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Dalles : Étude Historique Comparative Sols artificiels, sursols, dalles : étude historique comparative Jean Castex, Architecte, Professeur à l’Ecole d’architecture de Versailles, Directeur scientifique du LADRHAUS Catherine Blain, Architecte, chercheur LADRHAUS, Ecole d’architecture de Versailles Virginie Lefebvre, Architecte, enseignante à l’Ecole d’architecture de Versailles, détachée à l’Université d’Harvard Rapport final de recherche Atelier Parisien d’Urbanisme, février 2005 Le présent document constitue le rapport final de recherche réalisé conformément aux termes de la lettre de commande de l’Atelier Parisien d’Urbanisme (février 2004). Couverture : La rue à étages multiples (« The Elevated Sidewalk : How It Solve City Transportation Problems »), page frontispice de la revue Scientific American, 26 juillet 1913. SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................3 2. « Megacity Montreal » : du métro aux complexes immobiliers (1962- 1967) ........................................................................................................71 1. NEW YORK. LA « DALLE » DE GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL (1903-2000)......5 L’emphytéose des « droits aériens », levier constructif du métro.........................71 1. L’exploitation des droits aériens à Grand Central (1902-2000)..................10 La gare centrale, noyau central du réseau piétonnier nord-sud...........................73 Exploiter les droits aériens (air rights) aux Etats-Unis. .........................................10 3. Montréal, une métropole en devenir...........................................................85 Limites et possibilités de l’exploitation des droits aériens.....................................11 Droits du sol et droit municipal .............................................................................86 Problèmes de mise en place des air-rights à Grand Central Terminal. ................12 Urbanisme souterrain et couverture d’autoroute : le projet du « quartier Un socle d’acier riveté, assurant l’autonomie de structure des bâtiments............13 international ».......................................................................................................87 Un cas plus compliqué : Chicago, l’immeuble du Daily News, 1927-1928. Le 3. BOSTON. LE PROJET DE L’ENTERREMENT DE L’AUTOROUTE fractionnement de la propriété. .............................................................................16 AERIENNE .................................................................................................................93 L’avenir de Grand Central après 1945 : Banqueroute, décadence, location de Grand Central Terminal au Metropolitan Transportation Authority pour 1. Une ville portuaire : Un sol conquis sur la mer...........................................99 110 ans. ................................................................................................................17 Une congestion tenace. L’encombrement du centre..........................................101 2. Sur la dalle, la ville. La première génération de Grand Central City 2. Le projet du Big Dig : complexité et banalité ............................................105 (1913-1932)..............................................................................................22 Valorisation des propriétés riveraines ................................................................105 La mise en place de la ville du luxe : hôtels, centres de vie. sociale des Un chantier difficile .............................................................................................108 hautes classes, résidences...................................................................................26 3. Un point commun entre les différentes options : Retricoter la ville..........111 Limites et commodités d’un équipement centralisé. .............................................30 Le paradoxe de l’accessibilité et de l’urbanité....................................................111 3. Les gratte-ciel miesiens. Le renouvellement de la ville sur dalle À la recherche de l’urbanité................................................................................113 (1947-2002)..............................................................................................35 CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................121 Le building boom, 1947-1965. Démolition, reconstruction, perte d’identité. .........35 Grand Central City miesienne : les contraintes des nouveaux gratte-ciel ; EPILOGUE ...............................................................................................................129 l’Union Carbide (achevée en 1960). .....................................................................39 Le Corbusier ou Mies : la banalisation de Park Avenue. ......................................42 BIBLIOGRAPHIE .....................................................................................................136 2. MONTREAL. LE CENTRE D’AFFAIRES ET « LA VILLE SOUTERRAINE » (1903-2003).................................................................................................................47 1. La modernisation du centre ville (1902-1962)............................................54 Des ambitions de desserte en souterrain, freinées par la crise (1902-1930) .......54 La genèse d’une « ville à étages multiples » (1943-1958)....................................59 Sols artificiels, sursols, dalles : étude historique comparative | 1 Trois villes d’Amérique du Nord dont les histoires se croisent : New York, Montréal et Boston Sols artificiels, sursols, dalles : étude historique comparative | 2 INTRODUCTION Aujourd’hui comme hier, dans toute métropole en croissance — dont le Trois exemples américains permettent de nourrir ce questionnement : territoire n’est pas à priori extensible à l’infini — se pose la question d’un 1° New York : La dalle de Grand Central terminal ; développement urbain « à la verticale », exploitant le potentiel de chaque 2° Montréal : Le centre d’affaire et la ville souterraine ; parcelle du tréfonds jusqu’au ciel. 3° Boston : Le projet d’enterrement de l’autoroute aérienne. Parmi les dispositifs permettant de rentabiliser de la sorte la même emprise L’analyse croisée de ces trois métropoles montre comment a été abordée foncière, il y a la dalle qui, comme la tour, a bien souvent mauvaise presse. par le passé — et comment se pose aujourd’hui en Amérique du Nord — la En France, les exemples perçus négativement sont nombreux dans les question d’un urbanisme vertical, faisant appel à des principes de tours et grands ensembles et à Paris quand les sursols dominent et s’isolent de leur de dalles afin de faire face à la fois à la forte demande foncière et aux contexte urbain. La question posée est donc celle des conditions de besoins croissants de desserte des centres. Pourrions-nous, à Paris, en réussite des sols artificiels, fonctionnant en osmose avec la ville ambiante. tirer quelques enseignements ? Existe-t-il des exemples d’opérations de dalle satisfaisantes du point de vue de leur lisibilité, de leur aspect, de leur usage et de leur relation au reste de la cité auxquelles on puisse se référer ? Dans ces réalisations, quel est le statut de propriété des espaces ? Quels ont été — ou quels sont — les conditions techniques et financières de leur mise en œuvre, et à quelles conditions la rentabilité d’une création de foncier a-t-elle été – ou est-elle — assurée ? Quels ont été — ou sont – les acteurs de ces opérations (maîtres d’ouvrage et maîtres d’œuvre, collectivité, privé, etc.) ? Enfin, ces exemples peuvent-ils nous permettre de mesurer la capacité du système à se renouveler par densification et substitution ? Sols artificiels, sursols, dalles : étude historique comparative | 3 Sols artificiels, sursols, dalles : étude historique comparative | 4 1. NEW-YORK. LA « DALLE » DE GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL (1903-2000) Sols artificiels, sursols, dalles : étude historique comparative | 5 1_ Dessous Park Avenue : une gare invisible. Le vieux New York Central Bldg (1926-1927) est débordé par la masse du Panam Bldg, de Gropius et Belluschi, en voie d’achèvement en 1963. Deux générations de gratte-ciel marquent les deux périodes de construction de Grand Central City, qui se superpose à la grande gare souterraine. Cliché depuis la 50e rue avec, à gauche, le drapeau du Waldorf-Astoria (le début de la dalle) et, à droite, l’Union Carbide qui, légèrement en retrait (1957-1960), marque la nouvelle génération [Source : V. Scully « The Death of the street », Perspecta n°8, 1963, p 96] Sols artificiels, sursols, dalles : étude historique comparative | 6 1. NEW-YORK. LA « DALLE » DE GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL (1903-2000) (J. C.) La topographie de Park Avenue à New York entre les 40e et 60e rues est les travaux d’enfoncement et d’électrification de Grand Central ne trouvent incapable de révéler que de nombreux gratte-ciel sont construits sur une leur financement que dans la vente et la location des droits de construire « dalle » de 16 hectares placée au-dessus des voies de la gare de Grand au-dessus des voies (droits aériens) et dans leur rapide plus value. Central. Dans un relief peu marqué, Park Avenue domine Lexington Avenue La gare de Grand Central présente un triple intérêt. Elle résulte d’une de 6 m, le sol redescend à peine jusqu’à Madison Avenue à l’est (2 mètres). mise au point technique audacieuse, et d’un traitement esthétique qui en Du nord au sud, la 42e rue occupe un point bas de
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