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UNITED STATES COURT of APPEALS for the SECOND CIRCUIT August Term 2015
Case 14-1978, Document 193-1, 07/20/2016, 1820060, Page1 of 76 14‐1963(L) Kirschenbaum, et al. v. 650 Fifth Avenue and Related Properties UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT ______________ August Term 2015 (Argued: November 18, 2015 Decided: July 20, 2016) Docket Nos. 14‐1963(L), 14‐1967, 14‐1971, 14‐1974, 14‐1978, 14‐1982, 14‐1986, 14‐1988, 14‐1996, 14‐2098 ____________ KIRSCHENBAUM, ET AL. V. 650 FIFTH AVENUE AND RELATED PROPERTIES JASON KIRSCHENBAUM, ISABELLE KIRSCHENBAUM, on her own behalf and as Executrix of the Estate of Martin Kirschenbaum, JOSHUA KIRSCHENBAUM, DAVID KIRSCHENBAUM, DANIELLE TEITLEBAUM, Plaintiffs‐Appellees, ANNA BEER, HARRY BEER, on his own behalf and as Administrator of the Estate of Alan Beer, ESTELLE CARROLL, PHYLLIS MAISEL, Plaintiffs‐Appellees, STEVEN M. GREENBAUM, in his personal capacity and as administrator of the Estate of Judith (Shoshana) Lillian Greenbaum, ALAN HAYMAN, SHIRLEE HAYMAN, Plaintiffs‐Appellees, CARLOS ACOSTA, MARIA ACOSTA, TOVA ETTINGER, IRVING FRANKLIN, in his personal capacity and as personal representative of the estate of Irma Franklin, BARUCH KAHANE, LIBBY KAHANE, in her personal capacity and as Administratrix Case 14-1978, Document 193-1, 07/20/2016, 1820060, Page2 of 76 of the Estate of Meir Kahane, ETHEL J. GRIFFIN, as Public Administrator of the County of New York and Administratrix of the Estate of Binyamin Kahane, NORMAN KAHANE, in his personal capacity and as Executor of the Estate of Sonia Kahane, CIPORAH KAPLAN, Plaintiffs‐Appellees, EDWENA R. HEGNA, Executrix of the Estate of Charles Hegna, STEVEN A. HEGNA, LYNN MARIE HEGNA MOORE, CRAIG M. -
Tightening the Reins How Khamenei Makes Decisions
MEHDI KHALAJI TIGHTENING THE REINS HOW KHAMENEI MAKES DECISIONS MEHDI KHALAJI TIGHTENING THE REINS HOW KHAMENEI MAKES DECISIONS POLICY FOCUS 126 THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY www.washingtoninstitute.org Policy Focus 126 | March 2014 The opinions expressed in this Policy Focus are those of the author and not necessarily those of The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, its Board of Trustees, or its Board of Advisors. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including pho- tocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2014 by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 1828 L Street NW, Suite 1050 Washington, DC 20036 Cover: Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei holds a weapon as he speaks at the University of Tehran. (Reuters/Raheb Homavandi). Design: 1000 Colors CONTENTS Executive Summary | V 1. Introduction | 1 2. Life and Thought of the Leader | 7 3. Khamenei’s Values | 15 4. Khamenei’s Advisors | 20 5. Khamenei vs the Clergy | 27 6. Khamenei vs the President | 34 7. Khamenei vs Political Institutions | 44 8. Khamenei’s Relationship with the IRGC | 52 9. Conclusion | 61 Appendix: Profile of Hassan Rouhani | 65 About the Author | 72 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EVEN UNDER ITS MOST DESPOTIC REGIMES , modern Iran has long been governed with some degree of consensus among elite factions. Leaders have conceded to or co-opted rivals when necessary to maintain their grip on power, and the current regime is no excep- tion. -
Iran and the Gulf Military Balance - I
IRAN AND THE GULF MILITARY BALANCE - I The Conventional and Asymmetric Dimensions FIFTH WORKING DRAFT By Anthony H. Cordesman and Alexander Wilner Revised July 11, 2012 Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy [email protected] Cordesman/Wilner: Iran & The Gulf Military Balance, Rev 5 7/11/12 2 Acknowledgements This analysis was made possible by a grant from the Smith Richardson Foundation. It draws on the work of Dr. Abdullah Toukan and a series of reports on Iran by Adam Seitz, a Senior Research Associate and Instructor, Middle East Studies, Marine Corps University. 2 Cordesman/Wilner: Iran & The Gulf Military Balance, Rev 5 7/11/12 3 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 5 THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................... 6 Figure III.1: Summary Chronology of US-Iranian Military Competition: 2000-2011 ............................... 8 CURRENT PATTERNS IN THE STRUCTURE OF US AND IRANIAN MILITARY COMPETITION ........................................... 13 DIFFERING NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES .............................................................................................................. 17 US Perceptions .................................................................................................................................... 17 Iranian Perceptions............................................................................................................................ -
The Political Economy of the IRGC's Involvement in the Iranian Oil and Gas Industry
The Political Economy of the IRGC’s involvement in the Iranian Oil and Gas Industry: A Critical Analysis MSc Political Science (Political Economy) Thesis Research Project: The Political Economy of Energy University of Amsterdam, Graduate School of Social Sciences 5th June 2020 Author: Hamed Saidi Supervisor: Dr. M. P. (Mehdi) Amineh (1806679) Second reader: Dr. S. (Said) Rezaeiejan [This page is intentionally left blank] 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................ 3 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................... 7 Maps ................................................................................................................................................ 8 List of Figures and Tables ................................................................................................................. 10 List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ 11 I: RESEARCH DESIGN .................................................................................................................................... 13 1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ -
Iran Or Persia: What's in a Name, the Decline and Fall of a Tourism Industry?
Iran or Persia: What’s in a name, the decline and fall of a tourism industry? Baum, T.G. and O’Gorman, K.D. Strathclyde Business School University of Strathclyde Cathedral Street Glasgow [email protected] [email protected] Iran is a combination of Persia and Islam, it is a complicated, often confused, if not diametrically opposed mix of two ideologies; as a country it is complex and unpredictable but also, from a tourism perspective, unrivalled in the cultural attributes that it can offer to the more intrepid traveller. Historically, modern Iran has its roots in ancient Persia and therefore it is unsurprising that the contemporary nation attempts to trace its cultural heritage back for at least 5,000 years. Hegel considered the ancient Persians to be the first historic people: “In Persia first arises that light which shines itself and illuminates what is around...The principle of development begins with the history of Persia; this constitutes therefore the beginning of history” (Hegel, 1857, p. 147). However, Hegel’s historicism is questionable on two grounds. Firstly, that Persia was identifiable. As Garthwaite has commented, “‘Persia’ is not easily located with any geographic specificity, nor can its people, the Persians, be easily categorized. In the end Persia and the Persians are as much metaphysical notions as a place or a people.” (Garthwaite, 2007, p. 1) Indeed, despite the long antecedence of civilisation in the area, until the late sixth century BC, there are no known historical materials that are written by Persians identifying themselves as Persian. -
Iran's Revolutionary Guards Corps, Inc. | the Washington Institute
MENU Policy Analysis / PolicyWatch 1273 Iran's Revolutionary Guards Corps, Inc. by Mehdi Khalaji Aug 17, 2007 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Mehdi Khalaji Mehdi Khalaji, a Qom-trained Shiite theologian, is the Libitzky Family Fellow at The Washington Institute. Brief Analysis nderstanding the impact of Washington's expected designation of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps U (IRGC) as a foreign terrorist organization requires knowing what role the Revolutionary Guards play in Iranian society. Apart from being a military force with naval, air, and ground components organized in parallel to the conventional Iranian military, the Revolutionary Guards are the spine of the current political structure and a major player in the Iranian economy. Backbone of the Regime In his 1988 last will and testament, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini called on the military forces "to follow the regulation of non-interference of the military in the affairs of political parties" and "keep themselves away from political games." In the years since, the opposite has occurred. Once a theocratic state, the Islamic Republic has evolved into a "garrison state," to use an American political science term, in which the military dominates political, economic, and cultural life, and preserves the regime from domestic rather than external opponents. The Iranian constitution forbids the supreme leader from being fully autocratic, but Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has used his position as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, especially his tight control over the Revolutionary Guards, to expand his power. Khamenei has appointed many former Revolutionary Guards commanders to top political positions, blurring the line between military and civil authority. -
RADICALIZATION DURING the ROUHANI YEARS Iran’S Political Shifts and Their Implications Contents
ANALYSIS Political momentum in Iran now lies with the radicals. In the wake of U.S. sanctions, PEACE AND SECURITY President Hassan Rouhani’s policy of moderation has failed to produce promised RADICALIZATION economic growth. DURING THE Political shifts in Iran have up- ended the usual dynamics of inter-factional competition to not only affirm the radicals’ ROUHANI YEARS positions, but to also radical- ize the more moderate forces themselves. The hard-liners Iran’s Political Shifts and Their Implications remain a heterogenous group, with intense disputes over ideology and power. David Jalilvand and Achim Vogt (eds.) March 2021 Tehran’s nuclear and regional policies look set to become even more assertive while Iran’s progress in economic diversification renders con- cessions on its part less attractive. PEACE AND SECURITY RADICALIZATION DURING THE ROUHANI YEARS Iran’s Political Shifts and their Implications Contents Introduction 2 1 THE END OF MODERATION? SOCIAL AND POLITICAL RADICALISM UNDER HASSAN ROUHANI 4 Azadeh Zamirirad 2 RADICAL IRAN: GENERATIONAL CHANGES AND OUTLOOKS 9 Narges Bajoghli 3 IRAN’S HEZBOLLAH: A RADICAL AND DECISIVE POLITICAL CURRENT 15 Walter Posch 4 THE FUTURE OF IRAN’S NUCLEAR POLICY AND APPROACH TO THE JCPOA 23 Dina Esfandiary 5 A RADICAL IRAN: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PERSIAN GULF AND THE LEVANT 29 Hamidreza Azizi 6 IRAN’S RESISTANCE ECONOMY: AMBITIONS AND REALITY 36 David Jalilvand About the Authors 48 1 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – RADICALIZATION DURING THE ROUHANI YEARS Introduction At the start of 2021, the political momentum in Iranian stitutions.1 In February 2020, hard-liners constituted the domestic and foreign affairs lies squarely with the radicals. -
Resolving Outstanding Judgments Under the Terrorism Exception to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act
NO TES RESOLVING OUTSTANDING JUDGMENTS UNDER THE TERRORISM EXCEPTION TO THE FOREIGN SOVEREIGN IMMUNITIES ACT DAVEED GARTENSTEIN-ROSS* While the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act generally preventsforeign states from being the subject of lawsuits in U.S. courts, countries that have been designated as state sponsors of terrorism by the Secretary of State are exempted from this protec- tion. Judgments entered under this "terrorism exception" already total more than three billion dollars, with a number of suits still pending. These judgments may pose difficulties for future attempts to normalize relationswith the defendant coun- tries. In this Note, Daveed Gartenstein-Rossargues that the best method for resolv- ing these outstandingjudgments is to terminate them and resubmit the claims to ad hoc internationaltribunals. Although successful plaintiffs whose judgments are ab- rogated can bring takings claims against the government, he argues that those claims should be surmountable through a sensible application of takings jurisprudence. INTRODUCTION The world watched in shock on September 11, 2001, as two hi- jacked airplanes toppled the World Trade Center in New York City, and another demolished a large section of the Pentagon in Washing- ton, D.C.' In the wake of these attacks, President Bush dedicated his * I would like to thank Professor David Golove for assistance in shaping this Note and formulating my arguments and Professors Vicki Been and Howard Venable for providing advice and feedback on the Takings Clause section. I would also like to thank the New York University Law Review's excellent editorial staff, especially David Alonzo-Maizlish, Howard Anglin, David Carpenter, David Karp, Shawn Larsen-Bright, and Gabe Ross for their insightful comments and hard work. -
Case 1:21-Cv-03503 Document 1 Filed 06/22/21 Page 1 of 183 Pageid #: 1
Case 1:21-cv-03503 Document 1 Filed 06/22/21 Page 1 of 183 PageID #: 1 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK STEPHANIE ZOBAY, individually, and for the estate of STEPHEN S. EVERHART, LINDSAY M. EVERHART, ABDUL GHAFFAR MUGHAL, SITORAI KHASANZOD, KHALID MUGHAL, HAMID MUGHAL, ANGELA MUGHAL, N.M., by and through her next friend Abdul Ghaffar Mughal, M.M., by and through his next friend Abdul Ghaffar Mughal, WAYNE NEWBY, THERESA HART, JURY TRIAL DEMANDED NATHAN NEWBY, JASON RZEPA, CASSANDRA RZEPA, C.R., by and through his next friend Cassandra Rzepa, K.R., by and through his next friend Adrian Davis, TYLER N. OGDEN, WILLIAM M. CHINN, Case No.: 21-cv-3503 SEAN M. NIQUETTE, LAUREN NIQUETTE, THOMAS NIQUETTE, MARY NIQUETTE, ED ELLIOTT, BRIAN C. ALLDRIDGE, JOANN ALLDRIDGE, RONALD ALLDRIDGE, DIANNA ALLDRIDGE, TODD JEFFREY ALLDRIDGE, ANDREW MAJOR, ASHLEY MAJOR, ALYSSA MAJOR, MARCUS JAMIL SULLEN, DAVID EUGENE HICKMAN, VERONICA HICKMAN, DEVON F. HICKMAN, TAMMIE FROST, individually, and for the estate of RUSSELL FROST, MADISON FROST, CRYSTAL FROST, AMANDA FROST, WAIEL EL-MAADAWY, BILQIS AIDARA ADJEI, ALEXIS GRANT, MALIK ELMAADAWY, G.E., by and through his next friend Latasha Elmaadawy, ZEINAB EL-MAADAWY, IHAB EL- MAADAWY, TAMER EL-MAADAWY, MOHAMMED EL-MAADAWY, MUSTAFA EL- MAADAWY, AMR MOHAMED, BRENDA MOHAMED, Plaintiffs, v. MTN GROUP LIMITED, MTN IRANCELL, MTN DUBAI LIMITED, ZTE CORPORATION, ZTE (USA) INC., and ZTE (TX) INC., Defendants. Case 1:21-cv-03503 Document 1 Filed 06/22/21 Page 2 of 183 PageID #: 2 COMPLAINT FOR VIOLATION OF THE ANTI-TERRORISM ACT Ryan R. -
Waging Jihad by Other Means Iran's Drug Business and Its Role Within the International Crime-Terror Nexus Paulo Casaca And
SADF WORKING PAPER Waging Jihad by Other Means 29 June 2017 Issue n° 5 Iran’s Drug Business and its Role within the International Crime-Terror Nexus Paulo Casaca is Executive Director of SADF Paulo Casaca and Siegfried O. Wolf Siegfried O. Wolf is Director of Abstract Research at SADF Since the Islamic revolution in 1979, Iran has been a state sponsor of terrorism worldwide. The production and trade of narcotics has been a key to this enterprise. The respective logistics function as a main infrastructure for Iran’s global export of Jihadism and is an early example of the growing crime-terror nexus. On behalf of the country’s clerical regime, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), in particular its Quds Force (QF), as well as the Niruyeh Moghavemat Basij (or Basiji) and its international proxies, are running Iran’s global drug business. Its focus is on the Middle East and the US, but it is not geographically limited, as it also includes regions such as South and Central Asia and Europe. For some time now, Latin America has also become a launch pad for subversive activities in the US. Illegal drug trade is not managed by stray members of Iran’s state apparatus it is a core interest and a central element of its policy. Research shows that the so-called anti-drug campaign promoted by Iran’s security agencies is not aimed at eradicating drug trade production and consumption; it is used to ruthlessly eliminate competing actors in the drug business, and sometimes to eliminate political opposition and to suppress ethnic and religious minorities. -
1 - Case 1:08-Cv-01273-RCL Document 6 Filed 09/30/09 Page 2 of 191
Case 1:08-cv-01273-RCL Document 6 Filed 09/30/09 Page 1 of 191 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ) ) IN RE: ) ) ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN ) TERRORISM LITIGATION ) ) Civil Action Nos. ) ) 01-CV-2094, 01-CV-2684, 02-CV-1811, ) 03-CV-1486, 03-CV-1708, 03-CV-1959, ) 05-CV-2124, 06-CV-473, 06-CV-516, ) 06-CV-596, 06-CV-690, 06-CV-750, ) 06-CV-1116, 07-CV-1302, 08-CV-520, ) 08-CV-531, 08-CV-1273, 08-CV-1615, ) 08 CV-1807, 08-CV-1814 I. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Table of Contents................................................................................................................ 1 II. Introduction......................................................................................................................... 3 III. Discussion........................................................................................................................... 9 A. Historical Overview of the FISA State Sponsor of Terrorism Exception as it Relates to Actions Against the Islamic Republic of Iran...................................... 13 1. The Original State Sponsor of Terrorism Exception to Foreign Sovereign Immunity, Section 1605(a)(7) and the Flatow Amendment, Section 1605 Note, and Litigation Against Iran for its Provision of Material Support to Terrorist Organizations............................................. 14 2. Setbacks for Plaintiffs: The D.C. Circuit’s Decision in Cicippio-Puleo. 22 3. The Never-Ending Struggle to Enforce Judgments Against Iran. ............ 27 B. Section 1083 of the 2008 NDAA and the Creation -
Iran Country Report BTI 2016
BTI 2016 | Iran Country Report Status Index 1-10 2.98 # 118 of 129 Political Transformation 1-10 2.97 # 119 of 129 Economic Transformation 1-10 3.00 # 117 of 129 Management Index 1-10 2.73 # 119 of 129 scale score rank trend This report is part of the Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Transformation Index (BTI) 2016. It covers the period from 1 February 2013 to 31 January 2015. The BTI assesses the transformation toward democracy and a market economy as well as the quality of political management in 129 countries. More on the BTI at http://www.bti-project.org. Please cite as follows: Bertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2016 — Iran Country Report. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2016. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. BTI 2016 | Iran 2 Key Indicators Population M 78.1 HDI 0.749 GDP p.c., PPP $ 16391.6 Pop. growth1 % p.a. 1.3 HDI rank of 187 75 Gini Index 37.4 Life expectancy years 74.1 UN Education Index 0.683 Poverty3 % 0.7 Urban population % 72.9 Gender inequality2 0.510 Aid per capita $ 1.7 Sources (as of October 2015): The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2015 | UNDP, Human Development Report 2014. Footnotes: (1) Average annual growth rate. (2) Gender Inequality Index (GII). (3) Percentage of population living on less than $3.10 a day at 2011 international prices. Executive Summary The period between February 2013 and January 2015 was a time of paradoxes in the domestic and international affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran.