Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing Volume 809 Series editor Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland e-mail: [email protected] The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications on theory, applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent Computing. Virtually all disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer and information science, ICT, economics, business, e-commerce, environment, healthcare, life science are covered. The list of topics spans all the areas of modern intelligent systems and computing such as: computational intelligence, soft computing including neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary computing and the fusion of these paradigms, social intelligence, ambient intelligence, computational neuroscience, artificial life, virtual worlds and society, cognitive science and systems, Perception and Vision, DNA and immune based systems, self-organizing and adaptive systems, e-Learning and teaching, human-centered and human-centric computing, recommender systems, intelligent control, robotics and mechatronics including human-machine teaming, knowledge-based paradigms, learning paradigms, machine ethics, intelligent data analysis, knowledge management, intelligent agents, intelligent decision making and support, intelligent network security, trust management, interactive entertainment,Web intelligence and multimedia. The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are primarily proceedings of important conferences, symposia and congresses. They cover significant recent developments in the field, both of a foundational and applicable character. An important characteristic feature of the series is the short publication time and world-wide distribution. This permits a rapid and broad dissemination of research results. Advisory Board Chairman Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India e-mail: [email protected] Members Rafael Bello Perez, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba e-mail: [email protected] Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain e-mail: [email protected] Hani Hagras, University of Essex, Colchester, UK e-mail: [email protected] László T. Kóczy, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary e-mail: [email protected] Vladik Kreinovich, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, USA e-mail: [email protected] Chin-Teng Lin, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan e-mail: [email protected] Jie Lu, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia e-mail: [email protected] Patricia Melin, Tijuana Institute of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico e-mail: [email protected] Nadia Nedjah, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland e-mail: [email protected] Jun Wang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong e-mail: [email protected] More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11156 Luigi Cocchiarella Editor ICGG 2018—Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Geometry and Graphics 40th Anniversary—Milan, Italy, August 3–7, 2018 123 Editor Luigi Cocchiarella Department of Architecture and Urban Studies—DASTU, School of Architecture Urban Planning and Construction Engineering—AUIC Politecnico di Milano Milan, Italy ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic) Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing ISBN 978-3-319-95587-2 ISBN 978-3-319-95588-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95588-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018948129 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019, corrected publication 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface This book publishes the scientific contributions submitted for the 18th International Conference on Geometry and Graphics, celebrating the 40th anniversary from the first edition held in Vancouver at the University of British Columbia in 1978. At that time, it was the International Conference on Descriptive Geometry (ICDG), but in the second edition organized in Beijing in 1984, the name began to change, until the International Conference on Engineering Computer Graphics and Descriptive Geometry (ICECGDG) appeared in the 4th edition held in Miami in 1990, aiming at keeping the scientific event in step with the times, given the pervasive diffusion of the digital, and with the aim of widening the disciplinary spectrum of interest for the meeting. In due course, the revolutionary power of the computerized geometry and graphics, and the new sensitivity towards the role of geometry and graphics in about every theoretical and operational field, claimed for a more representative denomi- nation, reflecting the ever-widening thematics that the conference intended to pursue. Then, in 2000, the 9th edition was finally organized as an International Conference on Geometry and Graphics (ICGG), taking the name from the International Society for Geometry and Graphics (ISGG), constituted in 1990 and promoting the event biannually at different venues around the world. By the way, I had the privilege to participate as a guest speaker in the Panel Session on The Taxonomy of Geometry and Graphics, which concluded the 8th edition held at the University of Austin in Texas, and contributed to the decision to give a new name to the Conference. The references mentioned above may be useful for understanding the structure of the Proceedings for those who are new to the ICGGs Conferences. A series of scientific essays authored by the Guest Lecturers introduces the volume, representative of the variety of topics and research inherent to Geometry and Graphics, carried out in the three regions of the world, Asia/Australia/Oceania, Europe/Near East/Africa, and North America/South America, according to the geographic areas mapped by the ISGG. v vi Preface All the scientific contributions submitted by the authors are organized by topics, namely Theoretical Graphics and Geometry, Applied Geometry and Graphics, Engineering Computer Graphics, Graphics Education, and the new topic Geometry and Graphics in History, proposed for this edition. Poster papers presented in the plenary poster sessions at the Conference on the mentioned topics conclude the volume. On the Conference website, available at the web address www.icgg2018.polimi.it,aseriesof subtopics is also listed, together with a statement inviting prospective authors to submit papers even if not strictly related to the topics listed, which is consistent with the aim to promote Geometry and Graphics worldwide and in all the interested fields of research, education, industrial applications and profession, as one can also read on the official webpage of the International Society for Geometry and Graphics at the web address www.isgg.net. As in our tradition since 1997, an extended version of some selected contributions, recommended by the Session Chairs during the Conference, will also be published on the Journal for Geometry and Graphics (JGG), webpage www.heldermann.de/JGG/jggcover.htm. Being these the Proceedings of the 40th anniversary of the Conference, we like to recall the preface to the first Proceedings published in 1978, where professor Stephen Slaby of the Princeton University referred to the genuine spirit of geometry.Aswe can clearly see, this powerful spirit, and let us say, the spirit of geometry and graphics seem to be universally, and even strongly, confirmed nowadays. For the reasons mentioned, this volume is addressed to all those who have a direct interest in Geometry and Graphics, as well as in any fields, however related to Geometry and Graphics. For the same reasons, it can be of interest for scholars, researchers, teachers, Ph.D. students, students in general, as well as professionals. We also hope that the book may somehow reach other readers, stimulating interest in Geometry and Graphics. The SCOPUS indexing provided by Springer should be of help in this direction. This publication is the result of the generous joint effort of a large community of authors submitting their contributions; chairs and cochairs, namely Yasushi Ya-maguchi, Baoling