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NASA Origins Probes Concept Studies

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NASA Origins Probes Concept Studies NASA Origins Probes Concept Studies • NASA has selected nine studies to investigate new ideas for future mission concepts within its Astronomical Search for Origins Program. • Each of the selected studies will have eight months to further develop and refine concepts for missions addressing different aspects of Origins Program science. The Origins Program seeks to address the fundamental questions: "Where did we come from?" and "Are we alone?" NASA received 26 proposals in response to this call for mission concepts. • The missions under study are $670-M class: larger than current “Explorer” (SMEX and MIDEX) missions, but smaller than flagship great observatories like Hubble. • There are no “Origins Probes” or funding for such in NASA’s current budget. However if this class of mission is seen (through these studies) to fill a missing ‘gap’ in current Origins program missions, it may be pursued as a future new program. • Some of the new missions envisioned would survey one billion stars within our own galaxy; measure the distribution of galaxies in the distant universe; study dust and gas between galaxies; study organic compounds in space and investigate their role in planetary system formation; and create an optical-ultraviolet telescope with instruments previously slated for NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. Origins Probes Solicitation Results • Origins Probe Mission Concept Studies (2004-2005) – Fill missing science in current Origins Program • April 2004, 26 proposals received - 9 selected PI Institution Short Title BLISS: Revealing the Nature of the Far-IR M. Bradford JPL Universe K. Johnston USNO Origins Billion Star Survey D. Leisawitz GSFC The Space Infrared Interferometric Telescope G. Melnick SAO Cosmic Inflation Probe J. Morse ASU HORUS: High ORbit Ultraviolet-visible Satellite C. Norman JHU Hubble Origins Probe S. Sandford ARC The Astrobiology SPace InfraRed Explorer K. Sembach STScI The Baryonic Structure Probe R. Thompson U of A GEOP: A Galaxy Evolution and Origins Probe Study Results Will Feed Into NASA Roadmapping Activities • Roadmapping Team will use study results to assess whether proposed missions are sufficiently compelling for them to recommend inclusion in NASA plans • First draft “Universe roadmap” December 2004 • AAS town hall discussion January 2005 • Second draft April 2005 • Final Draft June 2005 • Final publication October 2005 The selected proposals and their principal investigators are: • A Background Limited Infrared-Submillimeter Spectrograph for Spica: Revealing the Nature of the Far-Infrared Universe Matt Bradford, JPL, Pasadena, Calif. – The study will enable far-infrared spectroscopy of the galaxies that make up the far-infrared background out to distances of some of the farthest galaxies known today. Its spectral surveys will chart the history of creation of elements heavier than helium and energy production through cosmic time. (Note: Spica is a Japanese mission). • Origins Billion Star Survey Kenneth Johnston, U.S. Naval Observatory, Washington – The survey will provide a complete census of giant extrasolar planets for all types of stars in our galaxy and the demographics of stars within 30,000 light-years of the Sun. Steven Pravdo of JPL is a co-investigator. • The Space Infrared Interferometric Telescope David Leisawitz, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. – This imaging and spectral Michelson interferometer operates in the mid- to far-infrared region of the spectrum. Its very high angular resolution in the far-infrared will enable revolutionary developments in the field of star and planet formation research. • Cosmic Inflation Probe Gary Melnick, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Mass. – The probe will measure the shape of cosmic inflation potential by conducting a space-based, near-infrared, large-area redshift survey capable of detecting galaxies that formed early in the history of the universe. • High Orbit Ultraviolet-visible Satellite Jon Morse, Arizona State University, Tempe. – This mission will conduct a step-wise, systematic investigation of star formation in the Milky Way, nearby galaxies and the high- redshift universe; the origin of the elements and cosmic structure; and the composition of and physical conditions in the extended atmospheres of extrasolar planets. • Hubble Origins Probe Colin Norman, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore – This mission seeks to combine instruments built for the fifth Hubble servicing mission: Cosmic Origins Spectrograph and Wide Field Camera 3. This new space telescope at the forefront of modern astronomy will have a unifying focus on the period when the great majority of star and planet formation, heavy element production, black-hole growth and galaxy assembly took place. • The Astrobiology Space Infrared Explorer Mission: A Concept Mission to Understand the Role Cosmic Organics Play in the Origin of Life Scott Sandford, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. – This is a mid- and far-infrared space observatory optimized to spectroscopically detect and identify organic compounds and related materials in space, and understand how these materials are formed, evolve and find their way to planetary surfaces. Michael Werner and Karen Willacy of JPL are co-investigators. • The Baryonic Structure Probe Kenneth Sembach, Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore – The probe will strengthen the foundations of observational cosmology by directly detecting, mapping and characterizing the cosmic web of matter in the early universe, its inflow into galaxies, and its enrichment with elements heavier than hydrogen and helium (the products of stellar and galactic evolution). • Galaxy Evolution and Origins Probe Rodger Thompson, University of Arizona – The probe will observe more than five million galaxies to study the mass assembly of galaxies, the global history of star formation, and the change of galaxy size and brightness over a volume of the universe large enough to determine the fluctuations of these processes. Hubble Origins Probe (HOP) P.I. Colin Norman, Johns Hopkins University [email protected] 410-516-7329 • Dedicated ~2.4 Meter Free Flyer • Core Mission flies Instruments: COS and WFC3 • Launch before 2010 • Lifetime ≥ 5years • Cost within Origins Probes line $500-700M • Synergy with Chandra, Spitzer, JWST • Basic KISS principle Simplest, lowest risk option HOP Overview • Enhanced Mission possible with international collaboration, subject to schedule constraints. • Extends science with additional instrumentation – Very Wide Field Imaging – (Japan) – Integral Field Unit for visible spectroscopy – (ESA/Australia) • Completes Hubble Science and Important Part of Origins/SEUS Roadmap • Extends Origins/SEUS Roadmap toward Kepler, JWST, TPF-C, SUVO... era • Complements large ground-based telescope initiatives • International Collaboration The Core Science Goals • Study the Universe from z=0→3 • Covers 80% of the history of the Universe • Is the Epoch of * Star Formation * Planet Formation * Metal Production * Galaxy Assembly • Core Science Questions: – Where are (most of) the Baryons? – How does the Intergalactic Medium collapse to form galaxies? – How does feedback from star formation influence the origin and evolution of galaxies? – When and where did galaxies assemble into their current form? – What physical processes link the formation of supermassive black holes and galactic bulges? – How do planetary systems form and what are their properties? HOP Mission Concept • No new technology • HST class (2.4m) • LEO low earth orbit (prob. low inclination) • 48 month schedule •COS & WFC3 • Reuse HST Ground System • Operate as a Great Observatory • Aperture Size: – Consider standardly available 1.8m and 2.4m diameter unaberrated mirrors – Trade cost/schedule of heavy Smithsonian NASA mirror vs current technology light mirrors – Use Lower mass OTA – Unaberrated telescope OK for COS and WFC3 with minor modifications including COS gratings (Ball study) • Launcher: – Delta IV, Atlas 5 – Modifications of COS & WFC3 for ELV launch loads vs STS loads is under study. HOP Mission: Estimated Parameters. • Reduced mirror mass, less expensive launch vehicles → reduced cost • WFC3 requires same focal lengths and mirror spacing as HST -> Delta IV –H or equivalent • Optimize Re-use of items e.g ground system, data handling and storage. Identical interfaces. • Mass 10,000 kg, 3.3kW provided • Critical path is primary mirror fabrication Possibilities provided by an Enhanced HOP Mission • Extend COS sensitivity into UV • Enhance WFC3 filter complement • Add Additional Imaging Instrument -Very Wide Field Imager ( Japan ) (VWFI) • Compensate for Demise of STIS - COS mods for UV spectroscopy - Visible Integral Field Spectrometer as fourth (radial) instrument (ESA?) • Very Wide Field Imager: – Streamlined Mission A-latches and FGS pickoff mirrors could be removed – Very large expanse opened for VWFI – Very low backgrounds ~100 lower at 1 – Qualitatively different science emerges. – Large FOV (200 arcmin), broad λ coverage, stable PSF VWFI Science • The Origin of Galaxies – Focus on the Emergence of galaxies and structure in the modern universe – Stringent tests of galaxy formation models possible using wide-field multi-filter imaging – Study Galaxy clustering as a function of galaxy luminosity, color, morphology, cosmic epoch – Obtain Mass spectrum as a function of epoch using weak lensing to infer cosmic shear – Study cosmology through SN observations (Snap-lite) • The Origin of Planets – VWFI ideal complement to Kepler – Transit studies: In Galactic
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