The Behavioral Neuroscientist and Comparative Psychologist

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Division 6, American Volume 27, Issue 1 Spring/Summer, 2012 Psychological Association

Editor A Message From Division 6 President Mauricio R. Papini David J. Bucci, PhD Dartmouth College Division 6: An experiment in progress

A major challenge for Division 6 (and apparently Division President for other APA division as well) is to survive a new generation of young professionals who Mauricio R. Papini, PhD apparently do not engage in scientific societies as much as was done by previous generations. Thus, a present and future challenge will be to generate enough interest to attract new mem- Inside this issue: bers. How can we generate such interest?

It seems somewhat surprising to me that our Message from the 1, 5-6 division would be in this position, given current President levels of social awareness about the importance of psychological research on brain-behavior interactions and the comparative psychology of cognitive processes. There are several ways of Division 6 2-4 generating interest for Division 6 among young Officers researchers, but, in my opinion, the single most important option is to hold high-quality meet- convention program. On the positive side, Historical Trends in 7-10 ings. Thus, my effort as President of Division 6 having extensive overlap with other divisions American Compara- was directed at generating the best possible allows for a potentially fruitful cooperative tive Psychology scientific program for the forthcoming APA approach to division activities. But this re- Convention in Orlando, August 1-5, 2012. As quires a special effort, as we discovered during this past year. Div 6 & 3 programs for 11-14 you will see, this was a team effort. Here is 2012 APA Convention what we did. One of those sitting at the table was Karen

In recent years, our program has been out- Hollis, then President-elect of Division 3 and Report from the APA 15-16 standing, but, in my perception, somewhat iso- former President of Division 6. Karen and I Council of Representa- decided to do something that, unfortunately, tives lated from the rest of the conference, including especially other divisions. When I attended the does not appear to be as common as it leadership conference for President-elect mem- should be: pool resources together and come up with a joined program organized by the Early Career Corner 17-18 bers (January 2011, Washington DC), it was obvious to me that the 56 divisions currently in two divisions. We had two committed and the APA structure were far too many. Sitting at effective program chairs, Victoria Chamizo the lunch table were several colleagues who had (Division 6), and Nancy Dess (Division 3). I presided over more than one division (three had asked Victoria to develop a program with Obituary 19 divisions in one case!). This should not occur so a strong international presence. As a result, often if divisions represented truly distinct areas we will have a very exciting line up of speaker of Psychology. A negative consequence of this and symposia, covering a diversity of topics of Membership 20 proliferation of division is the atomization of the interest to our members. At the risk of of- fending somebody who is left outside, here

Page 2 The Behavioral Neuroscientist and Comparative Psychologist

Division 6 Officers & Committees

President: Mauricio R. Papini, PhD Past Member-at-Large: Mary Meagher, Ph.D. Department of Psychology Department of Psychology Texan Christian University Texas A&M University 817-257-6084 College Station, TX 77843 e-mail: [email protected] Phone: (979) 845-2564 e-mail: [email protected]

President-Elect: Chana K Akins Early Career Representative: Department of Psychology Meredith J. Bashaw, PhD University of Kentucky Department of Psychology Lexington, KY 40506-0001 Franklin & Marshall College email: [email protected] PO Box 3003 Lancaster, PA 17604 Phone: (717) 358-4425 Past–President: Gordon Burghardt, PhD email: [email protected] Department of Psychology University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN 37996 Past Early Career Representative: Phone: (865) 974-3300 Kimberly Christian, Ph.D. e-mail: [email protected] Unit on the Genetics of Cognition and Behavior NIMH/MIH 35 Convent Drive, Rm 1C1006 Secretary/Treasurer: Mary Cain, Ph.D. Besthesda, MD 20892 Department of Psychology Phone: (301) 402-6757 Kansas State University Email: [email protected] Manhattan, KS 66506 Phone: (785) 532-6884 e-mail: [email protected] Student Representative: Amanda Glueck Texan Christian University Department of Psychology Council Representative: Mike Domjan, Ph.D. Texas Christian University Department of Psychology Fort Worth, TX 76129 The University of Texas at Austin, SEA 4.232 Phone: (817) 257-6236 Austin, TX 78712 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Student Representative-Elect: Emily Reinhardt Member-at-Large: David Washburn, Ph.D. Department of Psychology Director, Language Research Center Kansas State University Georgia State University 492 Bluemont Hall P.O. Box 5010 Manhattan, KS 66506 Atlanta, GA 30302-5010 Phone: (785)-532-6850 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Past Student Representative: Sheri Browning Member-at-Large: Michael J. Beran, Ph.D. Departments of Psychology Language Research Center, Georgia State University University of Tennessee University Plaza Atlanta, GA 30303 1404 Circle Dr. Phone: (404)-413-5285 Knoxville, TN 37996-0900 e-mail: [email protected] Phone: (865) 974-3300 Email: [email protected] Volume 27, Issue 1 Page 3

Division 6 Officers & Committees

Awards Committee Chair: Sergio Pellis, PhD Membership & Growth Committee Past Chair: University of Lethbridge Todd K. Shackelford, PhD Lethbridge, Alberta Department of Psychology Canada, T1K 3M4 Oakland University Phone: (403) 329-2078 112 Pryale Hall email: [email protected] Rochester, Michigan 48309-4401 Phone: (248) 370-2285 Email: [email protected] Awards Committee Chair Elect: Brian Cusato, Ph.D. Department of Psychology Centre College Program Committee Chair: Victoria Chamizo, PhD Young Hall—214 University of Barcelona, Spain 600 West Walnut Street Departament de Psicologia Bàsica Danville, KY 40422 Institut de Recerca en Cervell, Cognició i Conducta (IR3C) Phone: 859-238-5330 Universitat de Barcelona Email: [email protected] Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron, 171 08035 - Barcelona (SPAIN) email: [email protected] Awards Committee Past Chair: Matthew Cooper, PhD Department of Psychology Program Committee Chair Elect: Matt Lattal, Ph.D., Austin Peay Building Behavioral Neuroscience Department University of Tennessee Oregon Health and Science University Knoxville, Tennessee 37996 Office: MRB 704 Phone: (865)-974-3328 Phone: (503)- 418-2215 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Membership & Growth Committee Chair: Program Committee Past Chair: Jesse Purdy, PhD Kenneth J. Leising, PhD Department of Psychology Texan Christian University Southwestern University Department of Psychology P. O. Box 770 2950 W. Bowie St. Georgetown, TX, 78627-0770 Fort Worth, TX 76129 Phone: (512) 863-1985 Phone: (817) 257-6139 Email: [email protected] email: [email protected]

Fellows Nominating Committee Chair: Membership & Growth Committee Chair Elect: Brian Thomas, PhD Cynthia Crawford, Ph.D., Chair elect Baldwin-Wallace College Department of Psychology Department of Psychology California State University San Bernardino Baldwin-Wallace College Office: SB-524 275 Eastland Road Phone: (909)-537-7416 Berea, OH 44017 Email: [email protected] Phone: (440) 826-2197 Email: [email protected]

Volume 27, Issue 1 Page 4

Division 6 Officers & Committees

Listserv Manager: Suzanne McDonald, PhD Fellows Nominating Committee Chair Elect: Atkinson Faculty of Liberal & Professional Studies Nancy Dess, PhD 4700 Keele Street Department of Psychology York University Occidental College Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3 1600 Campus Road Email: [email protected] Los Angeles, CA 90041 Phone: (323)-259-2796 Email: [email protected] Division Historian/ Archivist: Gary Greenberg, Ph.D.

Professor Emeritus, Wichita State University

Fellows Nominating Committee Past Chair: 3260 N Lake Shore Dr, 8B Charles Snowdon, PhD Chicago, IL 60657 Department of Psychology 773-904-7589 University of Wisconsin Madison e-mail: [email protected] 510 Psychology 1202 West Johnson St. Madison, WI 53706-1611 Editor of Behavioral Neuroscience: Mark S. Blum- Phone: (608) 262.1041 berg, Ph.D. Email: [email protected] Department of Psychology University of Iowa E11 Seashore Hall Current Newsletter Editor/Website Manager: University of Iowa David Bucci, Ph.D. Iowa City, Iowa 52242 Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Phone: (319) 335-2424 Dartmouth College Email: [email protected] Hanover, NH 03755 Phone: (603) 646-3439 email: [email protected] Editor of the Journal of Comparative Psychology: Josep Call, PhD Director Wolfgang Köhler Primate Research Center Newsletter Editor/Website Manager Elect: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Alan Daniel, Ph.D. Deutscher Platz 6 Department of Psychology D-04103 Leipzig Glenville State College Germany 230 Louis Bennett Hall Phone: +49 (0341) 3550 418 (institute) Glenville, WV 26351 +49 (0341) 3550 614 (zoo) Phone: (304)-462-6275 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Past Newsletter Editor/Website Past Manager: Eric P. Wiertelak,PhD Department of Psychology Macalester College Saint Paul, MN 55105. Phone: (651) 696-6111 email: [email protected] Page 5 The Behavioral Neuroscientist and Comparative Psychologist

Message from President Mauricio R. Papini (cont’d from page 1)

are some examples of presentations (in alphabetical order) scheduled for the forthcoming joined program between Divisions 6 and 3:

Peter Balsam (Columbia University): “Comparative psychology and transgenic models of psychiatric disorders”

Merilyn Carroll (University of Minnesota): “Predictive and protective effects of nondrug rewards on drug abuse”

Victoria Chamizo (University of Barcelona): “Landmark vs. shape learning: Environmental enrichment and sex differences”

Jonathan Crystal (Indiana University): “Validation of a rodent model of episodic memory”

Terry Davidson (American University): “A vicious-cycle of obesity and cognitive decline”

Dominic Dwyer (University of Cardiff): “Associative learning, perceptual learning, and face recognition”

Edward Eisenstein (VA Healthcare System): “A comparative approach to the evolutionary significance of habitu- ation and sensitization”

Michael Ferkin (University of Wisconsin): “Voles recollect the what, where, and when of sociosexual encoun- ters”

Charles Gallistel (Rutgers University): “Memory and the computational brain”

Patricia Grigson (Pennsylvania State College of Medicine): “Drug-induced suppression of intake of a saccharin cue: More a process than a property”

Karen Hollis (Mount Holyoke College): “Empathy and deception in insects and other nonhuman animals: Inten- tions and algorithms”

Robert Honey (University of Cardiff): “Avoidance but not aversion following sensory-preconditioning with fla- vors”

Raymond Kesner (University of Utah): “Subregional analysis of the hippocampus in mediating episodic memory”

Evan Livesey (University of Sydney): “Associative learning and attention”

Tetsuro Matsuzawa (Kyoto University): “What is uniquely human? An answer from the study of chimpanzee mind”

Ian McLaren (University of Exeter): “Associative learning and memory” (cont’d next page) Volume 27, Issue 1 Page 6

Amrita Panda (Calcutta University): “Does automated warning and obsession predict vigilance for individuals with visual impairment?”

Neil Rowland (University of Florida): “How the hunter-gatherer became a glutton”

Mel Slater (University of Barcelona): “Bystander responses to a violent incident in an immersive virtual environ- ment”

Brian Smith (Arizona State University): “Honeybee learning: From behavior to molecules”

Carmen Torres (University of Jaen): “Reward loss and gene expression in Roman high- and low-avoidance rat strains”

There will be several symposia, sessions with oral presentations, and a record number of posters. In addition, several speakers of interest to Division 6 members will participate in the APA Convention, including David Buss, Nicola Clay- ton, Frans de Waal, and Paul Rozin among others.

Of course, one isolated event may not have a lasting effect. For this effort to have an impact among behavioral neuroscientists and comparative psychologists, it will have to be continued in years to come. It is useful to remind ourselves about the strategic importance of participating in at least one major psychological conference per year, especially for those of us who work in Psychology Departments and do research with nonhuman animals. We need to constantly remind our colleagues that what we do belongs in Psychology for historical, scientific, and practical reasons.

If you plan to be in Orlando, I hope you will enjoy our scientific program. If you are not attending, I hope to see you next year in the APA Convention, in Honolulu, Hawaii, July 31-August 4, 2013.

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Some Historical Trends in American Comparative Psychology

Donald A. Dewsbury (Based on a paper presented at the APA Meeting, Washington, DC, August, 2011. )

For many years comparative psychologists and others have seemed obsessed with self-examination, reflection, and critiques (e.g., Beach, 1950; Demarest, 1980; Hodos & Campbell,1969; Lockard,1971; Schneirla, 1946; Whit- man, 1899; Wilson, 1975). This, in turn, has produced a plethora of replies and follow-ups. Perhaps this is a func- tion of the marginalization of CP within psychology as a whole. Here I continue this trend with two quite different analyses. The first is an analysis of some trends in the Journal of Comparative Psychology (JCP) since its re-emergence in 1983; it is relatively short-term and quantitative. The second is a consideration of some broad trends in the field – long-term and qualitative.

In my history of psychology courses I discussed 15 post-WWII trends in psychology that I believe characterize the field. Here I address four of them: feminization, internationalization, collaboration, and cognitivization. (I real- ize that not all are accepted words.)

I analyze data from the JCP, the premier journal in the field. It was founded from the “merger” of Psychobiology and the Journal of Animal Behavior in 1921, merged into the Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology in 1947, and reestablished in 1983. I conducted two analyses: the first was on the content of issues as close to 10 years apart as possible: 1983, 1990, 2000, and 2010. Second, I considered the initial editorial boards appointed by the five editors of the journal during this period: Jerry Hirsch (1983), Gordon Gallup (1989), Charles Snowdon (1994), Meredith West (2001), and Gordon Burghardt (2005).

My first analysis concerned the representation of women in CP; the number in psychology as a whole has increased during the post-WWII period. In a few cases, it is difficult to determine gender from name. Nevertheless, shown in Table 1 are the percentages of female senior authors, as best I could determine, in the JCP for each of the four years. Clearly, as expected, the percentage has increased. As can be seen in Table 2, there has been a general, though more complex, increase in the representation of women on initial the editorial boards during this period.

Western psychology originated in Europe but is generally regarded as having been concentrated in North America during the 20th century. In recent years there has been a move toward internationalization with influences from places like Europe, Japan, and South America. This trend is also apparent within comparative psychology (CP), as can be seen in Tables 1 and 2. The nationalities of both the senior authors and the editorial boards have shown this effect.

In recent years there has been an increase in collaborative research, both within and among universities and countries. Consider, for example, the physical science papers appearing in Science magazine with long strings of co- authors. As can be seen in Table 1, even during the brief period since the re-emergence of the JCP, there has been a noticeable increase in the mean number of authors per article and a decrease in the number of single-author papers. Single-author papers may be an endangered species.

Cognitive psychology has been present, though not always prominent, in both psychology and CP (Dewsbury, 2000) for many years. In recent years, it has become quite prevalent in psychology as a whole. Although classifica- tion is somewhat difficult, by my estimates, the same is true for JCP (Table 3). I should noted that whereas some regard cognition broadly, including such processes as perception, memory, etc., here I treat it more narrowly as referring to tasks that seem to require “higher” processes– more complex than basic learning and memory processes.

In this section, then, it is clear that there have been some consistent publication trends in the JCP over a relatively short time span. Most of these are consistent with broader trends but it is interesting to consider them in relation to CP. (contd next page) Volume 27, Issue 1 Page 8

My second approach builds on a framework proposed in a recent encyclopedia article (Dewsbury, 2010) suggesting that the insight into the history of CP can be gained by contrasting six approaches to the field. These are: Zoological psychology- which is animal-centered, concerned mainly with naturally-occurring behavior, and lies at the interface of psychology and zoology Behavioristic psychology- more process-oriented and aimed at such processes as learning and memory; skeptical of inferences about mind and other internal constructs Physiological psychology- concerned with the physiological correlates of behavior Developmental psychology- focused on changes that occur over the lifetimes of individual animals and the interaction of nature and nurture Cognitive psychology- often broadly defined to include the mind’s functions such as perception, attention, memory, imagery, and decision-making but here focused on phenomena that appear to require the postula- tion of “higher processes” than basic learning and memory Mentalistic psychology- aimed at understanding mental life and conscious experience.

At least some of these six approaches have been with us through all or most of our history. I suggest that much of the history of CP can be understood as the dynamic ebb and flow of influence of these approaches. Here I explore just a few of these applications.

The British predecessors of comparative psychology provide examples. To over-simplify, Charles Darwin was eclectic but might be most associated with zoological psychology; George John Romanes also had broad interests but is often stereotyped for a mentalistic approach; Douglas A. Spalding did remarkable developmental research; and C. Lloyd Morgan influenced the field especially in the direction of behaviorism.

Physiological studies have been present through most of this history. For example, John B. Watson attempted to correlate the development of learning ability to myelinization of the nervous system and Karl Lashley conducted many studies of the neural correlates of both learning and naturally occurring behavior. Physiological studies were somewhat muted under behavioristic domination around mid-20th century, but flourished dramatically after WWII.

Mentalistic approaches have been frowned upon during much of our history. Margaret Floy Washburn’s classic The Animal Mind (1908) and ethologist Donald Griffin’s much later writings were high points of this tradition.

The developmental approach has also been present somewhat continuously. Highlights include the early studies of W. S. Small and Watson with rats, the 1920s nature-nurture debates of Zing-yang Kuo, Leonard Carmichael, and others, the ethology-CP controversy around the 1950s, the explosion of early-experience research during the 1960s, Harry Harlow’s research on development in rhesus monkeys, and the founding of Developmental Psychobiology in 1968.

Several other approaches showed more dynamic shifts. Zoological psychology, a term applied to the whole field by some early comparative psychologists, was prominent in the early work of Linus Kline and Small at Clark Universi- ty, Robert Yerkes in various programs, C. R. Carpenter, who led the cadre of primate field researchers, T. C. Schneirla’s field studies of ants, and others. John F. Shepard, of the University of Michigan, was an early student of ants, led laboratory classes into the field, and was a teacher of both Schneirla and Norman Maier. Many students of CP in the 1960s were strongly influenced in the direction of the zoological approach by the accomplishments of the European ethologists (Dewsbury, 1995). The gist of the CP-ethology debates of the 1950s may have lain in a conflict between emphases on the zoological versus developmental approaches. I believe that zoological approaches have been present, though sometimes unrecognized, through most of the history of CP (Dewsbury, 1984). However, It seems as though they are fading with the ascension of other approaches, such as cognitive psychology, in recent years.

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Behavioristic approaches are based on the proposition that all things animals do, including thinking, acting, and feel- ing, can be regarded as behaviors. They can be understood without reference to internal events or hypothetical constructs such as the mind. Building on the work of C. L. Morgan, Jacques Loeb, E. L. Thorndike, and others, this approach was developed and publicized by John B. Watson and became especially prominent during the 1920s and subsequent decades. It achieved special notoriety with the work of B. F. Skinner, leading to the field of behavior analysis. Prediction and control were taken as the goals of behavioral study, internal events, except in the dressing of “private events,” were to be minimized, and psychology should be theory-free. Although the prevailing view is that this approach is dead, one need only attend a meeting of the Association for Behavioral Analysis International to see that rumors of its demise have been greatly exaggerated, to borrow loosely from Mark Twain.

Cognitive approaches, as defined above and in various forms, have been present for many years. They swept through psychology as a whole primarily during the 1960s and have been a dominant approach ever since. In CP, this approach has been apparent in the work of Wolfgang Köhler, Norman Maier, Edward C, Tolman, and others (e.g., Dewsbury, 2000). It must be noted that some of what is labeled “cognitive” today bears a striking resem- blance to what was regarded as “animal learning” in the past. I believe that a pivotal event in this history was the appointment in 1989 of Gordon Gallup as editor of the JCP over other nominees who favored other of the approaches mentioned here. This was both a reflection of, and an influence on, the development of CP. Today, there are too many comparative cognitive scientists to name.

The material in this second part of my paper is just a brief sketch and should be familiar to most readers. I hope that viewing it in relation to these contrasting approaches is helpful in understanding this history.

Today, comparative psychology is, as it always has been, but a small part of psychology as a whole. It is highly inter-disciplinary and reflects all six of the approaches considered here. The cognitive approach appears to be dominant at this point in time. It will be interesting to see if this remains a fixture or the pattern of shifting influence of these six, and perhaps other, influences continues to vary.

References Beach, F. A. (1950). The snark was a boojum. American Psychologist, 5, 115-124. Demarest, J. (1980). The current status of comparative psychology in the American Psychological association. Ameri- can Psychologist, 35, 980-990. Dewsbury, D. A. (1984). Comparative psychology in the twentieth century. Stroudsburg, PA: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Dewsbury, D. A., (1995). Americans in Europe: The role of travel in the spread of European ethology after World War II. Animal Behaviour, 49, 1649-1663. Dewsbury, D. A. (2000) Comparative cognition in the 1930s. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7, 267-283. Dewsbury, D. A. (2010). Animal psychology. In M. D. Breed & J. Moore (eds.) Encyclopedia of animal behavior. (v.2 pp. 792-799). Oxford: Academic Press. Hodos, W., & Campbell, C. B. G. (1969). Scala Naturae: Why there is no theory in comparative psychology. Psycho- logical Review, 76, 337-350. Lockard, R. B. (1971). Reflections on the rise and fall of comparative psychology: Is there a lesson for us all? Ameri- can Psychologist, 26, 168-179. Schneirla, T. C. (1946). Contemporary American comparative psychology in perspective. In P. L. Harriman (Ed.) Twentieth-century psychology (pp. 306-316). New York; Philosophical Library. Washburn, M. F. (1908). The animal mind. New York: Macmillan. Whitman, C. O. (1899). Myths in animal psychology. The Monist, 9, 524-537. Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

(cont’d next page) Volume 27, Issue 1 Page 10

Table 1. Characteristics of Authors of Journal of Comparative Psychology Articles

Collaboration % Female % Sr. Author Mean No. % Single Sr. Authors Affiliation Co-authors Author —————- ———————— —————————— Year U.S. Canada Other 1983 24 81 11 8 2.35 24

1990 35 69 13 17 2.43 20

2000 56 54 12 34 2.51 12

2010 58 61 6 33 3.24 4

______

Table 2. Characteristics of Initial Editorial Boards for Editors of the Journal of Comparative Psychology

% women Nationality —————— —————————-— Year U. S. Canada Other

1983 15 100 0 0

1989 10 90 0 0

1995 41 89 7 4

2001 41 75 12 12

2005 23 64 18 18 ______

Table 3. Research topics of articles in the Journal of Comparative Psychology

Research Topic

Basic Behavioral Learning Cognition/Higher Processes & Memory Processes

1983 62 38 0

1990 46 33 21

2000 39 17 44

2010 53 7 40

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120th APA Convention August 1-5, 2012 Orlando, FL Programs for Divisions 3 & 6

PROGRAM AT A GLANCE – DIVISION 3

Wednesday, August 1 5:00 - 6:50 PM – Social Hour: Happy Science Hour Courtesy of Divisions 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 28, and 56

Thursday, August 2 7:00 - 8:50 AM – Skill-Building Session: Increasing Diversity in Psychological Science Through Mentoring * (Closed – Invited Participants Only) 11:00 AM - 12:50 PM – Symposium: Football Player as Phineas Gage Emulator: ERP Assess- ment of Executive Control After Head Blows Co-sponsored by Division 40 3:00 - 3:50 PM – Presidential Address: Karen L. Hollis

Friday, August 3 8:00 - 8:50 AM – Paper Session: Current Research in Memory and Attention 9:00 - 10:50 AM – Symposium: Comparative Approaches to Episodic Memory * 11:00 AM - 11:50 PM – Symposium: Outwitting the Wisdom of the Body: Interrelationships between Obesity and Cognitive Functioning Co-sponsored by BSA/CARE; APA Presidential track on Obesity 12:00 – 3:50 PM Central programming (see p. 20 for some programs of interest) 4:00 - 5:50 PM – Symposium: Comparative Approaches to Episodic Memory and Remember- ing the Future * 6:00 - 7:50 PM – Social Hour: Honoring award winners, with mentoring program posters *

Saturday, August 4 7:00 - 8:50 AM – Skill-Building Session: Government Relations 101 for Psychological Scien- tists* (Limited availability, early career only. RSVP required) 8:00 - 8:50 AM – Paper Session: "Hot Spots" in Experimental Psychology 10:00 - 11:50 AM – Symposium: Perceptions of Consciousness: Perspectives from Philoso- phy, Neuroscience and Psychology Co-sponsored by Division 24

(cont’d next page) Volume 27, Issue 1 Page 12

Saturday, August 4 (cont’d)

11:00 AM - 11:50 AM – Invited Address: Neil E. Rowland 12:00 - 1:50 PM – Prime Time Poster Session: Posters, conversation, and giveaway drawings * 2:00 - 2:50 PM – Skill-Building Session: Diversity in Psychological Science: Building Skills for a More Inclusive Scientific Community * (Limited availability, early career only. RSVP required) 2:00 – 5:50 PM Central programming (see p. 14 for some programs of interest)

Sunday, August 5 7:00 - 8:50 AM – Division 3 Executive Committee Meeting 8:00 - 9:50 AM – Symposium: False-Positive Findings Are Frequent, Findable, and Fixable 9:00 - 9:50 AM – Division 3 Business Meeting *Jointly sponsored by Division 6

PROGRAM AT A GLANCE – DIVISION 6

Thursday, August 2 7:00 - 8:50 AM – Skill-Building Session: Increasing Diversity in Psychological Science Through Mentoring * (Closed – Invited Participants Only) 9:00 - 9:50 AM – Presidential Address: Mauricio R. Papini 10:00 - 11:50 AM – Symposium: Comparative Analysis of Learning: Bitterman’s Legacy * 12:00 - 12:50 PM – Invited Address: Tetsuro Matsuzawa 1:00 - 2:50 PM – Symposium: Applications of Associative Learning

Friday, August 3 8:00 - 8:50 AM – Conversation Hour: Institutional programs information for students, post- docs 9:00 - 9:50 AM – Address: Edward M. Eisenstein 10:00 - 11:50 AM – Symposium: New Methods in the Study of Aggression: From Genetics to Immersive Virtual Environments * 12:00 – 3:50 PM Central programming (see p. 20 for some programs of interest) 4:00 - 5:50 PM – Symposium: Incentive, Expectancy, Emotion and the Brain 6:00 - 7:50 PM – Social Hour: Honoring award winners, with mentoring program posters *

Saturday, August 4 7:00 - 8:50 AM – Skill-Building Session: Government Relations 101 for Psychological Scien- tists * (Limited availability to students, post-docs, RSVP required) (cont’d next page) Volume 27, Issue 1 Page 13

Saturday, August 4 (cont’d)

9:00 - 9:50 AM – Hebb Award: Charles R. Gallistel 10:00 - 11:50 AM – Symposium: Spatial Learning and Performance 12:00 - 1:50 PM – Prime Time Poster Session: Posters, conversation, and giveaway drawings * 2:00 - 2:50 PM – Skill-Building Session: Diversity in Psychological Science: Building Skills for a More Inclusive Scientific Community * (Limited availability, early career only. RSVP to [email protected] required) 2:00 – 5:50 PM Central programming (see p. 14 for some programs of interest) 6:00 - 7:50 PM – Division 6 Executive Committee Meeting

Sunday, August 5 10:00 - 10:50 AM – Paper Session: Animal Learning and Cognition 11:00 - 11:50 AM – Division 6 Business Meeting * Jointly sponsored by Division 3

Page 14 The Behavioral Neuroscientist and Comparative Psychologist

120th APA Convention Central Programming Speakers of Interest

Confirm days/times/locations online before Convention at http://www.apa.org/convention/ index.aspx

Programs courtesy of APA Boards and Committees and APA President Suzanne Bennett-Johnson

Thursday, August 2 Michael Meaney, McGill University 2:00 - 1:50 PM in Rooms W205B and C (also Master Lecture) Wendy Berry Mendes, UC San Francisco 12:00 - 1:50 PM in Rooms W205B and C Howard Nusbaum, University of Chicago 12:00 - 1:50 PM in Rooms W205B and C Kimberley Phillips, Trinity University 2:00 - 3:50 PM in Rooms W205B and C

Friday, August 3 Randy Larsen, University of Missouri 8:00 - 9:50 AM in Rooms W205B and C Jeff Alberts, Indiana University 8:00 - 9:50 AM in Rooms W205B and C Teresa Amabile, Harvard University 1:00 - 1:50 PM in Room W205A Janet Mann, Georgetown University 12:00 - 12:50 PM in Room W109B David Buss, University of Texas – Austin 12:00 - 12:50 PM in Room W304A Barbara Rolls, Pennsylvania State University 12:00 - 12:50 PM in Rooms W207B and C Paul Rozin, University of Pennsylvania 1:00 - 1:50 PM in Rooms W207B and C Albert “Skip” Rizzo, UC San Diego 2:00 - 2:50 PM in Rooms W206B and C Frans de Waal, Emory University 2:00 - 2:50 PM in Room W205A (also Empathy Symp.) Daniel Schacter, Harvard University 2:00 - 2:50 PM in Room W109B (also G. Stanley Hall Lecture, 8/3 2 PM) Wendy Suzuki, NYU 2:00 - 2:50 PM in Rooms W207B and C Donna Mertens, Gallaudet University 3:00 - 3:50 PM in Room W108A Nicola Clayton, University of Cambridge 3:00 - 3:50 PM in Room W107 Laurence Steinberg, Temple University 3:00 - 3:50 PM in Room W205A

Saturday, August 4 Mark Scerbo, Old Dominion University 10:00 - 10:50 AM in Rooms W205B and C Sari van Anders, University of Michigan 11:00 - 11:50 AM in Rooms W205B and C Psychological Science Idol: 6th Annual Grad Student Datablitz 2:00 - 2:50 PM in Room W110B Howard Gardner, Harvard University 3:00 - 3:50 PM in Room W110A Sean Mackey, Stanford University 3:00 - 3:50 PM in Rooms W205B and C Valerie Reyna, Cornell University 3:00 - 3:50 PM in Room W108B Anthony Greenwald, University of Washington 4:00 - 4:50 PM in Rooms W206B and C Huda Akil, University of Michigan 4:00 - 4:50 PM in Room W106 Emilie Rissman, University of Virginia 4:00 - 4:50 PM in Room W108B Elke Weber, Columbia University 4:00 - 4:50 PM in Rooms W207B and C George Koob, UC San Diego 5:00 - 5:50 PM in Rooms 205B and C Page 15 The Behavioral Neuroscientist and Comparative Psychologist

Report from the APA Council of Representatives

by Michael Domjan, Division 6 Representative

I recently returned from my first meeting as Division 6 representative to the APA Council of Representatives. What an experience! I thought everything was big in Texas. I found out that everything is also big at APA. The Council of Representatives (COR) has 175 members, representing APA divisions and psychological associations in various states, US territories, and Canadian provinces. Fortunately, very few of these representatives speak up on any given issue. Therefore, any member can be heard if s/he has a good point to make, even though some of the time is invariably taken by people who reiterate what others have already said. About 50 members of the Council were new this year. Some of the other representatives have managed to stay on the Council for many years by moving around from one organization to another as their terms of office expired. Having sat through one meeting of the Council, I am pretty sure I won’t be doing that.

I learned a number of rather remarkable things about APA during this Council meeting. Talking about big, the 2012 budget of APA is $105 million. Of this total, only $11.7 million comes from member dues. Thus, unlike many other scholarly/professional organizations, APA does not rely primarily on member dues for its budget. The extra $93.3 million enables the association to do a great many things in support of the science and practice of psychology far beyond what members pay for. I knew that APA members get a lot more than what they pay for, but I did not know the magnitude of the additional benefits.

Where does the extra $93.3 million come from? Journal subscriptions provide $12.2 million. Other familiar sources of income are the sale of books ($16 million), advertising ($2.6 million), and the annual convention ($2.9 million). One very unusual source of income ($3.5 million) is real estate holdings. APA owns two office buildings in Washing- ton, D.C. One of them is purely an investment property and is fully leased. The other is the APA headquarters building, 50% of which APA occupies, with the rest leased to other entities.

The greatest surprise for me in the budget was that $54.6 million of anticipated income in 2012 will come from licensing fees. APA charges a licensing fee for the use of various electronic products such as PsycInfo, PsycArticles, PsycBooks, PsycCritiques, PsycTests, PsycExtra, and PsycTherapy. I was amazed that these products generate such a large proportion of the APA budget. Because of the importance of this income for the operation of the association, APA is investing heavily in developing additional products in this category and in marketing these products to potential buyers. I found this to be a remarkably clever strategy. Income from journal subscriptions has been steadi- ly declining for the past 20 years. Added to that decline is the challenge posed by people who advocate open source publication of scientific findings. Given these trends, there seems little hope of reversing the long-term decline in publication income. By shifting to electronic products and licensing fees, APA has found a way to remain a major player in the dissemination of science that is responsive to the massive technological changes that are challenging conventional science publications.

What is the $105 million spent on? As in most organizations, salaries eat up a big chunk of the budget. For 2012, APA plans to employ about 590 people. The largest group of employees (180) works on Publications & Databases. As scientists, we obviously benefit from that. Our journals cannot survive on subscription income. Behavioral Neuro- science has 140 member subscribers, as does the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes. The Journal of Comparative Psychology has 180 member subscribers. One might think that library subscriptions would pick up the slack. But, that is not true. The total number of subscriptions (individuals plus institutions) to each of our journals is under 400. That is clearly not enough to pay for those journals. Thus, APA is substantially subsidizing our publications.

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Another way to measure what APA is doing for science is to look at how many staff members are employed in the Science Directorate. There are 25.3 staff members scheduled for the Science Directorate for 2012. I know of no other organization that employs so many people to deal with the science of psychology. By way of comparison, the APA Practice Directorate has 30.5 staff members and the Public Interest Directorate, which also advocates for science, has 37.3. So, we are not doing badly. This is another area in which we get a lot of bang for the buck.

The primary science-related item on the Council agenda was approval of the revised APA guidelines for Ethical Con- duct in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Animals in Research. That motion was passed without a dissenting vote. No- tice Nancy Dess’s influence in the use of the expression “nonhuman animals” in the title of these guidelines. Nice go- ing, Nancy.

Nancy Dess’s influence was also evident in the Presidential initiatives for 2012. Suzanne Bennett Johnson took over as President of APA in January, 2012, and presided at the Council meeting. She announced three Presidential Initiatives for her term in office: 1) Engaging the next generation of psychologists, 2) Interdisciplinary Science and Practice, and 3) Tackling the Problem of Obesity. In describing her second initiative, Dr. Johnson discussed the cross-cutting interdisciplinary convention programming that Nancy Dess and Lynn Cooper organized for next summer’s APA convention in Orlando.

Among other actions, the Council approved a bi-laws amendment barring individuals from running for President of APA if they served in the post during the previous 10 years. The Council also approved waiver of back dues for individuals returning to APA membership. Another item that is relevant to Division 6 is the approval of a plan to establish a new journal called Translational Issues in Psychological Science. This journal will be published in coordination with APAGS, the graduate student members of APA. The plan is to have a Ph.D. level scientist as the Editor of the journal, but involve graduate students in the development of themes for special issues and use the journal to train graduate students to review and edit manuscripts.

The Council Agenda book was 729 pages long, and we received about another 1,500 pages (who is counting?) of related material. Obviously, I cannot summarize all of that material (nor would you be interested in reading my summary). However, one item that caught my eye was a statement of the goals and objectives of APA. These were adopted by the Council in 2009 and serve as the primary guideposts for future APA activities. There are three stated goals: 1) Maximize organizational effectiveness, 2) Expand psychology’s role in advancing health, and 3) Increase recognition of psychology as a science. Clearly the third item is of greatest interest to members of Division 6. The objectives related to the third goal are to a) enhance psychology’s prominence as a core STEM discipline, b) Improve public understanding of the scientific basis for psychology, c) Expand the translation of psychological science to evidence-based practice, d) Promote the applications of psychological science to daily living, and e) Expand educational resources and opportunities in psychological science. The Science Directorate is just getting started in working on these objectives. As you can imagine, I will be keenly interested in progress in this area.

Back Issues of The Behavioral Neuroscientist and Comparative Psychologist are available online at http://www.apa.org/divisions/div6/newsletter.html Page 17 The Behavioral Neuroscientist and Comparative Psychologist

Early Career Psychologist’s Corner Advice and stories for and from APA, ECPs, and other inscrutable acronyms compiled by your Division 6 Early Career Psychologist representative, Meredith J. Bashaw, PhD

In this issue, job search advice gleaned from the “If I knew then what I know now! Lessons for early career psychologists” symposium at the 2011 APA Convention, with panelists Kathryn Wentzel, Anastasia Kitsantis, Steve Ferrara, Jessica DeCuir-Gunby, & Ken Barron. Similar sessions are held each convention and provide a chance to ask questions you have always wanted answered to a panel of mid- and established-career psychology PhDs from employers in both academic and applied settings.

Before you apply: Do good work. Publish in good journals, teach at respected institutions, intern or do rotations at the best facilities that you can. Building your CV is the most important part of landing a job. Applied or academic? Applied jobs often begin with completing assigned tasks and have less initial autonomy than academic jobs (though at the applied job autonomy is likely to develop over time). Typically it is easi- er to obtain data in applied jobs, but you may need to involve clients or customers in what you want to publish. In applied positions interactions with other scientists provide the opportunity for development of new ideas, and most projects are done as part of a team. In academia, you typically have more interactions with students than other scientists and this can bring new ways of looking at your research questions. In applied positions the pace of work is often determined by the caseload or clients, while in academia it is largely self-determined. In both types of jobs it may be difficult to find time to write up data, so you should expect to work evenings and weekends if you want to publish. Network, network, network! In the last APA survey, 35% of ECPs reported getting their first job through informal channels. Try to get to know the people who you want to hire you five years before they are looking for someone. Seek out people in your field who do what you want to do, as they may know where jobs will be coming available. Meet with people at institutions that may be a good fit for you even if they are not currently hiring. APA provides speed mentoring sessions and social hours at the convention that allow you to meet one-on-one and get career advice from some of the most well-respected APA members in a variety of areas without cold-calling! Networking is especially important if you are not able to relocate.

In the application stage: Tailor your application, especially your cover letter and statements, to the advertisement and institution. Study the website and any other information you can get on the institution and department. Identify the mix of applied work, research, and teaching at that institution and use this information to decide how much time to spend on each component in your materials. Think about how your work will fit into their teaching and research programs and address this specifically. Selection for an interview is about the match between you and the available position.

How does your experience allow you to perform the tasks specifically listed as part of the advertisement? How will you do your research with the facilities, funding, and support they offer? What courses that they already have could you teach? What new courses could you offer to broaden their curriculum? How do your skills dovetail with the position they have advertised?

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Be up front about who you are and what you want to do. You do not want to wind up at an institution where you have to pretend to be someone you are not, or where your focus is expected to be much broader or narrower than you would prefer. Develop a thick skin. You will be rejected. This does not reflect negatively on the quality of your CV, your work ethic, or anything else about you. It just means your application did not appear to be the best fit for that institution and position.

When you have an interview: Do your homework. Reread your initial information about the institution and add information about the work of specific relevant department members. Reread your application materials. Depending on the balance of applied work, research, and teaching at the institution, consider doing one or more of the following. Review case reports, treatment plans, or other work that you might be called upon to discuss, particular- ly for individuals whose stories are consistent with your materials and illustrate your skills. Read at least one recent journal article from faculty members in your field and think about how their research might overlap with yours. Develop a research plan for that institution and be prepared to artic- ulate your unique research trajectory, including publication and funding opportunities. Even if you have never taught it before, develop a thoughtful plan for at least one course that was re- quested in the job advertisement. Stay on message and be professional at all times. You are interviewing from the minute you get off the plane to the minute you get back on the plane and in any contacts with the institution before and after your visit. Tell your story. Don’t be afraid to repeat things from your application or cover letter. It is likely that faculty read them so long ago they will not notice or will appreciate your consistency. Remember, your application got you the interview! Pay attention to your instincts. Ask faculty about each other. Ask students about faculty. Look for clues as to the relationships among both student and faculty members of the department and think about whether those are the kinds of relationships you are looking for. Say thank-you. After you get home, let the department know you appreciated their time by sending your thanks. This can range from a single note to the department coordinator to be shared at a department meeting to sending individual cards to each person you met. Emails are perfectly acceptable.

After you get the job: Negotiate what you need to do your work well. In US jobs, there is typically a lot of room for negotiation, even if the institution initially says offers are firm. Other countries may have different negotiation expectations. Members of the department may be willing to provide you with a ballpark figure of what others have received in the past. You can negotiate some or all of the following: student support, salary, start-up, travel, equip- ment, job requirements, and benefits. Many salaries are public information or can be found in the APA salary survey; use these sources to understand the market rate in your field. Be prepared to justify your request. Find a mentor who does work like yours or who works in a place like yours. Believe opportunities are out there and reach out to other scientists. Talk to them about themselves, their career path, and what they wished they knew when they were starting out. Don’t become a workaholic! Find time for yourself and your family, even when things are at their most hectic. I hope this increases your chances (or at least your morale!) as we approach job search season again. If you have any stories or advice you’d like to share, please write me at [email protected] and they may appear in an upcoming issue. Have a great summer! Page 19 The Behavioral Neuroscientist and Comparative Psychologist

Obituary: César Ades

Professor César Ades passed away on 14th December 2012, after being hit by a car near his home in São Paulo, Brazil. He leaves an immense void in his family, friends, colleagues and students. We will always remember him, not only for his remarkable achievements as ethologist, researcher and professor, but also – and maybe mainly - for his enthusiasm for all types of manifestations of life. His warm personality, along with his accurate view of the processes and motivations of behaviour, has left an indelible mark on all persons around him. In his memory, a brief overview of his life and achievements follows. César Ades was born in 1943 as an Egyptian, but moved to Brazil and natural- ized as a Brazilian when he was 15. He early expressed a strong interest in behaviour: at the age of 13, he developed his first “experiment”, in a garden in Alexandria, by introducing insects and leaves in the web of a spider and observing the animal’s reaction. This interest would lead him, later on, to study further the processes involved in memory, web building, foraging, instinct and learning in spiders. It was this exploratory nature which, along with his knowledge, led him to his current list of achievements: a parade of animals and problems, each one receiving the same endeavour put in his first spider-experiment. Since graduation, he started writing papers and, as early as 1965, he published his first experimental results. Having graduated in this very year, César right away started teaching at the University of São Paulo, where he had been working until his departure. He developed relevant research on several areas of ethology: his research projects were really varied, covering areas as diverse as conditioning, memory, learning, exploration and foraging behaviour, responses to social isolation, vocal behaviour, social organization, mother-infant recognition, courtship behaviour, domestication, welfare, human-animal relationship and animal communication. His studies covered the impressive amount of 60 species! He was the author of over 100 publications and was actively sought out to present his research results and recommendations at national and international venues. His most recent production was an anthological paper on dog comprehension of verbal requests, published one month before his departure. Besides his contributions as a researcher, César was also influential in the establishment and progress of the conceptual basis of ethology and psychology. In the sixties, he introduced the discussion about the study of motivation in Brazil, having influenced significantly the following generations of theorists and researchers. In 1978, he proposed a discussion about the epistemological crisis in psychology; later on, he advocated the need for theoretical and cognitive concepts and pioneered, proposing the adoption of a psycho-ethological perspective in psychology. César Ades contributed significantly to the recognition and consolidation of ethology in Brazil and was one of the founders of the Brazilian Ethological Society. César served in a variety of professional capacities, among them the president of the Brazilian Ethological Socie- ty from 1994 to 1998, the vice-director of the Institute of Psychology (University of São Paulo) from 1998 to 2000 and director of this Institute from 2000 to 2004, period in which he dedicated to create the Committees for Ethics in Human and Animal Research. From 2008 to 2012, he was the director of the Institute of Advanced Studies, from the University of São Paulo. Since 1999, he had been the editor of the Brazilian Journal of Ethology (Revista de Eto- logia). César occupied one position in the Academia Paulista de Psicologia, a prestigious academy that brings together, forever, forty Brazilian professionals of great significance in teaching, research or professional practice of psychology, residing in the State of São Paulo. His distinguished profile as a professor usually raised the interest of students. As he was always interested in and attentive to new aspects of behaviour, he encouraged his students to carefully record and study several different types of behaviour. César believed undergraduates were able to contribute new ideas in the research, since they had “originality of a free thought, not tied to the knowledge of the manuals”. As an outcome of this view, César Ades was the fruitful builder of active and curious researchers, today turned into admirers and working as profes- sors and researchers in several different universities throughout the country. He is survived by his daughters Lia Ades Gabbay and Tatiana Ades. Page 20 The Behavioral Neuroscientist and Comparative Psychologist

Encourage Your Colleagues and Students to Join Division 6!

Division 6 members are devoted to studying the biology of behavior. Their focus is on behavior and its relation to perception, learning, memory, cognition, motivation, and emotion. Behavioral neuroscientists study the brain in relation to behavior, its evolution, functions, abnormalities, and repair, as well as its interactions with the immune system, cardiovascular system, and energy regulation systems. Comparative psychologists study the psychology and behavior of humans and other animals, with special interest in similarities and differences that may shed light on evolutionary, ecological, and developmental processes.

Established in 1944, when APA initiated its divisional structure, Division 6, using the name “Physiological Psychology and Comparative Psychology,” was among the original divisions included in APA’s reorganiza- tion. The first three Division presidents were Donald G. Marquis, Donald B. Lindsley, and Clifford T. Mor- gan. Among the many distinguished earlier psychologists elected president of Division 6 are Frank Beach, Brenda Milner, Harry Harlow, James Olds, and Frances Graham. The Division’s participation in the annual meetings and contributions to journals has been consistently high. Current members remain dedicated to enhancing knowledge of the nervous system and its mediation of behavior across species. The forums for achieving this commitment include meetings, publications, and involvement with APA’s Science Directorate and Governing Board.

A comprehensive history of Division 6 has been written by Don Dewsbury: Dewsbury, D.A. (1996). A History of Division 6 (Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psycholo- gy): Now you see it, now you don’t, now you see it. In D.A. Dewsbury (Ed.) Unification through division: Histories of the divisions of the American Psychological Association (pp. 41-65). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Please encourage your colleagues and students to join us in Division 6! You can direct them to the membership section of our Division website: http://www.apa.org/divisions/div6/mbrinfo.html. There they can download an application, which they can send via email (or postal mail or fax) to Todd K. Shackelford, Division 6 Membership Chair.

There are many reasons why your colleagues and students might wish to join our Division. Here are 10 of them: Share professional knowledge Make new friends in the field Receive the latest journals and newsletters in the field Get published Enhance leadership skills Collaborate with colleagues—Co-publish, Co-present, Co-chair, etc. Advocate for psychologists’ input into social policy Engage in the new division social networking sites Be recognized with awards, grants, Fellows status Find and/or be a mentor

Thank you for your support of Division 6!

Page 21 The Behavioral Neuroscientist and Comparative Psychologist

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Division 6 LISTSERV

Division 6 maintains an email reflector to keep members up to The Behavioral Neuroscientist and Comparative Psychologist is the official news- date with the latest information letter of APA Division 6 — Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology — and on research funding, employment is published 3 times a year. Mailing addresses used are those appearing on the official opportunities, and other items of APA roster and a separate Division roster. Corrections and changes of address general interest. If you have should be sent directly to the APA Directory Office, 1400 North Uhle St., Arlington, recently changed your email VA 22201, and to the newsletter editor (see below). As the official newsletter of address, you may need to re- Division 6, BNCP publishes official business, committee reports, news items, job subscribe to the reflector. To announcements, information on technical issues, topics of current interest, and infor- update your current address or to join the list for the first time, mation about the professional activities of Division 6 members. News items and arti- follow these simple instructions: cles should be submitted to the Editor at the address below (preferably by email). Paid advertisements are not officially endorsed by Division 6. The Editor welcomes Send precisely the following 4- comments and suggestions for ways in which BNCP can better serve the needs of word message: the members. The preferred method of submission is by email. Send correspondence and submissions to David J. Bucci via e-mail at [email protected]. Postal SUBscribe div6 John Doe mail should be sent to David J. Bucci, PhD, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755. Other contact information: Change John Doe to your first and last name; the system will Phone: (603) 646-3439; FAX: (603) 646-1419. find the subscriber’s email address in the message automatically. Put nothing else in the message. Mail the 4-word message to the following address:

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