Viruses Status January 2013 FOEN/FOPH 2013 1
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Bovine Ephemeral Fever in Asia: Recent Status and Research Gaps
viruses Review Bovine Ephemeral Fever in Asia: Recent Status and Research Gaps Fan Lee Epidemiology Division, Animal Health Research Institute; New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan, China; [email protected]; Tel.: +886-2-26212111 Received: 26 March 2019; Accepted: 2 May 2019; Published: 3 May 2019 Abstract: Bovine ephemeral fever is an arthropod-borne viral disease affecting mainly domestic cattle and water buffalo. The etiological agent of this disease is bovine ephemeral fever virus, a member of the genus Ephemerovirus within the family Rhabdoviridae. Bovine ephemeral fever causes economic losses by a sudden drop in milk production in dairy cattle and loss of condition in beef cattle. Although mortality resulting from this disease is usually lower than 1%, it can reach 20% or even higher. Bovine ephemeral fever is distributed across many countries in Asia, Australia, the Middle East, and Africa. Prevention and control of the disease mainly relies on regular vaccination. The impact of bovine ephemeral fever on the cattle industry may be underestimated, and the introduction of bovine ephemeral fever into European countries is possible, similar to the spread of bluetongue virus and Schmallenberg virus. Research on bovine ephemeral fever remains limited and priority of investigation should be given to defining the biological vectors of this disease and identifying virulence determinants. Keywords: Bovine ephemeral fever; Culicoides biting midge; mosquito 1. Introduction Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF), also known as three-day sickness or three-day fever [1], is an arthropod-borne viral disease that mainly strikes cattle and water buffalo. This disease was first recorded in the late 19th century. -
Antiviral Bioactive Compounds of Mushrooms and Their Antiviral Mechanisms: a Review
viruses Review Antiviral Bioactive Compounds of Mushrooms and Their Antiviral Mechanisms: A Review Dong Joo Seo 1 and Changsun Choi 2,* 1 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Health and Welfare and Education, Gwangju University 277 Hyodeok-ro, Nam-gu, Gwangju 61743, Korea; [email protected] 2 Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daeduck-myun, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-31-670-4589; Fax: +82-31-676-8741 Abstract: Mushrooms are used in their natural form as a food supplement and food additive. In addition, several bioactive compounds beneficial for human health have been derived from mushrooms. Among them, polysaccharides, carbohydrate-binding protein, peptides, proteins, enzymes, polyphenols, triterpenes, triterpenoids, and several other compounds exert antiviral activity against DNA and RNA viruses. Their antiviral targets were mostly virus entry, viral genome replication, viral proteins, and cellular proteins and influenced immune modulation, which was evaluated through pre-, simultaneous-, co-, and post-treatment in vitro and in vivo studies. In particular, they treated and relieved the viral diseases caused by herpes simplex virus, influenza virus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Some mushroom compounds that act against HIV, influenza A virus, and hepatitis C virus showed antiviral effects comparable to those of antiviral drugs. Therefore, bioactive compounds from mushrooms could be candidates for treating viral infections. Citation: Seo, D.J.; Choi, C. Antiviral Bioactive Compounds of Mushrooms Keywords: mushroom; bioactive compound; virus; infection; antiviral mechanism and Their Antiviral Mechanisms: A Review. -
Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus (VHSV): on the Search for Determinants Important for Virulence in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss
Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Nov 08, 2017 Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV): on the search for determinants important for virulence in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss Olesen, Niels Jørgen; Skall, H. F.; Kurita, J.; Mori, K.; Ito, T. Published in: 17th International Conference on Diseases of Fish And Shellfish Publication date: 2015 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Olesen, N. J., Skall, H. F., Kurita, J., Mori, K., & Ito, T. (2015). Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV): on the search for determinants important for virulence in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. In 17th International Conference on Diseases of Fish And Shellfish: Abstract book (pp. 147-147). [O-139] Las Palmas: European Association of Fish Pathologists. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. DISCLAIMER: The organizer takes no responsibility for any of the content stated in the abstracts. -
Hepatitis Virus in Long-Fingered Bats, Myanmar
DISPATCHES Myanmar; the counties are adjacent to Yunnan Province, Hepatitis Virus People’s Republic of China. The bats covered 6 species: Miniopterus fuliginosus (n = 640), Hipposideros armiger in Long-Fingered (n = 8), Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (n = 176), Myotis chi- nensis (n = 11), Megaderma lyra (n = 6), and Hipposideros Bats, Myanmar fulvus (n = 12). All bat tissue samples were subjected to vi- Biao He,1 Quanshui Fan,1 Fanli Yang, ral metagenomic analysis (unpublished data). The sampling Tingsong Hu, Wei Qiu, Ye Feng, Zuosheng Li, of bats for this study was approved by the Administrative Yingying Li, Fuqiang Zhang, Huancheng Guo, Committee on Animal Welfare of the Institute of Military Xiaohuan Zou, and Changchun Tu Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, China. We used PCR to further study the prevalence of or- During an analysis of the virome of bats from Myanmar, thohepadnavirus in the 6 bat species; the condition of the a large number of reads were annotated to orthohepadnavi- samples made serologic assay and pathology impracticable. ruses. We present the full genome sequence and a morpho- Viral DNA was extracted from liver tissue of each of the logical analysis of an orthohepadnavirus circulating in bats. 853 bats by using the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, This virus is substantially different from currently known Hilden, Germany). To detect virus in the samples, we con- members of the genus Orthohepadnavirus and represents ducted PCR by using the TaKaRa PCR Kit (TaKaRa, Da- a new species. lian, China) with a pair of degenerate pan-orthohepadnavi- rus primers (sequences available upon request). The PCR he family Hepadnaviridae comprises 2 genera (Ortho- reaction was as follows: 45 cycles of denaturation at 94°C Thepadnavirus and Avihepadnavirus), and viruses clas- for 30 s, annealing at 54°C for 30 s, extension at 72°C for sified within these genera have a narrow host range. -
Oryzias Latipes)
Betanodavirus infection in the freshwater model fish medaka (Oryzias latipes) Ryo Furusawa, Yasushi Okinaka,* and Toshihiro Nakai Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima 739- 8528, Japan æfAuthor for correspondence: Yasushi Okinaka. Telephone: +8 1-82-424-7978. Fax: +81- 82-424-79 1 6. E-mail: [email protected] Running title: Betanodavirus infection in medaka Key words: medaka, betanodavirus, model fish, model virus, freshwater fish Total number of words; text (3532 words), summary (230 words) Total number of figures; 6 figures Total number of tables; 0 table SUMMARY Betanodaviruses, the causal agents of viral nervous necrosis in marine fish, have bipartite positive-sense RNA genomes. Because the genomes are the smallest and simplest among viruses, betanodaviruses are well studied using a genetic engineering system as model viruses, like the cases with the insect viruses, alphanodaviruses, the other members of the family Nodaviridae. However, studies of virus-host interactions have been limited because betanodaviruses basically infect marine fish at early developmental stages (larval and juvenile). These fish are only available for a few months of the year and are not suitable for the construction of a reversed genetics system. To overcome these problems, several freshwater fish species were tested for their susceptibility to betanodaviruses. We have demonstrated that adult medaka (Oryzias latipes), a well-known model fish, is susceptible to both Stripedjack nervous necrosis virus (the type species of the betanodaviruses) and Redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus which have different host specificity in marine fish species. Infected medaka exhibited erratic swimming and the viruses were specifically localized to the brain, spinal cord, and retina of the infected fish, similar to the pattern of infection in naturally infected marine fish. -
A Checklist of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Guilan Province and Their Medical and Veterinary Importance
cjhr.gums.ac.ir Caspian J Health Res. 2018;3(3):91-96 doi: 10.29252/cjhr.3.3.91 Caspian Journal of Health Research A Checklist of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Guilan Province and their Medical and Veterinary Importance Shahyad Azari-Hamidian1,2*, Behzad Norouzi1 A B S T R A C T A R T I C L E I N F O Background: Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are the most important arthropods in medicine and health because of the burden of diseases which they transmit such as malaria, encephalitis, filariasis. In 2011, the last checklist of mosquitoes of Guilan Province included 30 species representing 7 genera. Methods: Using the main data bases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Scientific Information Database (SID), IranMedex and Magiran which were searched up to August 2018 and reviewing the literature, the available data about the mosquito-borne diseases of Iran and Guilan Province were extracted and analyzed. Also the checklist of mosquitoes of Guilan Province was updated. Results: One protozoal disease (human malaria), two arboviral diseases (West Nile fever, bovine ephemeral fever), two helminthic diseases (dirofilariasis, setariasis) and one bacterial disease (anthrax) have been found in Guilan Province which biologically or mechanically are assumed to transmit by mosquitoes. The updated checklist of mosquitoes of Guilan Province is presented containing 33 species representing 7 or 9 genera according different classifications of the tribe Aedini. Conclusion: There is no information about the role of mosquitoes in the transmission of bovine ephemeral fever and anthrax in Iran and Guilan Province. Also the vectors of dirofilariasis and setariasis are not known in Guilan Province and available data belong to other provinces. -
Guide for Common Viral Diseases of Animals in Louisiana
Sampling and Testing Guide for Common Viral Diseases of Animals in Louisiana Please click on the species of interest: Cattle Deer and Small Ruminants The Louisiana Animal Swine Disease Diagnostic Horses Laboratory Dogs A service unit of the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine Adapted from Murphy, F.A., et al, Veterinary Virology, 3rd ed. Cats Academic Press, 1999. Compiled by Rob Poston Multi-species: Rabiesvirus DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 1 Cattle Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 2 Deer and Small Ruminants Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral disease Respiratory viral disease Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 3 Swine Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 4 Horses Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Neurological viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Abortifacient/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 5 Dogs Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. -
Recombinant and Chimeric Viruses
Recombinant and chimeric viruses: Evaluation of risks associated with changes in tropism Ben P.H. Peeters Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Division of Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands. May 2005 This report represents the personal opinion of the author. The interpretation of the data presented in this report is the sole responsibility of the author and does not necessarily represent the opinion of COGEM or the Animal Sciences Group. Dit rapport is op persoonlijke titel door de auteur samengesteld. De interpretatie van de gepresenteerde gegevens komt geheel voor rekening van de auteur en representeert niet de mening van de COGEM, noch die van de Animal Sciences Group. Advisory Committee Prof. dr. R.C. Hoeben (Chairman) Leiden University Medical Centre Dr. D. van Zaane Wageningen University and Research Centre Dr. C. van Maanen Animal Health Service Drs. D. Louz Bureau Genetically Modified Organisms Ing. A.M.P van Beurden Commission on Genetic Modification Recombinant and chimeric viruses 2 INHOUDSOPGAVE RECOMBINANT AND CHIMERIC VIRUSES: EVALUATION OF RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN TROPISM Executive summary............................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 7 1. Genetic modification of viruses .................................................................................................9 -
Norovirus Infectious Agent Information Sheet
Norovirus Infectious Agent Information Sheet Introduction Noroviruses are non-enveloped (naked) RNA viruses with icosahedral nucleocapsid symmetry. The norovirus genome consists of (+) ssRNA, containing three open reading frames that encode for proteins required for transcription, replication, and assembly. There are five norovirus genogroups (GI-GV), and only GI, GII, and GIV infect humans. Norovirus belongs to the Caliciviridae family of viruses, and has had past names including, Norwalk virus and “winter-vomiting” disease. Epidemiology and Clinical Significance Noroviruses are considered the most common cause of outbreaks of non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, are the leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States (58%), and account for 26% of hospitalizations and 10% of deaths associated with food consumption. Salad ingredients, fruit, and oysters are the most implicated in norovirus outbreaks. Aside from food and water, Noroviruses can also be transmitted by person to person contact and contact with environmental surfaces. The rapid spread of secondary infections occurs in areas where a large population is enclosed within a static environment, such as cruise ships, military bases, and institutions. Symptoms typically last for 24 to 48 hours, but can persist up to 96 hours in the immunocompromised. Pathogenesis, Immunity, Treatment and Prevention Norovirus is highly infectious due to low infecting dose, high excretion level (105 to 107 copies/mg stool), and continual shedding after clinical recovery (>1 month). The norovirus genome undergoes frequent change due to mutation and recombination, which increases its prevalence. Studies suggest that acquired immunity only last 6 months after infection. Gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and small and large intestines, is caused by norovirus infection. -
Detección De Agentes Virales En Ostión Japonés (Crassostrea Gigas)
CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES BIOLÓGICAS DEL NOROESTE, S. C. Programa de Estudios de Posgrado Detección de agentes virales en ostión Japonés (Crassostrea gigas) T E S I S Que para obtener el grado de Doctor en Ciencias Uso, Manejo y Preservación de los Recursos Naturales (Orientación en: Biotecnología) p r e s e n t a Valérie Barbosa Solomieu La Paz, B. C. S.,(Junio-2004) COMITE TUTORIAL Dr. Ricardo Vázquez Juárez (co-director) CIBNOR, La Paz, Mexico Dr. Felipe Ascencio Valle (co-director) CIBNOR, La Paz, Mexico Dr. Tristan Renault (tutor) IFREMER, La Tremblade, France Dr. Ralph Elston (tutor) AQUATECHNICS, INC., Seattle, USA Dr. Jorge de la Rosa Vélez (tutor) UABC, Ensenada, Mexico COMISION REVISORA Dr. Ricardo Vázquez Juárez CIBNOR Dr. Felipe Ascencio Valle CIBNOR Dr. Tristan Renault IFREMER, France Dr. Ralph Elston AQUATECHNICS, INC., USA Dr. Jorge de la Rosa Vélez UABC JURADO Dr. Ricardo Vázquez Juárez CIBNOR Dr. Felipe Ascencio Valle CIBNOR Dr. Ralph Elston AQUATECHNICS, INC. Dr. Humberto Villarreal Colmenares CIBNOR Dr. Dariel Tovar Ramírez CIBNOR Suplente Dr. Pedro Enrique Saucedo Lastra CIBNOR PROLOGO Y DEDICATORIA A mi madre, por estar siempre presente, a pesar de las distancias y los oceános… A mi padre, con quién habría querido compartir estos momentos y muchos más. A mis abuelos, quienes nunca han dejado de apoyarme, con todo mi cariño. A mi hermano y su esposa, parte de nuestra pequeña y dispersa familia. A todos aquellos que estuvieron a lo largo de este camino para iluminarlo con una sonrisa o una mano tendida. A quienes llenaron de magia y de alegría estos años. -
Rapid Identification of Known and New RNA Viruses from Animal Tissues
Rapid Identification of Known and New RNA Viruses from Animal Tissues Joseph G. Victoria1,2*, Amit Kapoor1,2, Kent Dupuis3, David P. Schnurr3, Eric L. Delwart1,2 1 Department of Molecular Virology, Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America, 2 Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America, 3 Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Division of Communicable Disease Control, California State Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America Abstract Viral surveillance programs or diagnostic labs occasionally obtain infectious samples that fail to be typed by available cell culture, serological, or nucleic acid tests. Five such samples, originating from insect pools, skunk brain, human feces and sewer effluent, collected between 1955 and 1980, resulted in pathology when inoculated into suckling mice. In this study, sequence-independent amplification of partially purified viral nucleic acids and small scale shotgun sequencing was used on mouse brain and muscle tissues. A single viral agent was identified in each sample. For each virus, between 16% to 57% of the viral genome was acquired by sequencing only 42–108 plasmid inserts. Viruses derived from human feces or sewer effluent belonged to the Picornaviridae family and showed between 80% to 91% amino acid identities to known picornaviruses. The complete polyprotein sequence of one virus showed strong similarity to a simian picornavirus sequence in the provisional Sapelovirus genus. Insects and skunk derived viral sequences exhibited amino acid identities ranging from 25% to 98% to the segmented genomes of viruses within the Reoviridae family. Two isolates were highly divergent: one is potentially a new species within the orthoreovirus genus, and the other is a new species within the orbivirus genus. -
And Giant Guitarfish (Rhynchobatus Djiddensis)
VIRAL DISCOVERY IN BLUEGILL SUNFISH (LEPOMIS MACROCHIRUS) AND GIANT GUITARFISH (RHYNCHOBATUS DJIDDENSIS) BY HISTOPATHOLOGY EVALUATION, METAGENOMIC ANALYSIS AND NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING by JENNIFER ANNE DILL (Under the Direction of Alvin Camus) ABSTRACT The rapid growth of aquaculture production and international trade in live fish has led to the emergence of many new diseases. The introduction of novel disease agents can result in significant economic losses, as well as threats to vulnerable wild fish populations. Losses are often exacerbated by a lack of agent identification, delay in the development of diagnostic tools and poor knowledge of host range and susceptibility. Examples in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) and the giant guitarfish (Rhynchobatus djiddensis) will be discussed here. Bluegill are popular freshwater game fish, native to eastern North America, living in shallow lakes, ponds, and slow moving waterways. Bluegill experiencing epizootics of proliferative lip and skin lesions, characterized by epidermal hyperplasia, papillomas, and rarely squamous cell carcinoma, were investigated in two isolated poopulations. Next generation genomic sequencing revealed partial DNA sequences of an endogenous retrovirus and the entire circular genome of a novel hepadnavirus. Giant Guitarfish, a rajiform elasmobranch listed as ‘vulnerable’ on the IUCN Red List, are found in the tropical Western Indian Ocean. Proliferative skin lesions were observed on the ventrum and caudal fin of a juvenile male quarantined at a public aquarium following international shipment. Histologically, lesions consisted of papillomatous epidermal hyperplasia with myriad large, amphophilic, intranuclear inclusions. Deep sequencing and metagenomic analysis produced the complete genomes of two novel DNA viruses, a typical polyomavirus and a second unclassified virus with a 20 kb genome tentatively named Colossomavirus.