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The History of Enterprise Architecture: an Evidence-Based Review
Article The History of Enterprise Architecture: An Evidence-Based Review Svyatoslav Kotusev Abstract The conventional wisdom says that the concept of Enterprise Architecture (EA) originated from the pioneering work of John Zachman. He is frequently referred to as the “father” of EA and many consider the Zachman Framework to be the breakthrough that created the discipline of EA and provided the foundation for all subsequent EA frameworks and methodologies. Is Zachman’s “A Framework for Information Systems Architecture” really the seminal publication of the EA discipline? Is it really the first EA framework? Did it really profoundly influence modern EA methodologies? In order to answer these questions, in this article I describe an evidence-based history of EA and trace the origins of all essential ideas constituting the basis of the modern concept of EA. Keywords Enterprise Architecture, history, frameworks, Zachman Framework, Business Systems Planning divided into three distinct periods: Business Systems INTRODUCTION Planning, early EA, and modern EA. Almost every publication on Enterprise Architecture (EA) BUSINESS SYSTEMS PLANNING cites the Zachman Framework (Zachman 1987) as a seminal EA publication that fundamentally shaped the The idea of deliberate information systems planning is discipline of EA. Authors routinely call John Zachman far from new. Early planning approaches proposed the “father” of EA and consider his framework paper to various considerations on how to design corporate be the initial breakthrough publication that created the information systems based on an organizational strategy very concept of EA and significantly influenced its (King 1978), data flows between departments modern understanding. Moreover, many authors argue (Blumenthal 1969), suppliers and orders (Carlson 1979; that the Zachman Framework inspired all other Kerner 1979), critical success factors (Rockart 1979), subsequent EA frameworks and methodologies. -
On the State-Of-The-Art in Enterprise Architecture Management Literature
FAKULTAT¨ FUR¨ INFORMATIK DER TECHNISCHEN UNIVERSITAT¨ MUNCHEN¨ Technical Report On the State-of-the-Art in Enterprise Architecture Management Literature Sabine Buckl and Christian M. Schweda II Abstract The enterprise architecture (EA) and its management are topics receiving ongoing interest from academia, practitioners, standardization bodies, and tool vendors. Over the last decade and especially in the last five years, much has been said and written on these topics that nevertheless have a much longer history dating back to the nineties of the last century. In these days, John Zachman was one of the first to understand the ‘bigger whole’ in which IS architecting and IS development is embedded. Ever since these days, the canonic knowledge on this topic, which would later become known as “EA management”, has been furthered by many contributors originating from different philosophical, educational, and theoretical backgrounds, leading to numerous presentations and publications in this area. But while each article, paper or book extends the body of knowledge, it also ‘raises the stakes’ for anyone willing to enter this field of engagement. Especially, young researchers novel to this area that is not covered that much in university education than it perhaps should, find themselves confronted with a vast amount of ‘hits’, when they enter “EA management” as keyword in their favorite (scientific) search engine. This report aims at charting the landscape of EA management research and practice. Applying a generic framework for structuring the body of knowledge in the field into the two core areas of “method” and “language”, the work provides an overview on the state-of-the-art in the field, delineates interesting questions for future research, and shows how different approaches taken may be worthwhile subjects for researching how they may complement each other. -
Transport Network Architecture
T MU AM 06011 TI Technical Information Transport Network Architecture Version0 1. Issued date: 29 March 2017 © State of NSW through Transport for NSW 2017 Superseded by T MU AM 06011 v2.0, 11/07/2017 TI T MU AM 06011 TI Transport Network Architecture Version 1.0 Issued date: 29 March 2017 Important message This document is one of a set of standards developed solely and specifically for use on Transport Assets (as defined in the Asset Standards Authority Charter). It is not suitable for any other purpose. The copyright and any other intellectual property in this document will at all times remain the property of the State of New South Wales (Transport for NSW). You must not use or adapt this document or rely upon it in any way unless you are providing products or services to a NSW Government agency and that agency has expressly authorised you in writing to do so. If this document forms part of a contract with, or is a condition of approval by a NSW Government agency, use of the document is subject to the terms of the contract or approval. To be clear, the content of this document is not licensed under any Creative Commons Licence. This document may contain third party material. The inclusion of third party material is for illustrative purposes only and does not represent an endorsement by NSW Government of any third party product or service. If you use this document or rely upon it without authorisation under these terms, the State of New South Wales (including Transport for NSW) and its personnel does not accept any liability to you or any other person for any loss, damage, costs and expenses that you or anyone else may suffer or incur from your use and reliance on the content contained in this document. -
Comprehensive Measurement Framework for Enterprise Architectures
International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 3, No 4, August 2011 COMPREHENSIVE MEASUREMENT FRAMEWORK FOR ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES Mahesh R. Dube 1 and Shantanu K. Dixit 2 1Department of Computer Engineering, VIT, Pune, India [email protected] 2Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, WIT, Solapur, India [email protected] ABSTRACT Enterprise Architecture defines the overall form and function of systems across an enterprise involving the stakeholders and providing a framework, standards and guidelines for project-specific architectures. Project-specific Architecture defines the form and function of the systems in a project or program, within the context of the enterprise as a whole with broad scope and business alignments. Application-specific Architecture defines the form and function of the applications that will be developed to realize functionality of the system with narrow scope and technical alignments. Because of the magnitude and complexity of any enterprise integration project, a major engineering and operations planning effort must be accomplished prior to any actual integration work. As the needs and the requirements vary depending on their volume, the entire enterprise problem can be broken into chunks of manageable pieces. These pieces can be implemented and tested individually with high integration effort. Therefore it becomes essential to analyze the economic and technical feasibility of realizable enterprise solution. It is difficult to migrate from one technological and business aspect to other as the enterprise evolves. The existing process models in system engineering emphasize on life-cycle management and low-level activity coordination with milestone verification. Many organizations are developing enterprise architecture to provide a clear vision of how systems will support and enable their business. -
An Annotated Bibliography for ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010
An Annotated Bibliography for ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010 version 4.4.b October 15, 2020 Introduction An annotated bibliography of papers, reports and books on topics pertaining to ISO/IEC/- IEEE 42010:2011 (revision of the former IEEE Std 1471:2000). Originally prepared for ISO/IEC JTC1/SC7 WG42, the Architecture Working Group of the Systems and Software Engineering Subcommittee of ISO. Currently the bibliography is undergoing a major up- date as ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010 is being revised. The current draft is a work-in-progress; it has many new entries, but these are not necessarily complete. The bibliography includes 1) items which were inspirations for the Standard; 2) items citing or about the Standard or its development; and 3) items inspired by or built upon the Standard and its concepts. Note: with version 4.x, we switch to producing the bibliography using the biblatex package. There may be errors. Please send corrections and additions to [email protected]. References 12th Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture (WICSA 2015), 4–7 May 2015, Montr´eal,Qu´ebec,Canada. IEEE Computer Society, Apr. 2015. A. Anwar et al. “A Formal Approach to Model Composition Applied to VUML”. In: 2011 16th IEEE International Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems. Keywords: graph grammars, process algebra, model composition, MBSE. Apr. 2011, pp. 188–197. DOI: 10.1109/ICECCS.2011.26. Annotations: -. 1 Abstract: Several approaches adopted by the software engineering community rely on the principle of multi-modeling which allows to separate concerns and to model a sys- tem as a set of less complex sub-models. -
The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF)
The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) John Spencer, Director – Architecture Forum Boston, July 24th 2002 Agenda q The Architecture Forum q TOGAF background q TOGAF components q Plans for the Future q Summary Architecture Forum - Stakeholders q Customer Architects: reduced time, cost, risk § procuring effective IT architecture tools § developing an IT architecture § procuring products to implement an IT architecture q Tools Vendors: bigger market, bigger market share § supporting open methods for architecture q IT Solution Vendors: greater cost-efficiency § reduced cost of bidding, greater share of procurements q Integrators: greater cost-efficiency, better service § better service delivery to clients § more effective use / re-use of own architecture assets q Academic / Research Organizations: funding support § demonstrated relevance to market, route to standardization § “technology transfer” important in bids for funding Membership – 1st July 2002 48 members: § Arthur Andersen Business Consulting (US) § Mitre Corporation (US) § BMC Software Inc. (US) § Monash University (Australia) § Boeing Corporation (US) § NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (US) § CC and C Solutions (Australia) § National Computerization Agency (Korea) § Centre For Open Systems (Australia) § NATO C3 Agency (Belgium) § ChiSurf (Hong Kong) § NEC (Japan) § Compaq (US) § NeTraverse, Inc. (US) § Computacentre (UK) § Nexor, Inc. (US) § Computas (Norway) § Open GIS Consortium, Inc. (US) § Computer Associates (US) § PASS Network Consulting (Germany) § Conclusive Logic -
Enterprise Architecture Analysis and Designing T Support the Filtering O Process Consumer at Real Estate Company
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 10, Issue 09, September 2019, pp. 1-15, Article ID: IJCIET_10_09_001 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=10&Issue=9 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE ANALYSIS AND DESIGNING TO SUPPORT THE FILTERING PROCESS CONSUMER AT REAL ESTATE COMPANY Nilo Legowo, Wandi Aprianto Information System Department, BINUS Graduate Program-Master in Information System Management, Bina Nusantara University Jakarta Indonesia 11480 Email : [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT PT Gerbang Duabelas is a real estate company engaged in the field of developer domiciled in Pontianak, West Kalimantan. Today, there are often problems with consumers, such as high sales cancellation rates, consumers who are in arrears in payment of DP receivables, consumers who are in arrears in housing installments to banks as lenders, consumers who are in trouble, constrained mortgage documents and uncooperative consumers. PT Gerbang Duabelas needs to design an Enterprise Architecture that can filter prospective customers who have good and healthy prospects. Enterprise Architecture is an activity of organizing data that is used and produced by an organization that covers the business processes of the organization. The framework is used as a reference in designing enterprise architecture in this study is TOGAF ADM, with a focus on design in the information system architecture phase, namely the data architecture and application architecture. Key words: Enterprise Architecture, TOGAF ADM, System Information Architecture, Architecture Data, Architecture Technology. Cite this Article: Nilo Legowo, Wandi Aprianto, Enterprise Architecture Analysis and Designing to Support the Filtering Process Consumer at Real Estate Company. -
TOGAF: Just the Next Fad That Turned Into a New Religion
TOGAF: Just the Next Fad That Turned into a New Religion Svyatoslav Kotusev ([email protected]) This article appeared as a book chapter in: Smith, K. L. (ed.) (2018) TOGAF Is Not an EA Framework: The Inconvenient Pragmatic Truth, Great Notley, UK: Pragmatic EA Ltd. (Disclaimer: This article is merely a personal opinion of the author, which can be freely agreed or disagreed with, and should not be associated with any other individuals or organizations) Introduction Currently the discourse in the enterprise architecture (EA) discipline largely revolves around The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF). TOGAF is actively promoted by many consultancies and gurus as a leading EA framework. For example, The Open Group claims that TOGAF is “a proven Enterprise Architecture methodology and framework” as well as “the most prominent and reliable Enterprise Architecture standard in the world”. TOGAF describes an EA practice as an iterative step-wise process consisting of eight consecutive phases where each of these phases produces a specified set of architectural deliverables. This iterative process is titled as TOGAF architecture development method (ADM) and implies describing the current state, defining the desired future state, analyzing the gaps between these states, developing a transition plan, executing the plan and then repeating the same process all over again. But what is the true origin of TOGAF ADM? Where did TOGAF really come from? What is TOGAF? 27 TOGAF: Just the Next Fad That Turned into a New Religion By Svyatoslav Kotusev (RMIT University) Introduction Currently the discourse in the enterprise architecture (EA) discipline largely revolves around The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF). -
An Architecture Framework Modification Supporting the Acquisition Stakeholders
University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Engineering and Information Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A Sciences 1-1-2014 An Architecture Framework Modification Supporting the Acquisition Stakeholders Farid Shirvani University of Wollongong, [email protected] Mahmoud Efatmaneshnik University of Wollongong, [email protected] Allan P. Campbell University of Wollongong, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/eispapers Part of the Engineering Commons, and the Science and Technology Studies Commons Recommended Citation Shirvani, Farid; Efatmaneshnik, Mahmoud; and Campbell, Allan P., "An Architecture Framework Modification Supporting the Acquisition Stakeholders" (2014). Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A. 6473. https://ro.uow.edu.au/eispapers/6473 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] An Architecture Framework Modification Supporting the Acquisition Stakeholders Abstract Architectural modeling is gaining support for urban system development to help governments, local agencies and large enterprises acquire, maintain and develop complex infrastructure. This paper proposes a modification ot TRAK (The Rail Architecture frameworK) to make it more suitable for acquisition of the general class of urban infrastructure systems. In this paper four of the main system stakeholders, namely acquirer, developer, investor and regulator are chosen and their concerns are identified. In order to identify the gaps, the procurement viewpoints of TRAK are investigated and analyzed to show their inefficiencies in expressing acquisition scenarios and addressing the concerns of those stakeholders. The first main gap is the lack of equirr ement traceability as there is no viewpoints showing the flow of equirr ements from acquirer to developers. -
Improving Engineering Governance for Large Infrastructure Projects
Multi-Level and Transnational Governance Issues Improving Engineering Governance for Large Infrastructure Projects William Scott1, Gary Arabian2, Peter Campbell1 and Richard Fullalove2 1SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong, Australia 2Asset Standards Authority, Transport for New South Wales, Australia ABSTRACT The increased complexity of modern infrastructure projects together with the desire of governments to provide improved services to their citizens gives rise to the need for much better engineering governance capability and the ability to model system and user behaviour to ensure the desired increased level of service. Modelling all aspects of planned systems through the use of standardised architecture framework models that can be developed to provide the necessary insight across all aspects and levels of concern for the system(s) is an excellent approach for achieving this. This paper describes the initial phase of development of such a toolset for the Asset Standards Authority (ASA) of Transport for New South Wales (TfNSW) that will be used to ensure coordinated development activities between all divisions in the department, as well as with Planning NSW and the private sector providers for system design, implementation, maintenance and operation. The initial development described here particularly focuses on existing, current and future heavy rail projects, but continuing work is under way to extend and generalise the model so that it applies to all rail transport modes (rapid transit metro and light rail) and eventually to include all other TfNSW transport modes — buses, walkways, ferries, cycle ways, and roads. Furthermore, this paper details how the use of a metamodel for the architecture framework provides the rigour and abstraction necessary to allow this generalisation within the same model structure. -
University of Birmingham Whole System Railway Modelling
School of Electronic, Electrical and System Engineering University of Birmingham Whole System Railway Modelling A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Author: Garry Patrick Greenland Supervisor(s): Professor Clive Roberts and Dr. Stuart Hillmansen Date: 16th April 2019 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is under a Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) licence. You are free to: Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms. Under the following terms: Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material. No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. Notices: You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation. No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material. Whole System Railway Modelling Preliminaries Garry Patrick Greenland Abstract There has been a general view articulated within the railway industry that there needs to be greater systems thinking and systems engineering applied to major projects within the industry (Network Rail, 2013 and Rail Safety and Standards Board, 2012). -
December 2019 INFORMATION SYSTEMS ISSN: 1946-1836 APPLIED RESEARCH
JOURNAL OF Volume 12, Issue 3 December 2019 INFORMATION SYSTEMS ISSN: 1946-1836 APPLIED RESEARCH In this issue: 4. Where We are with Enterprise Architecture Leila Halawi, Embry Riddle Aeronautical University Richard McCarthy, Quinnipiac University James Farah, Jacksonville University 14. Dangers of Distracted Driving by Mobile Phone Users: An Experimental Approach Hoon S. Choi, Appalachian State University Jason Xiong, Appalachian State University B. Dawn Medlin, Appalachian State University 24. Changes in the Information Technology Field: A Survey of Current Technologies and Future Importance Jeffrey Cummings, University of North Carolina Wilmington Thomas Janicki, University of North Carolina Wilmington Journal of Information Systems Applied Research 12 (3) ISSN: 1946-1836 December 2019 The Journal of Information Systems Applied Research (JISAR) is a double-blind peer reviewed academic journal published by ISCAP, Information Systems and Computing Academic Professionals. Publishing frequency is three issues a year. The first date of publication was December 1, 2008. JISAR is published online (http://jisar.org) in connection with CONISAR, the Conference on Information Systems Applied Research, which is also double-blind peer reviewed. Our sister publication, the Proceedings of CONISAR, features all papers, panels, workshops, and presentations from the conference. (http://conisar.org) The journal acceptance review process involves a minimum of three double-blind peer reviews, where both the reviewer is not aware of the identities of the authors and the authors are not aware of the identities of the reviewers. The initial reviews happen before the conference. At that point papers are divided into award papers (top 15%), other journal papers (top 30%), unsettled papers, and non-journal papers.