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<I>Curcuma</I> Species

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<I>Curcuma</I> Species Blumea 65, 2021: 244–253 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/blumea RESEARCH ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2021.65.03.09 Four new Curcuma species (Zingiberaceae) from Thailand J. Leong-Škorničková1, S. Soonthornkalump2, W. Thongbai3 Key words Abstract Four new Curcuma species (Zingiberaceae) from Thailand are described here. Curcuma fimbriata, C. mi- crantha and C. spathulata belong to C. subg. Hitcheniopsis, while C. globulifera belongs to the nominal C. subg. Curcuma globulifera Curcuma. Each species is compared to the morphologically closest species and detailed descriptions, colour plates Curcuma fimbriata and information on their distribution, ecology, phenology and uses are provided. A preliminary IUCN conservation Curcuma micrantha assessment of each of these species is proposed. Curcuma parviflora Curcuma spathulata Curcuma subg. Hitcheniopsis Citation: Leong-Škorničková J, Soonthornkalump S, Thongbai W. 2021. Four new Curcuma species (Zingiberaceae) from Thailand. Blumea 65 (3): 244–253. https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2021.65.03.09. Effectively published online: 20 January 2021. INTRODUCTION More than 40 species have been reported (Maknoi 2006, Siri- rugsa et al. 2007, Leong-Škorničková et al. 2017) with all three Curcuma L. (Zingiberaceae: Zingibereae) is widely distributed subgenera well represented. Many new Curcuma species have in South and Southeast Asia, and South China, with a few been described from Thailand due to revision of the family for species extending to northern Australia and the South Pacific the Flora of Thailand project (e.g., Maknoi et al. 2011, 2019, (Záveská et al. 2012). Although the exact number of Curcuma Chen et al. 2015, Leong-Škorničková et al. 2017, 2020, Boonma species remains unknown, it certainly exceeds the 120 species & Saensouk 2019, Soonthornkalump et al. 2020) bringing now projected by Leong-Škorničková et al. (2007, 2015), making it the total number to over 50. one of the largest genera in the family. Curcuma is well defined During our ongoing work on Curcuma in Thailand, we have in molecular terms, however, a morphological delimitation of gathered sufficient material to describe four species. Curcuma Curcuma in tribe Zingibereae is challenging because this large fimbriata, C. micrantha and C. spathulata belong to subg. Hitch- genus contains numerous highly specialized and morphologi- eniopsis and to the taxonomically difficult complex of species cally derived species. No character has been found that is both related to Curcuma parviflora Wall. (see Leong-Škorničková exclusive to Curcuma and present in all its species, but the set et al. 2013, 2017). Curcuma globulifera is from the nominal of characters that is common to the vast majority of species subg. Curcuma. includes basally connate reflexed bracts, well-developed lateral staminodes, versatile anthers, and a cincinnus of two or more Numerous undescribed Curcuma species have been in cultiva- flowers (Záveská et al. 2012). The most recent phylogeny of tion for 10 years or longer, regularly appearing in horticultural the genus established subg. Ecomatae Škorničk. & Šída f. markets. There are two main problems with material obtained (Záveská et al. 2012) to accommodate a distinct group of spe- through the horticultural trade. First is the ability to establish cies native to the Indochinese floristic region characterised by that the entities represent wild species rather than man-made the presence of epigynous glands and anther spurs, mostly hybrids and, unless it can be established that populations of acute fertile bracts connate only at the base and lacking a con- these species exist in wild habitats, it is not wise to describe spicuous coma of sterile bracts, and leaves with well-developed them. The second problem is to establish at least their ap- ligules. This is in addition to the two traditionally recognized proximate place of origin and extent of distribution, which is subgenera, subg. Curcuma L., characterised by the presence of often a closely guarded trade secret of the local vendors. For epigynous glands, inflorescences usually with a coma, closed‚ some of the species described in this paper, we have been bullet-type flowers, and the presence of two forward-facing able to narrow down the area of distribution to subdistrict level spurs, and subg. Hitcheniopsis (Baker) K.Schum. (Schumann through local informants, but the precise locations remain 1904), characterised by lack of epigynous glands and the lack unknown. Even if more precise locations were known, we feel of anther spurs. that revealing them may further aggravate harvesting of some of the less common species in the wild. While we cannot stop Thailand is known for its diversity in Zingiberaceae, and is also the harvesting in the wild, we believe that by formally describ- one of the richest areas of Curcuma (Larsen & Larsen 2006). ing these species, we can provide an impetus to horticultural 1 Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Rd., 259569 institutions to bring these species into large-scale tissue culture Singapore; propagation, as is common with many other Curcuma species corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]. 2 Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla Uni- of ornamental value. It will also enable national parks and other versity, Kho Hong Subdistrict, Hat Yai District, Songkhla 90110, Thailand. legally protected areas to recognize these species within their 3 119 Moo 6, Wang Hin Subdistrict, Mueang District, Tak 63000, Thailand. areas and set up concrete conservation actions. We have been © 2021 Naturalis Biodiversity Center You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non-commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No derivative works: You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. J. Leong-Škorničková et al.: Four new Curcuma from Thailand 245 greatly encouraged by the rapid responses to our previous two throat) pale yellow with two bright yellow spots on adaxial part, papers (Leong-Škorničková et al. 2020, Soonthornkalump et pale purple abaxially, puberulous in distal 1/3; dorsal corolla al. 2020), when C. cinnabarina Škorničk. & Soonthornk. and lobe ovate, 5.5–6 by c. 4 mm, white, glabrous, apex hooded; C. papillionacea Soonthornk., Ongsakul & Škorničk. were lateral corolla lobes 4–4.5 by 3–3.5 mm wide at base, ovate recognized by staff of protected areas who contacted us for to bluntly triangular with obtuse reflexed apex, white, glabrous; further advice on propagation and possible conservation ac- labellum 6.5–8 by 4.5–5 mm, obovate with obscurely bifid apex tions. Recently, the establishment of an in vitro collection of (incision c. 2 mm long), white with pale yellow median band Curcuma species has been initiated for sustainable use and composed of two swollen central lines extending from base of conservation purposes at the Division of Biological Science, labellum to about 1/2–2/3 towards apex, basally hairy, sides Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkhla University, Thailand. and apical 1/3 pale purple to purple, glabrous, with prominently The descriptions below are based mainly on living flowering fimbriate margin, fimbriae c. 1.5 mm long, curly; lateral stami- material from multiple plants and specimens from the type nodes narrowly elliptic, 6–6.5 by 1.5–2 mm, apex sometimes collections. The style of description follows the recent works of with 1 or 2 fimbriae, white (sometimes pale yellow at base) with Leong-Škorničková et al. (2007, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2020). The semi-translucent veins, glabrous on both sides; stamen 4.5–5 general plant terminology follows Beentje (2016). The prelimi- mm long; filament 1.5–2.5 mm long, c. 1.5 mm broad at base, nary conservation assessments are based on the guidelines 0.6–0.8 mm at the point of attachment, pale purple, glabrous; of the IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee (2019). anther spurless, ovate 2.5–3 mm long (including crest), c. 1.3 mm wide at base, connective tissue white to cream-white, with glandular hairs on sides; anther crest present, obtuse, c. 1 by 1. Curcuma fimbriata Škorničk. & Soonthornk., sp. nov. (subg. 1.2 mm wide at base, white; anther thecae c. 1.5 mm long, Hitcheniopsis) — Fig. 1 dehiscing along entire length, white, pollen white; epigynous Similar to Curcuma prasina Škorničk. by its ecomate inflorescence composed glands absent; style white, glabrous; stigma unequally funnel- of green fertile bracts alone, but readily distinguished by cincinni of 10–12 shaped (dorsally significantly side longer), dorso-ventrally flowers at the base of the inflorescence, white staminodes, white labellum compressed, c. 1.3 by 1.1 mm, white; ostiole with smooth to with pale yellow patch in the basal half, distally pale purple with prominently finely irregularly denticulate margin (no hairs), facing forward; fimbriate margin (vs cincinni composed of 4 or 5 flowers at the base of the ovary globose to ovoid, 1–1.5 by c. 1 mm, trilocular, cream inflorescence,
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