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ED 295 318 AUTHOR INSTITUTION REPORT NO PUB DATE AVAILABLE from PUB TYPE DOCUMENT RESUME EA 020 080 Bates, Richard Liberalism, M DOCUMENT RESUME ED 295 318 EA 020 080 AUTHOR Bates, Richard TITLE Liberalism, Marxism and the Struggle for the State: Prolegomena to the Study of Public Administration. ESA844, Administrative Context of Schooling. INSTITUTION Deakin Univ., Victoria (Australia). REPORT NO ISBN-0-7300-0301-9 PUB DATE 85 NOTE 155p.; For related d,cuments, see EA 020 081 and EA 020 091-094. AVAILABLE FROMPublication Sales, Deakin University Press, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia (Stock No. ESA844M04; $12.50 Australian; quantity and educational discounts). PUB TYPE Viewpoints (120) -- Collected Works - General (020) -- Historical Materials (060) EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Bureaucracy; Democracy; Foreign Countries; *Ideology; Individualism; *Liberalism; *Marxian Analysis; Marxism; *Political Socialization; Social Development; Social Stratification; *Social Values; Sociocultural Patterns ABSTRACT This volume is part of a series of monographs from Australia devoted to outlining an alternative approach, based on neo-Marxist concepts, to educational administration. The opening essay examines the historical development of liberalism as a key to understanding the relations between the state, civil society, and the economy, and the development .s.f the mediating role of public bureaucracies. The essay is divided into three major parts. The first part describes the emergence of English liberalism and its associated ideas of representative democracy, as contrasted with continental notions of participatory democracy exemplified in Rousseau. The second part exagnines three contemporary analyses of the emerging dilemmas of the liberal, democratic state. The third section examines Marxist class analysis and its effect on the understanding of relations between state, economy, and civil society. The analyses of Marx and Lenin are contrasted with that of Weber, and contemporary neo-Marxist analyses of crisis tendencies in the modern state are introduced. Four readings by separate authors follow: (1) "Nervous Li'arals," by Michael Walzer; (2) "Bureaucracy and the State," by EL k 0. Wright; (3)"What Does a Crisis Mean Today? Legitimation Problems in Late Capitalism," by Jurgen Habermas; and (4) "Crisis Tendencies, Legitimation, and the State," by David Held. An annotated bibliography is included. (TE) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** ESA844 Administrative Context of Schooling Liberalism, Marxism and the Struggle for the State: Prolegomena to the Study of Public Administration Richard Bates U.S. UEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS Office of Educational Research and Improvement MATERIAL IN MICROFICHE ONLY EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) HAS BEEN GRANTED BY (kilns document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating n. O Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality Point,: nf view Of opinions stated in this docu- TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES ment no not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy i INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." ESA844 Administrative Context of Schooling Liberalism, Marxism and the Struggle for the State: Prolegomena to the Study of Public Administration Richard Bates Deakin University Deakin University Victoria :12.17 3 Published by Deakin University, Victoria 3217 Distributed by Deakin University Press First published 1985 (I) Deakin University 1985 Edited and designed by Deakin University Production Unit Printed by Deakin University Printery National Library of Australia Cataloguingin-publication data Bates, Richard J., 1941 - Liberalism, Marxism and the struggle for the state. Bibliography. ESA844. ISBN 0 7300 0301 9. 1. Liberalism. I. Deakin University. School of Education. Open Campus Program J. Title. III. Title: Administrative context of schooling. 320.51 This book forms part of the ESA844 Administrative Context of Schooling course offered by the School of Education in Deakin University's Open Campus ProgramIt has been prepared by Richard Bates for the ESA844 Administrative Context of Schooling course team, whose members are: Course team Lawrence Angus Richard Bates (chairperson) Diana Macmillan (course developer) Fazal Ravi Peter Watkins Consultants Peter Musgrave, Monash University Bill Hannan, Victorian Secondary Teachers Assoication The course includes. Richard Bates, Liberalism, Marxism and the Struggle for the State Prolegomena to the Study of Public Administration Richard Bates, Public Administration and the Crisis of the State Bill Hannan, Assessment and Evaluation in Schooling P. W. Musgrave, Curricular Decisions in their Administrative Contexts Peter Watkins, Agency and Structure. Dialectics in the Administration of Education These books are available from Deakin University Press, Deakin University. Victoria 3217, Students enrolled in the course are also supplied with a guide to the course, 4 iii Series introduction It is not possible to understand the nature of educational administration without understanding the broader context of public administration or, further, the social and political debate over the nature of the state, civil society and the economy, and their relaticnships. The series of volumes of which this book is a part addresses these various issues. Beginning with a discussion of the contested relationship between the individual and the state, the politics of administration is set within the debate over liberalism, Marxism and critical theory, and the nature of the crisis of the modern state. The impact of this crisis on public administration is then examined, especially in terms of the 'new' public administration and the notion of public good. An examination of educational administration follows, as do studies of the administrative context of curriculum and of evaluation. Finally, a discussion of the dialectical nature of educational administration is presented. The introductory essay of each volume is a digest of current debate and a contribution to it. So that readers may enter that debate rapidly key readings are appended as is an annotated bibliography of key works in the field. We hope that it US presentation of the debate will encourage others to join in the exploration of such issues in educational administration. Richard J. Bases Course team chairperson Contents Series introduction iii Liberalism, Marxism and the struggle for the state: Prolegomena to the study of public administration 1 Introduction 3 The origins and traditions of liberalism 4 Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) 4 John Locke (1632-1704) 6 Liberal democracy: Bentham (1748-1832) and Mill (1773-1836) 7 Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) 9 Summary 9 Modern dilemmas of liberalism 10 Crozier: The crisis of democracy in Western Europe 10 Spragens: The irony of libera! reason 16 Walzer: Nervous liberals and the welfare state 21 Liberalism, Marxism and the struggle for the state 25 Marx, class relations and the liberal state 25 Lenin and Weber on bureaucracy and the state 28 Habermas and the crisis of the state 31 Conclusion 35 References :35 Readings 37 1 Nervous liberals Michael Walzer 39 2 Bureaucracy and the state Erik 0. Wright 54 3 What does a crisis mean today?: Legitimation problems in late capitalism Jurgen Habermas 99 4 Cksis tendencies, legitimation and the state David Held 124 Annotated bibliography 143 About the author 151 Acknowledgements 152 6 Liberalism, Marxism and the struggle for the state: Prolegomena to the study of public administration ALAVA A A.. vr A 7 3 Introduction Without exception in the modern state education is subjectto governance by bureaucracy. The structures, funding, context, credentials,purposes and achievements of educators ars-. everywhere subordinated to various forms of bureaucratic oversight. For the most part the bureaucraciesare public bureaucracies part o; the larger processes of public administra- tion which 'steer' the modern state. Public administration inturn is itself steered by political procedures which set public goals and demand public accountability. It follows, then, that any attempt to understand the administrativecontext of education must involve an attempt to understand the nature of public administration. In turn, public administration cannot be understood without an appreciation of the theories and philosophies which guide our understan- ding of the politics of the state. This monogra2h provides a brief introduction to such issues. The examination of the relations between the state, civil society and theeconomy, and of the mediating (or, as some would argue, inhibiting) role of public bureaucracies is, of course, a complex and abstract exercise. Such key concepts'are themselves abstract and contentious even though their workings may have very concrete effects. The approa& taken here is, however, historical and locates the development of such ideas within the continuing struggle to achieve various resolutions of the relations between thestate (as protector and governor of the people), civil society (the people itself), and the economy (the productive and distributive arrangements of the society). The monograph is divided into three major parts. The first deals with the emergence of English liberalism and its associated ideas of representative democracy. These are contrasted with Continental notions of participatory democracy through a brief discussion
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