative opinion of Spain and the Spanish people, as opposed to a more positive and supportive argument. The Peninsular War historiography is abundant with the use of the same quotes from individuals, the Duke of Wellington, George Bell and Sergeant Lawrence prime examples of such, giving an overall impression of superiority towards the Spanish by Britons.2 Historians have contributed to this impression in a number of works on the Peninsular War, with a brief synopsis of British opinions of the Spanish.3 In certain instances the nature of British opinions of Spain has been generalised without providing documentary evidence to support this theory. Charles Webster states without substantiation that the debates over the Foreign Enlistment Act “proved also how far public opinion in Britain had gone in sympathy with the colonies”.4 In fact the majority of Britain’s reading public had voiced their opinion for some time in the newspapers. The debate over the 1 R. MacKay, Lazy, Improvident People: Myth and Reality in the Writing of Spanish History (New York, 2006), pp. 1-3 & 93-97. D. Gates, The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War (New York, 2001), pp.33-35. 2 For specific references to the following sources listed see examples in Peninsular War chapter. A. Wellesley & J. Gurwood (eds.), The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington, K.G.: During His Various Campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries, and France Volumes IV-VI (London, 1839). G. Bell, Soldier’s Glory (London, 1956). W. Lawrence, Sergeant Lawrence: With the 40th Regt. of Foot in South America, the Peninsular War and at Waterloo (London, 2008). 3 C.J. Esdaile, The Peninsular War: A New History (London, 2003), pp.199-200. R .Parkinson, The Peninsular War (London, 2000), p. 191. D.A. Bell, The Limits of Conflict in Napoleonic Europe- And Their Transgression, in E. Charter, E. Rosenhaft, & H. Smith (eds.) Civilians and War in Europe 1618-1815 (Cambridge, 2012), pp. 212-225. Gates, The Spanish Ulcer, p.194. 4 C.K. Webster, The Foreign Policy of Castlereagh 1815-1822: Britain And The European Alliance (London, 1925), p.423. 8 Foreign Enlistment Bill really reflected the divided mood over South America, which was evident in the final vote being almost equal, one hundred and fifty five for and one hundred and forty two against in the House of Commons.5 A wider investigation of sources of British perceptions, by reassessing issues which historians have employed previously and using new material, has uncovered opinions of British sympathies and support for both Spanish liberals and conservatives.
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