Revisiting the First United Nations Peacekeeping Intervention in Egypt and the Gaza Strip, 1956-1967: a Case of Imperial Multilateralism?

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Revisiting the First United Nations Peacekeeping Intervention in Egypt and the Gaza Strip, 1956-1967: a Case of Imperial Multilateralism? REVISITING THE FIRST UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING INTERVENTION IN EGYPT AND THE GAZA STRIP, 1956-1967: A CASE OF IMPERIAL MULTILATERALISM? Martin Ottovay Jorgensen Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad Doctor van Geschiedenis Promotor: Prof. Dr. Vanhaute 1 Promotor Prof. Dr. Eric Vanhaute Vakgroep Geschiedenis Decaan Prof. dr. Marc Boone Rector Prof. dr. Anne De Paepe Faculteit Letteren & Wijsbegeerte Martin Ottovay Jorgensen Revisiting the First United Nations Peacekeeping Intervention In Egypt and the Gaza Strip, 1956-1967: A Case of Imperial Multilateralism? Proefschrift voorgedragen tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Geschiedenis 2016 Acknowledgements Written at the last minute, this section cannot fully express the depths of my gratitude for the care, support, feedback and healthy critique I have enjoyed and the debts I have accumulated over the course of this project. Nevertheless… First, I would like to thank the Research Foundation - Flanders, the History Department at Ghent University and the Department of Culture and Global Studies at Aalborg University for making this project possible. I would also like to thank the UN Archive for tolerating me for three months and granting me access to several hundreds of boxes of records and their very kind front desk clerical staff for their help in doing so. Thank you. I would also like to thank my students at the History Programme at Aalborg University for listening to my premature ramblings on this topic (and others) and co- thinking my argument, even if not all realised that this was going on. Thank you. I would also like to thank my fellow PhD-students, colleagues and friends in both Aalborg and Ghent (and Brussels) for good times in and out of the office(s), lively discussions, support in times of pressure, help on the journey of maturing into an adolescent scholar and much more. Alexander, Anne, Baz, Bas, Berber, Deborah, Emil, Eva, Gillian, Gisele, Giselle, Greet, Hanne, Henrik, Johan, Joris, Kenan, Lore, Lorena, Maren, Marianne, Pieter, Robrecht, Stephanie, Sven, Tessa and Tom. Thank you, Bedankt, Gracias and Obrigado. I will respond to emails again now. Thanks also to my friends in Denmark, Belgium, England, France and the US: Troels and Berit, Lise and Bjarke, Benjamin and Marie, Katrine and Jesper, Benjamine and Franck, Natasha and Sasha, Claudia and Jennine, Heidi and Rasmus, Marcia and Yorqui, Brigita, Carla, Helbo, Daniel, Stuart, and the joint lot of 15, soon 16, lovely and promising little kiddos for keeping it real. Thank you, Merci, Bedankt, Tak, Köszönöm, Gracias, Danke, and Спасибо. I hope you still remember me. Moreover, I have to mention and thank Vivian, our former secretary at the History Programme at Aalborg University, who passed away in late 2015, for her kindness and role in keeping me to the task at hand, whether that be my BA, MA or PhD, sending postcards or bringing home French and Belgian chocolate. You are missed. Additionally, I would be remiss not thank my colleague Marianne who became both test subject and consultant towards the very end of the writing process. Thank you, you know where to find me soon enough. 1 Importantly, I want to thank my supervisors—Marianne, Eric and Dries in both Aalborg and Ghent—without whom this project would literally not have happened. I hope that I have done your efforts justice and will do so onwards. Thank you. Moreover, I want to thank my parents and sister—Eva, Frede and Sofie—for giving me space, support, and not least dealing with a son and brother who turned into a right old grumpy git decades before time. I will paint the house soon. Thank you. Finally, I want to thank Katy for finding me (again), non-marrying me (despite me being lost in the process of ‘eating the elephant’), being here and there, having English as your mother tongue, and your endless backing. My turn now. Thank you ii Executive Summary in Dutch DE EERSTE VREDESOPERATIES VAN DE VERENIGDE NATIES IN EGYPTE AND DE GAZA-STROOK, 1956-1967: EEN ZAAK VAN IMPERIAAL MULTILATERISME? Historici die onderzoek doen naar de wereld- en imperiale geschiedenis hebben aangetoond dat dynastieke en tributaire rijken honderden jaren lang de wereld hebben gedomineerd. Pas vanaf het midden van de 19de eeuw deelden bureaucratische en marktgeoriënteerde imperiale formaties de lakens uit. Vandaag de dag erkennen steeds meer academici dat dit globale imperiale systeem diepgaand de structurele logica van Verenigde Naties (VN) en aanverwante organisaties heeft beïnvloed. Het systeem heeft ook een verregaande invloed op de manier waarop de internationale instellingen onder de paraplu van de VN opereren en optreden. Toch is dit lang niet volledig doorgedrongen tot het onderzoek naar de vredeshandhaving van de VN. Dat onderzoeksveld wordt gedomineerd door op het heden gefocuste sociale wetenschappers. Enkel een handvol onderzoekers, laten we ze het 'imperiale segment' noemen, zien de interventies en het internationale systeem waar ze deel van uitmaken van nature als imperiaal. Aan een steeds hoger tempo installeren internationale organisaties externaliserende en ontoerekenbare bestuurssystemen in voormalige kolonies. Ondanks de bijdragen van de 'imperiale' onderzoekers is hun denkwijze en benadering allesbehalve gemeengoed. De meeste onderzoekers op het vlak van vredeshandhaving linken de toenemende problemen met interventies en hun staatsopbouwende componenten nog steeds uitsluitend aan de opmars van het neoliberalisme. In de context van het expanderende regime van interventies in voormalige kolonies en het feit dat het onderzoek zich vooral concentreert op de synchrone aspecten ervan, heeft deze verhandeling twee doelstellingen. In de eerste plaats beoogt dit onderzoek de interdisciplinaire dialoog te bevorderen. De studie wil het onderzoek naar de vredesoperaties van de VN vanuit de sociale wetenschappen koppelen aan de historiografie over inter-imperiale samenwerkingsverbanden rond veiligheid. Het wil met andere woorden een diachrone dimensie aan het debat toevoegen. Op de tweede plaats beoogt deze verhandeling een theoretisch kader op te bouwen en een analyse aan te reiken van de eerste VN-interventie in Egypte en de Gazastrook van 1956 tot 1967, als basis van een nieuwe vertelling over 'peacekeeping'. Deze verhandeling neemt 'multinational imperalism' en 'imperial multilateralism', twee concepten van de expert internationale relaties Philippe Cunliffe, als vertrekpunt. Het theoretische kader koppelt deze concepten aan de systemisch georiënteerde imperiale geschiedschrijving aan de ene kant en de netwerk-, ruimte- en mensgerichte imperiale frontier studies aan de andere kant. Het historiseert VN-tussenkomsten en het iii internationale systeem en legt verbanden tussen wat conventioneel als de 'globale' geopolitiek en het 'lokale' dagdagelijkse leven wordt gezien. Op die manier benadrukt het theoretische kader dat de internationale politieke en militaire bestuurssystemen geen onveranderlijke wereldwijde structuren zijn. Het gaat over zowel lokale als globale menselijke gebruiken die begrepen, geproblematiseerd, uitgedaagd en dus ook veranderd kunnen worden. Het onderzoek valt uiteen in twee grote delen. Het eerste deel onderzoekt hoe de geschiedenis van het VN-paradigma begrepen moet worden in het verlengde van de shift van het imperiale systeem van louter imperiale concurrentie naar imperiale concurrentie en inter-imperiale samenwerking in de late 19de eeuw. Het vertrekt daarbij hoofdzakelijk van een systemische visie in de imperiale en internationale historiografie. Vervolgens toont de analyse hoe die verschuivende grenzen zich manifesteerden in het Middellandse Zeegebied en het Midden-Oosten, de eerste regio waar in 1956 een VN- vredesoperatie plaatsvond. Tot slot onderzoekt het eerste deel hoe de toenemende regionale concurrentie, veroorzaakt door de verschuivende imperiale grenzen van Groot-Brittannië, de Verenigde Staten en de Sovjet-Unie, een situatie creëerde, met name een gezamenlijke invasie door de Fransen, Britten en Israëli's van Egypte, die leidde tot de vorming van een VN-interventie. In tegenstelling tot het meeste wetenschappelijk onderzoek gaat deze verhandeling ervan uit dat de VN-interventie niet enkel opgezet is om een (wereld)oorlog met de Sovjet-Unie en nieuwe gevechten tussen Israël en Egypte te vermijden. De interventie was, volgens deze verhandeling, een van de vele multilaterale westerse initiatieven die erop gericht waren om na het sluiten van het Suezkanaal de olieleveringen te heropenen en te stabiliseren voor de almaar ongerustere Europese leden van de Navo. Het tweede deel verlegt de focus naar het geopolitieke en het dagelijkse leven. Het vertrekt daarbij van de onderzoeksliteratuur, gepubliceerde bronnen en tot nog toe veelal ongebruikte VN-documenten. Dit tweede deel van de analyse toont hoe de VN- vredesmacht aan de ene kant vooral de militaire infrastructuur van de NAVO en het westen gebruikte. De in het westen getrainde strijdmacht zorgde voor conflicten met de Egyptenaren 'op de grond' toen de VN-macht de Britse en de Franse troepen naar buiten 'escorteerde'. Langs de andere kant gebruikte de operatie bijna uitsluitend westerse bedrijven en werd ze betaald door westerse gebruikers van het kanaal. Vervolgens onderzoekt deze verhandeling hoe de VN legertroepen in de Gazastrook moest ontplooien om de terugtrekking van de Israëlische bezettingsmacht te verzekeren zodat Egypte het Suezkanaal zou heropenen. Dat leidde op zijn beurt tot confrontaties in de Gazastrook. De bewoners dwongen de VN om het
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