DOCSLIB.ORG

Bhala Fighting Iran.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bhala Fighting Iran.Pdf FIGHTING IRAN WITH TRADE SANCTIONS1 Raj Bhala∗ TABLE OF CONTENTS I. FOUR ISSUES AND RESPONSES ........................................................................... 253 II. TRAGEDY ......................................................................................................... 256 III. METRICS ......................................................................................................... 259 IV. FIRST 3 OF 10 PHASES TO 1996 ....................................................................... 263 V. PHASE 4: 1996 ILSA EMPHASIS ON PETROLEUM ............................................. 265 A. ILSA, Subsequent Strengthening, and Five Practical Questions ............... 265 B. Crossing the Rubicon with ILSA (August 5, 1996 Through September 30, 2006) .......................................... 267 C. Two Sanctions for Petroleum Resource Development and Sensitive Weaponry Export Prohibitions .................................................................... 269 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ∗ Associate Dean for International and Comparative Law, and Rice Distinguished Professor, The University of Kansas, School of Law, Green Hall, 1535 West 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045-7577, United States, www.law.ku.edu, http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Raj_Bhala. Tel: 785-864-9224. Fax: 785-864-5054. Foreign Legal Consultant, Heenan Blaikie, L.L.P., Canada. J.D., Harvard (1989); M.Sc., Oxford (1986); M.Sc., London School of Economics (1985); A.B., Duke (1984). Marshall Scholar (1984-86). Member, Council on Foreign Relations, Royal Society for Asian Affairs, All India Law Teachers Congress, and Fellowship of Catholic Scholars. Author of the monograph TRADE, DEVELOPMENT, AND SOCIAL JUSTICE (2003), textbook INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY, NON-WESTERN TEXTBOOK (3d ed. 2008) (4th ed. forthcoming 2015) (two volumes), reference DICTIONARY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW (3d ed. 2008), textbook UNDERSTANDING ISLAMIC LAW (SHARĪ‘A) (2011), and treatise MODERN GATT LAW (2d ed. 2013) (two volumes). 1 A version of this article was presented at the conference, Justice Beyond the State: Transnationalism and Law, at the University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada, on September 20-21, 2013, under the title “Great Satan” Squeezes “Evil Āyatollāhs” as the Centrifuges Keep Spinning: American Trade Sanctions Against Iran. The support of Professor Maureen Irish of Faculty of Law, University of Windsor, and the comments and suggestions from her and all participants at the Conference, are gratefully acknowledged, as is the help of Professor David Gantz of the University of Arizona, and the Editor-in-Chief, Eddie Walneck, Articles Editor, Maria Lomeli, and the Editors and Staff of the Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law. All mistakes are those of the author, for which forgiveness is asked. The author rejects both extreme metaphors, “Great Satan” and “Evil Āyatollāhs,” but uses them only to reflect what some in each country think of the other. Accordingly, the metaphors are put in quotations throughout. 252 Arizona Journal of International & Comparative Law Vol. 31, No. 2 2014! ! ! VI. PHASES 5 AND 6: 2001 ILSA EXTENSION, 2006 IFSA, AND EXTRATERRITORIALITY ........................................................................................ 278 A. Phase 5: ILSA Extension (August 5, 2001 Through September 29, 2006) .......................................... 278 B. Phase 6: IFSA (September 29, 2006 Through July 1, 2010) ............................................... 280 VII. PHASE 7: 2010 CISADA EMPHASES ON TRADE EMBARGO, REFINED GASOLINE, ASSET FREEZES, AND HUMAN RIGHTS ................................................................. 285 A. Getting Tougher with Eight New Measures (July 1 Through December 31, 2016) ........................................................ 285 B. Measures 1 and 2: Import and Export Prohibitions .................................... 286 C. Measures 3, 4, and 5: Refined Gasoline Prohibitions ................................ 288 D. Measure 6: Asset Freeze Prohibition ......................................................... 292 E. Measure 7: Human Rights Prohibition ....................................................... 293 F. Measure 8: Expanded and Increased Sanctions .......................................... 294 VIII. PHASE 8: 2012 DEFENSE ACT TIGHTENING FINANCIAL SANCTIONS ............ 299 A. Targeting Iranian Financial Sector (January 1, 2012 Through December 31, 2016) ......................................... 299 B. Measure 1: Primary Money Laundering Concern Designation .................. 300 C. Measure 2: Iranian Bank Asset Freeze ....................................................... 300 D. Measure 3: Payments System Prohibition .................................................. 302 E. Payments System Prohibition Definitional Issues ...................................... 305 F. Third Country Central Bank Exception to Payments System Prohibition .................................................................................................. 306 G. Third Country Short Supply Exception to Payments System Prohibition .................................................................................................. 307 H. Sanctions Waiver Criteria Ambiguities ...................................................... 310 IX. PHASE 9: 2012 IRAN-SYRIA ACT’S NEW EXPANSIVE CONSTRICTIONS (AUGUST 10, 2012 THROUGH DECEMBER 31, 2016) ......................................... 311 A. Ten Further Measures (August 10, 2012 Through December 31, 2016) ........................................ 311 B. 1st: Expanded Prohibitions against Iranian Energy Sector ........................ 314 1. Prohibition Against Helping Iran Produce Refined Petroleum Products ................................................................................ 315 2. Prohibition Against Exportation of Refined Petroleum Products to Iran ...................................................................................... 315 3. Prohibition Against JVs for Iranian Petroleum Resource Development .......................................................................................... 316 4. Prohibition Against Buying Iranian Petrochemical Products ................. 317 5. Prohibition Against Transporting Crude Oil from Iran .......................... 317 6. Prohibition Against Concealing Iranian Origin of Crude Oil or Fighting Iran with Trade Sanctions 253 Refined Petroleum Products ................................................................... 319 C. 2nd: Barring Transshipment of Military Items ........................................... 321 D. 3rd: Government Procurement Certification Against Revolutionary Guards ................................................................................ 324 E. 4th: Diversion Prohibition .......................................................................... 325 F. 5th: Shipping and Insurance Prohibition ..................................................... 326 G. 6th: Sovereign Debt Prohibition ................................................................. 328 H. 7th: Affiliates Prohibition ........................................................................... 329 I. 8th: Tightening Human Rights and Censorship Prohibitions ...................... 332 J. 9th: Five of Twelve Sanctions ..................................................................... 334 K. 10th: Arguably Tougher Waiver Criteria ................................................... 338 X. PHASE 10: 2013 DEFENSE ACT TIGHTENING ENERGY, SHIPPING, AND FINANCIAL SANCTIONS, PLUS SHIPBUILDING, PORT, AND PRECIOUS METAL SANCTIONS ...... 339 A. Novel Link Between Iranian Human Rights Abuses and American National Security (January 2, 2013 Through December 31, 2016) .......................... 339 B. Energy, Shipping, Shipbuilding, and Port Prohibition ............................... 340 C. Precious Metals Prohibition ....................................................................... 342 D. Three Reinforcements of Existing Prohibitions ......................................... 343 XI. NECESSARY, BUT NOT SUFFICIENT? .............................................................. 345 I. FOUR ISSUES AND RESPONSES How do American trade sanctions against Iran work? Have they worked? Championed by six American Presidents and sixteen Sessions of Congress, these sanctions against Iran have spanned nearly forty years. In that time, the bilateral relationship between the United States and Iran has been dreadful, with each side fixated on monstrosities perpetrated by the other: the 1953 coup d’état of a democratically-elected Iranian leader orchestrated by the United States; the subsequent American support for human rights abuses by the Peacock Throne; and the November 1979 seizure of the American Embassy in Tehran by Iranian militants and subsequent state-sponsored terrorist atrocities. To Iran, America became the “Great Satan” to be confronted wherever and whenever possible. To the United States, Iran perpetrated “evil” and was to be targeted for sanctions. American trade sanctions against Iran thus became, and continue to be, an important part of international trade law. Around the globe, practice in this field is touched by the dysfunctional relationship between the “Great Satan” and “Evil” Āyatollāhs. The practical significance does not mean that the technical rules, or policy justifications for those rules, are easily or well understood. The rules have become more intricate as they have
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Iran Case File (April 2021)
    IRAN CASE FILE April 2021 RASANAH International Institute for Iranian Studies, Al-Takhassusi St. Sahafah, Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. P.O. Box: 12275 | Zip code: 11473 Contact us [email protected] +966112166696 Executive Summary .....................................................................................4 Internal Affairs ........................................................................................... 7 The Ideological File .............................................................................................8 1. Women and the “Political Man” ............................................................................... 8 2. Khatami and the Position of Women ......................................................................10 The Political File ............................................................................................... 12 1. The Most Notable Highlights of the Leaked Interview .............................................12 2. Consequences and Reactions .................................................................................13 3. The Position of the Iranian President and Foreign Ministry on the Interview ..........14 4. The Implications of Leaking the Interview at This Time..........................................15 The Economic File ............................................................................................. 16 1. Bitcoin’s Genesis Globally and the Start of Its Use in Iran ........................................16 2. The Importance of Bitcoin for Iran
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Heavy Metals Concentration in Jajarm Bauxite Deposit in Northeast of Iran Using Environmental Pollution Indices
    Malaysian Journal of Geosciences (MJG) 3(1) (2019) 12-20 Malaysian Journal of Geosciences (MJG) DOI : http://doi.org/10.26480/mjg.01.2019.12.20 ISSN: 2521-0920 (Print) ISSN: 2521-0602 (Online) CODEN: MJGAAN REVIEW ARTICLE EVALUATION OF HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION IN JAJARM BAUXITE DEPOSIT IN NORTHEAST OF IRAN USING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION INDICES Ali Rezaei1*, Hossein Hassani1, Seyedeh Belgheys Fard Mousavi2, Nima Jabbari3 1Department of Mining and Metallurgy Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 2Department of Agriculture and Environmental Engineering, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran 3Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southern California, USA *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] , [email protected] This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT Article History: Heavy metals are known as an important group of pollutants in soil. Major sources of heavy metals are modern industries such as mining. In this study, spatial distribution and environmental behavior of heavy metals in the Jajarm Received 20 November 2018 bauxite mine have been investigated. The study area is one of the most important deposits in Iran, which includes about Accepted 21 December 2018 22 million tons of reserve. Contamination factor (CF), the average concentration (AV), the enrichment factor (EF) and Available online 4 January 2019 geoaccumulation index (GI) were factors used to assess the risk of pollution from heavy metals in the study area. Robust principal component analysis of compositional data (RPCA) was also applied as a multivariate method to find the relationship among metals.
    [Show full text]
  • UNITED STATES COURT of APPEALS for the SECOND CIRCUIT August Term 2015
    Case 14-1978, Document 193-1, 07/20/2016, 1820060, Page1 of 76 14‐1963(L) Kirschenbaum, et al. v. 650 Fifth Avenue and Related Properties UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT ______________ August Term 2015 (Argued: November 18, 2015 Decided: July 20, 2016) Docket Nos. 14‐1963(L), 14‐1967, 14‐1971, 14‐1974, 14‐1978, 14‐1982, 14‐1986, 14‐1988, 14‐1996, 14‐2098 ____________ KIRSCHENBAUM, ET AL. V. 650 FIFTH AVENUE AND RELATED PROPERTIES JASON KIRSCHENBAUM, ISABELLE KIRSCHENBAUM, on her own behalf and as Executrix of the Estate of Martin Kirschenbaum, JOSHUA KIRSCHENBAUM, DAVID KIRSCHENBAUM, DANIELLE TEITLEBAUM, Plaintiffs‐Appellees, ANNA BEER, HARRY BEER, on his own behalf and as Administrator of the Estate of Alan Beer, ESTELLE CARROLL, PHYLLIS MAISEL, Plaintiffs‐Appellees, STEVEN M. GREENBAUM, in his personal capacity and as administrator of the Estate of Judith (Shoshana) Lillian Greenbaum, ALAN HAYMAN, SHIRLEE HAYMAN, Plaintiffs‐Appellees, CARLOS ACOSTA, MARIA ACOSTA, TOVA ETTINGER, IRVING FRANKLIN, in his personal capacity and as personal representative of the estate of Irma Franklin, BARUCH KAHANE, LIBBY KAHANE, in her personal capacity and as Administratrix Case 14-1978, Document 193-1, 07/20/2016, 1820060, Page2 of 76 of the Estate of Meir Kahane, ETHEL J. GRIFFIN, as Public Administrator of the County of New York and Administratrix of the Estate of Binyamin Kahane, NORMAN KAHANE, in his personal capacity and as Executor of the Estate of Sonia Kahane, CIPORAH KAPLAN, Plaintiffs‐Appellees, EDWENA R. HEGNA, Executrix of the Estate of Charles Hegna, STEVEN A. HEGNA, LYNN MARIE HEGNA MOORE, CRAIG M.
    [Show full text]
  • Focus on Mining in Iran
    FOCUS ON MINING IN IRAN 27 November 2015 | Iran Group Legal Briefings – By Andrew Cannon, Partner, Paris, Adam McWilliams, Senior Associate, London and Naomi Lisney, Associate, Paris. IN BRIEF Iran is among the world's top 10 most resource-rich countries. While primarily known for its hydrocarbons, the country is also home to some 68 minerals together reportedly worth $700 billion, with more than 37bnt (billion tonnes) of proven reserves and 57bnt of potential reserves, which include considerable deposits in coal, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, barite, uranium and gold. The Sarcheshmeh mine in Iran holds the second's largest copper deposits in Asia, accounting for 25.3% of Asian reserves and around 6% of global reserves. SUMMARY Mining currently only plays a minor role in the Iranian economy; however, the Iranian leadership is actively seeking to promote growth in its mining sector to reduce its dependency on oil. According to the Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development & Renovation Organization (IMIDRO), it has, through subsidiary companies, invested more than $10 billion in upstream and downstream mining projects since its establishment in 2001, and currently has $9 billion invested in 29 projects, including steel, aluminium, rare earth elements, copper and gold mines. At the Iran-EU Conference on Trade & Investment, held on 23-24 July 2015 in Vienna, Austria, Mehdi Karbasian, Deputy Minister and Chairman of IMIDRO, said Iran will require a further $20 billion in investment for its mining sector by 2025. He invited foreign and private sector investment, introducing the incentives already introduced in Iran, and expressing IMIDRO's support for foreign investment.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran and the Gulf Military Balance - I
    IRAN AND THE GULF MILITARY BALANCE - I The Conventional and Asymmetric Dimensions FIFTH WORKING DRAFT By Anthony H. Cordesman and Alexander Wilner Revised July 11, 2012 Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy [email protected] Cordesman/Wilner: Iran & The Gulf Military Balance, Rev 5 7/11/12 2 Acknowledgements This analysis was made possible by a grant from the Smith Richardson Foundation. It draws on the work of Dr. Abdullah Toukan and a series of reports on Iran by Adam Seitz, a Senior Research Associate and Instructor, Middle East Studies, Marine Corps University. 2 Cordesman/Wilner: Iran & The Gulf Military Balance, Rev 5 7/11/12 3 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 5 THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................... 6 Figure III.1: Summary Chronology of US-Iranian Military Competition: 2000-2011 ............................... 8 CURRENT PATTERNS IN THE STRUCTURE OF US AND IRANIAN MILITARY COMPETITION ........................................... 13 DIFFERING NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES .............................................................................................................. 17 US Perceptions .................................................................................................................................... 17 Iranian Perceptions............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Phosphate Occurrence and Potential in the Region of Afghanistan, Including Parts of China, Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan
    Phosphate Occurrence and Potential in the Region of Afghanistan, Including Parts of China, Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan By G.J. Orris, Pamela Dunlap, and John C. Wallis With a section on geophysics by Jeff Wynn Open-File Report 2015–1121 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2015 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Suggested citation: Orris, G.J., Dunlap, Pamela, and Wallis, J.C., 2015, Phosphate occurrence and potential in the region of Afghanistan, including parts of China, Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, with a section on geophysics by Jeff Wynn: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1121, 70 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151121. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. Contents
    [Show full text]
  • An Archaeometrical Analysis of the Column Bases from Hegmatâneh to Ascertain Their Source of Provenance
    Volume III ● Issue 2/2012 ● Pages 221–227 INTERDISCIPLINARIA ARCHAEOLOGICA NATURAL SCIENCES IN ARCHAEOLOGY homepage: http://www.iansa.eu III/2/2012 An Archaeometrical Analysis of the Column Bases from Hegmatâneh to Ascertain their Source of Provenance Masoud Rashidi Nejada*, Farang Khademi Nadooshana, Mostafa Khazaiea, Paresto Masjedia aDepartment of Archaeology at Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-139 Tehran, Iran ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: As a political and social statement, the style of the Achaemenid architecture was predicated on gran- Received: 15 April 2012 diose buildings and masonry, with the column as one of its primary elements. Often, the trunk of the Accepted: 15 November 2012 columns was made of either wood or stone, although their bases were always made of stone; a practice unique to ancient Iran. Consequently, access to stone for building these columns was of major impor- Key words: tance This paper deals with the sources used in the making of the column bases of Hegmatâneh follow- Achaemenid ing non-destructive techniques of petrography and XRD (X-ray Diffraction Spectrometry) analysis in Hamadan conjunction with geological data. In order to study them, we collected six samples from Hamadan and Hegmatâneh nine from column bases. Historical texts and geological formations were also taken into consideration. Petrography This study attempts to demonstrate the relationship between archaeological and environmental data by XRD statistical analysis, to be used as a tool for the identification of mineral resources in the future. 1. Introduction BC) (Grayson 1975, 106, 56). According to the Greek sources, Cyrus invaded Media because he wanted a political Petrography and XRD are two methods for the recognition independence (Brosius 2006, 8).
    [Show full text]
  • RADICALIZATION DURING the ROUHANI YEARS Iran’S Political Shifts and Their Implications Contents
    ANALYSIS Political momentum in Iran now lies with the radicals. In the wake of U.S. sanctions, PEACE AND SECURITY President Hassan Rouhani’s policy of moderation has failed to produce promised RADICALIZATION economic growth. DURING THE Political shifts in Iran have up- ended the usual dynamics of inter-factional competition to not only affirm the radicals’ ROUHANI YEARS positions, but to also radical- ize the more moderate forces themselves. The hard-liners Iran’s Political Shifts and Their Implications remain a heterogenous group, with intense disputes over ideology and power. David Jalilvand and Achim Vogt (eds.) March 2021 Tehran’s nuclear and regional policies look set to become even more assertive while Iran’s progress in economic diversification renders con- cessions on its part less attractive. PEACE AND SECURITY RADICALIZATION DURING THE ROUHANI YEARS Iran’s Political Shifts and their Implications Contents Introduction 2 1 THE END OF MODERATION? SOCIAL AND POLITICAL RADICALISM UNDER HASSAN ROUHANI 4 Azadeh Zamirirad 2 RADICAL IRAN: GENERATIONAL CHANGES AND OUTLOOKS 9 Narges Bajoghli 3 IRAN’S HEZBOLLAH: A RADICAL AND DECISIVE POLITICAL CURRENT 15 Walter Posch 4 THE FUTURE OF IRAN’S NUCLEAR POLICY AND APPROACH TO THE JCPOA 23 Dina Esfandiary 5 A RADICAL IRAN: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PERSIAN GULF AND THE LEVANT 29 Hamidreza Azizi 6 IRAN’S RESISTANCE ECONOMY: AMBITIONS AND REALITY 36 David Jalilvand About the Authors 48 1 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – RADICALIZATION DURING THE ROUHANI YEARS Introduction At the start of 2021, the political momentum in Iranian stitutions.1 In February 2020, hard-liners constituted the domestic and foreign affairs lies squarely with the radicals.
    [Show full text]
  • Resolving Outstanding Judgments Under the Terrorism Exception to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act
    NO TES RESOLVING OUTSTANDING JUDGMENTS UNDER THE TERRORISM EXCEPTION TO THE FOREIGN SOVEREIGN IMMUNITIES ACT DAVEED GARTENSTEIN-ROSS* While the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act generally preventsforeign states from being the subject of lawsuits in U.S. courts, countries that have been designated as state sponsors of terrorism by the Secretary of State are exempted from this protec- tion. Judgments entered under this "terrorism exception" already total more than three billion dollars, with a number of suits still pending. These judgments may pose difficulties for future attempts to normalize relationswith the defendant coun- tries. In this Note, Daveed Gartenstein-Rossargues that the best method for resolv- ing these outstandingjudgments is to terminate them and resubmit the claims to ad hoc internationaltribunals. Although successful plaintiffs whose judgments are ab- rogated can bring takings claims against the government, he argues that those claims should be surmountable through a sensible application of takings jurisprudence. INTRODUCTION The world watched in shock on September 11, 2001, as two hi- jacked airplanes toppled the World Trade Center in New York City, and another demolished a large section of the Pentagon in Washing- ton, D.C.' In the wake of these attacks, President Bush dedicated his * I would like to thank Professor David Golove for assistance in shaping this Note and formulating my arguments and Professors Vicki Been and Howard Venable for providing advice and feedback on the Takings Clause section. I would also like to thank the New York University Law Review's excellent editorial staff, especially David Alonzo-Maizlish, Howard Anglin, David Carpenter, David Karp, Shawn Larsen-Bright, and Gabe Ross for their insightful comments and hard work.
    [Show full text]
  • Case 1:21-Cv-03503 Document 1 Filed 06/22/21 Page 1 of 183 Pageid #: 1
    Case 1:21-cv-03503 Document 1 Filed 06/22/21 Page 1 of 183 PageID #: 1 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK STEPHANIE ZOBAY, individually, and for the estate of STEPHEN S. EVERHART, LINDSAY M. EVERHART, ABDUL GHAFFAR MUGHAL, SITORAI KHASANZOD, KHALID MUGHAL, HAMID MUGHAL, ANGELA MUGHAL, N.M., by and through her next friend Abdul Ghaffar Mughal, M.M., by and through his next friend Abdul Ghaffar Mughal, WAYNE NEWBY, THERESA HART, JURY TRIAL DEMANDED NATHAN NEWBY, JASON RZEPA, CASSANDRA RZEPA, C.R., by and through his next friend Cassandra Rzepa, K.R., by and through his next friend Adrian Davis, TYLER N. OGDEN, WILLIAM M. CHINN, Case No.: 21-cv-3503 SEAN M. NIQUETTE, LAUREN NIQUETTE, THOMAS NIQUETTE, MARY NIQUETTE, ED ELLIOTT, BRIAN C. ALLDRIDGE, JOANN ALLDRIDGE, RONALD ALLDRIDGE, DIANNA ALLDRIDGE, TODD JEFFREY ALLDRIDGE, ANDREW MAJOR, ASHLEY MAJOR, ALYSSA MAJOR, MARCUS JAMIL SULLEN, DAVID EUGENE HICKMAN, VERONICA HICKMAN, DEVON F. HICKMAN, TAMMIE FROST, individually, and for the estate of RUSSELL FROST, MADISON FROST, CRYSTAL FROST, AMANDA FROST, WAIEL EL-MAADAWY, BILQIS AIDARA ADJEI, ALEXIS GRANT, MALIK ELMAADAWY, G.E., by and through his next friend Latasha Elmaadawy, ZEINAB EL-MAADAWY, IHAB EL- MAADAWY, TAMER EL-MAADAWY, MOHAMMED EL-MAADAWY, MUSTAFA EL- MAADAWY, AMR MOHAMED, BRENDA MOHAMED, Plaintiffs, v. MTN GROUP LIMITED, MTN IRANCELL, MTN DUBAI LIMITED, ZTE CORPORATION, ZTE (USA) INC., and ZTE (TX) INC., Defendants. Case 1:21-cv-03503 Document 1 Filed 06/22/21 Page 2 of 183 PageID #: 2 COMPLAINT FOR VIOLATION OF THE ANTI-TERRORISM ACT Ryan R.
    [Show full text]
  • Reporting Codes and the Iranian Mining Industry Mark Mounde
    Reporting Codes and the Iranian Mining Industry Mark Mounde Technical Director – Wardell Armstrong International Ltd. Wardell Armstrong International - Services An integrated minerals consultancy company specialising in: • Exploration Management • Resource Modelling • Mine Planning & Design • Reserve Optimisation • Process Testwork • Metallurgical Audits • Project Valuation & Financial Analysis • Environmental Audit & Management • Corporate Social Responsibility • Mine Closure Wardell Armstrong International Client deliverables: • Scoping Studies • Technical Due Diligence • Competent Person’s Report/NI 43-101 • Financial Valuations • Pre-Feasibility & Feasibility Studies • Expert Witness • Environmental Studies • Metallurgical Testwork • Flowsheet Design • Assaying • Troubleshooting Commodities • Gold • Silver • Copper • Nickel • Molybdenum • Phosphate • Iron Ore • Fluorspar • Lead/Zinc • Coal • Uranium • Rare Earth’s In addition, WAI is involved in a large variety of industrial minerals globally A Selection of Stock Exchange Listings • First Quantum Minerals - AIM • Oxus Mining - AIM • Petropavlovsk – London • KazakhGold – London • European Nickel - AIM • London Mining - AIM • Glencore – London/Hong Kong Marketplace • Central Asia • Africa • Central and Eastern Europe • Russia and the CIS • North America • Central America • South America • Western Europe • And now Iran. Reporting Codes and the Iranian Mining Industry Mark Mounde Technical Director – Wardell Armstrong International Ltd. Iran’s Mineral Wealth Source – Wikipedia The Positives • The country is one of the most important mineral producers in the world • 37 billion tonnes of proven reserves and more than 57 billion tonnes of potential reserves worth $770 billion in 2014. • Mines include coal, precious and metallic minerals, ferrous and industrial minerals. • Large deposits which mostly remain underdeveloped are zinc (world's largest), copper (world's ninth largest reserves in 2011), iron (world's 12th largest in 2013), uranium (world's tenth largest) and lead (world's eleventh largest).
    [Show full text]
  • Occupational Safety and Health in Mining Anthology on the Situation in 16 Mining Countries
    nr 2013;47(2) Occupational Safety and Health in Mining Anthology on the situation in 16 mining countries Ed. Kaj Elgstrand and Eva Vingård arbete och hälsa | vetenskaplig skriftserie isbn 978-91-85971-43-5 issn 0346-7821 Arbete och Hälsa Arbete och Hälsa (Work and Health) is a scientific report series published by Occupational and Environmental Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg. The series publishes scientific original work, review articles, criteria documents and dissertations. All articles are peer-reviewed. Arbete och Hälsa has a broad target group and welcomes articles in different areas. Instructions and templates for manuscript editing are available at http://www.amm.se/aoh Summaries in Swedish and English as well as the complete original texts from 1997 are also available online. Arbete och Hälsa Editorial Board: Editor-in-chief: Tor Aasen, Bergen Kjell Torén, Gothenburg Gunnar Ahlborg, Gothenburg Kristina Alexanderson, Stockholm Co-editors: Berit Bakke, Oslo Maria Albin, Lund Lars Barregård, Gothenburg Lotta Dellve, Stockholm Jens Peter Bonde, Kopenhagen Henrik Kolstad, Aarhus Jörgen Eklund, Linkoping Roger Persson, Lund Mats Hagberg, Gothenburg Kristin Svendsen, Trondheim Kari Heldal, Oslo Allan Toomingas, Stockholm Kristina Jakobsson, Lund Marianne Törner, Gothenburg Malin Josephson, Uppsala Bengt Järvholm, Umea Managing editor: Anette Kærgaard, Herning Cina Holmer, Gothenburg Ann Kryger, Kopenhagen Carola Lidén, Stockholm © University of Gothenburg & authors 2013 Svend Erik Mathiassen, Gavle Gunnar D. Nielsen, Kopenhagen Arbete och Hälsa, University of Gothenburg Catarina Nordander, Lund Torben Sigsgaard, Aarhus Printed at Kompendiet, Gothenburg Staffan Skerfving, Lund Gerd Sällsten, Gothenburg Ewa Wikström, Gothenburg Eva Vingård, Uppsala List of contents Safety and health in mining; Eva Vingård & Kaj Elgstrand............................................
    [Show full text]