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Nucleotide Sequences in Mouse DNA and RNA Specific for Moloney Sarcoma Virus

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Nucleotide Sequences in Mouse DNA and RNA Specific for Moloney Sarcoma Virus Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 73, No. 10, pp. 3705-3709, October 1976 Microbiology Nucleotide sequences in mouse DNA and RNA specific for Moloney sarcoma virus (murine sarcoma virus/RNA tumor virus/nucleic acid hybridization/gene evolution/sarcoma-specific nucleotide sequence) ARTHUR E. FRANKEL AND PETER J. FISCHINGER Laboratory of Viral Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20014 Communicated by Howard M. Temin, July 12,1976 ABSTRACT Complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesized (3). Laboratory strains of oncoviruses do contain information by Moloney murine sarcoma virus (M-MSV) was separated into that is different from the spontaneously released oncovirus of two parts, the first, termed MSV-specific cDNA, composed of the species Of nucleotide sequences found only in M-MSV viral RNA, and the (6, 7). these, the sarcomagenic oncoviruses gen- second, termed MSV-MuLV common cDNA, composed of nu- erally contain both a set of nucleotide sequences shared with cleotide sequences that were found in both M-MSV and murine leukosis-leukemia viruses, and another set of sequences that are leukemia virus (MuLV) viral RNAs. RNA complementary to the dissimilar from those of other oncoviruses of the species (6-10). MSV-specific cDNA was not found in several other MSV iso- Complementary DNA (cDNA) can be transcribed from sar- lates, nor in ecotropic MuLV, mouse mammary tumor virus, or coma virus RNA by the viral endogenous DNA polymerase. several murine xenotropic oncoviruses. Cellular DNA of several The cDNA represents both the "shared" and the species was examined for the presence of nucleotide sequences "specific" complementary to MSV-specific cDNA. Cells transformed by moieties of the sarcoma virus genome. We were able to isolate M-MSV did contain MSV-specific cDNA in their DNA. Normal these distinct moieties from the genome of the Moloney isolate mouse cell DNA apparently contained the majority of MSV- of murine sarcoma virus (M-MSV) (9). By hybridizing the total specific nucleotide sequences. Cellular DNA of related species M-MSV-MuLV cDNA with Moloney NMuLV (M-MuLV) viral contained proportionally less MSV-specific cDNA. Hybrids of high-molecular-weight RNA and separating the hybridized MSV-specific cDNA and cellular DNA of related species melted from the unhybridized cDNA by at lower temperatures than hybrids of MSV-specific cDNA and hydroxylapatite chroma- mouse cellular DNA. tography and repeating this procedure using viral RNA from RNA from normal mouse adult or embryonic cells did not the feline leukemia virus pseudotype of M-MSV [MSV(FeLV)], contain detectable nucleotide sequences complementary to we were able to isolate cDNA fractions that represented dif- MSV-specific cDNA. Transformation of cells with M-MSV re- ferent portions of the M-MSV genome, "MSV-specific cDNA" sulted in transcription of RNA hybridizing with MSV-specific and "MSV-MuLV common" cDNA (9). The isolation of cDNA. Methylcholanthrene-induced mouse sarcomas and cell lines derived from them did not contain RNA complementary MSV-specific cDNA allowed us to approach and answer two to MSV-specific cDNA. Mouse cell lines transformed with avian critical questions: first, whether MSV-specific cDNA was sarcoma virus or Kirsten MSV also did not contain RNA com- present in normal cellular DNA; and, if it was, whether there plementary to the MSV-specific cDNA. RNA homologous to was RNA that was complementary to MSV-specific DNA in MSV-specific nucleotide sequences is measurably present only cells transformed by homologous virus, by different sarcoma in cells transformed by M-MSV and not in cells transformed by viruses, or by chemical or physical agents; other biological or chemical agents that also cause sarcomas. Extensive evidence demonstrates that vertebrate species contain MATERIALS AND METHODS genes related to endogenous RNA tumor virus in the form of The Murine Sarcoma Virus-Specific Complementary DNA that behaves genetically as cellular DNA. The usual RNA DNA. The nature and the specificity of the MSV-specific cDNA form of these viruses is released from cells of many species by derived from the sarcoma + leukemia - (S+L-) M-MSV ge- physical or chemical agents (1-5). Functionally, the oncoviruses nome has been described (9). Two sets of distinct cDNAs were that are spontaneously released from normal cells of a species isolated from MSV: that which was found only in MSV, oper- are nontransforming and can be categorized as leukosis-leu- ationally designated as "MSV-specific cDNA" (26% of the ge- kemia, helper-type viruses (2-5). Although most of these agents nome) and that which was shared by MSV and M-MuLV, la- are not known to be oncogenic, others such as the AKR type of beled "MSV-MuLV common cDNA" (74% of the genome) (9). murine leukemia virus (MuLV) are capable of causing neoplasia The genetic content of "MSV-specific cDNA" is unknown. The sources and the preparation of Kirsten (Ki) MSV and Harvey Abbreviations: MSV, murine sarcoma virus; M-MSV, Moloney isolate (Ha) MSV RNA and cDNA were previously described (9). of MSV; MuLV, murine leukemia virus; M-MuLV, Moloney isolate DNA-cDNA Hybridizations. We used the single-stranded of MuLV; M-MSV(FeLV), the feline leukemia virus pseudotype of MSV-specific cDNA as a to M-MSV; cDNA, complementary DNA made by the endogenous probe detect MSV-specific nucle- RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) reaction; otide sequences in cell DNA. Unlabeled DNA was extracted MSV-specific cDNA, operational term describing cDNA representing from livers and spleens of BALB/c, NIH Swiss, C3H mice, that specific region of the M-MSV genome not shared with MuLV; Fischer rats, Sprague-Dawley rats, hamsters, and chickens (13). MSV-MuLV common cDNA, cDNA representing those sequences of DNA was also extracted from monolayers of mouse 3T3FL M-MSV which are also found in M-MuLV; MMTV, mouse mammary cells, M-MSV-transformed 3T3FL S+L- cells, and cat, dog, tumor virus; MuX, murine xenotropic oncovirus; SV40, simian virus and human normal cell lines as well as re-extracted from 40; ASV, avian sarcoma virus; Ki-MSV, Kirsten isolate of MSV; Ha- MSV, Harvey isolate of MSV; S+L-, sarcoma+ leukemia-; MCA, commercial salmon sperm DNA (Worthington). All cellular 3-methylcholanthrene; tm, melting temperature; Cot and Crt, product DNA preparations were sheared by sonication to a size similar of DNA and RNA concentration, respectively, and hybridization to the DNA polymerase products, 4-6 S. Alkaline sucrose gra- time. dients (10-30% sucrose) were centrifuged at 50,000 rpm in a 3705 Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 3706 Microbiology: Frankel and Fischinger Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73 (1976) Beckman SW56 rotor at 40 for 18 hr. An internal standard of Table 1. Hybridization of oncovirus RNAs with 6S [32P]DNA from simian virus 40 (SV40) was used. Fractions complementary DNA specific for two parts of the (0.25 ml) were precipitated with trichloroacetic acid, and 32p M-MSV genome cpm were measured. Cellular DNA was mixed with 2000 cpm of MSV-specific cDNA (0.1 ng), heat-denatured, adjusted to Percent hybridization of 0.75 M Na+ with NaCl, and incubated at 70°. The cellular DNA MSV-MuLV concentration was 8-9 mg/ml in the hybridization mixture, and MSV-specific common there was a nucleotide molar excess of 1.5 X 107-fold of cellular Viral RNA cDNA cDNA* DNA to MSV-specific cDNA. At various times aliquots were removed, and the single-stranded DNA was separated from M-MSV(M-MuLV) 84 95 double-stranded DNA by hydroxylapatite chromatography at M-MSV(FeLV) 82 90 500 with 0.14 M and 0.3 M phosphate buffers (14). The acid- M-MuLV 0-1 90 precipitable radioactive material and the absorbances at 260 Rauscher MuLV 0 77 nm were determined. Calculations of the product of nucleotide MuX-BALB-2* 0 49 concentration and time (Cot) were carried out as described by MuX-NZB* 0 24 Britten and Kohne and corrected for salt concentration (15). Ki-MSV(Ki-MuLV) 1 48 Thermal Denaturation Profiles of DNA-cDNA Hybrids. Ha-MSV(FeLV) 5 59 Hybrids of MSV-specific cDNA and cellular DNAs at a Cot FeLV 1 13 value of 8000-12,000 mole-sec/liter were suspended in 0.12 MMTV 1 7 Avian sarcoma virus 0 2 M sodium phosphate buffer along with 1000 cpm of 32P-labeled MSV-MuLV cDNA hybridized to high-molecular-weight 500-1000 cpm of each cDNA fraction was hybridized in 0.22 M MSV-MuLV RNA serving as internal standard. The 32P-labeled phosphate buffer at 630 to a Crt of at least 10 mole-sec/liter with MSV-MuLV cDNA was prepared identically to the other total virion RNAs from each of the indicated viruses. The extent of starting cDNA except [32P]dTTP was used. It hybridized 97% hybridization was analyzed by hydroxylapatite chromatography. with high-molecular-weight MSV-MuLV RNA with a melting The background was 6% for MSV-specific cDNA and 2% for MSV- temperatures, of 83 ± 10. Hybrids were eluted from hy- MuLV common cDNA and was subtracted from each value. The tm, RNAs from the 10 viruses were tested with homologous comple- droxylapatite with the 0.12 M phosphate buffer at 50 incre- mentary cDNA prepared in the presence of 100 Ag/ml of actino- ments. A second internal standard consisted of mouse globin mycin D and were found to hybridize to about 70% with a 0-10% [32P]cDNA hybridized to mouse cell DNA. This was added to background. NZB liver RNA hybridized about 50% with a Ki- incubation mixtures containing MSV-specific [3H]cDNA, and MuLV cDNA; it was used because no homologous cDNA for murine the thermal elution profile of globin-mouse cell [32P]DNA xenotropic oncovirus (MuX) ",B" type virus could be obtained (19).
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