198 MAHIA ROAD, , AUCKLAND: ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

Report prepared for Mt Hobson Group Ltd

By

Kim Tatton (MA Hons) Rod Clough (PhD)

November 2015

Clough & Associates Ltd. [email protected] 321 Forest Hill Rd, Waiatarua AUCKLAND 0612 Telephone: (09) 8141946 Mobile 0274 850 059 www.clough.co.nz

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ...... 1 Project Background ...... 1 Methodology ...... 1 Results ...... 6 Historical Background ...... 6 Archaeological Background...... 7 Physical Environment ...... 11 Information from Early Plans/Aerials ...... 11 Field Survey ...... 13 Discussion and Conclusions ...... 20 Summary of Results ...... 20 Maori Cultural Values...... 20 Survey Limitations ...... 20 Archaeological Value and Significance ...... 21 Effects of Proposal ...... 23 Resource Management Act 1991 Requirements ...... 24 Heritage Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 Requirements ...... 26 Conclusions ...... 27 Recommendations ...... 28 Bibliography ...... 29 Appendix 1: Site Record Form R11/1048 ...... 31

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INTRODUCTION

Project A 69 lot integrated intensive housing subdivision is planned on a property at 198 Background Mahia Road, Manurewa in Auckland (Lot 1 DP105238). This property is situated in the upper reaches of the Waimahia Creek on the Harbour, east of the Weymouth Peninsula (Figure 1–Figure 4). An archaeological assessment was commissioned by Mt Hobson Group to establish whether the proposed work is likely to impact on any archaeological or other historic heritage values. A recorded archaeological site R11/1048 Midden (Shell) was identified by Auckland Council as located on or in the near vicinity of the proposed development site and an archaeological assessment was requested as part of a section 92 request for further information. The archaeological site R11/1048 is also identified as a Site or Place of Value to Mana Whenua (SPV MW) (No. 141) in the Proposed Auckland Unitary Plan (PAUP). A cultural impact assessment (CIA) is required for all applications requiring a resource consent affecting land within the SPV MW overlay. The information requirements for a CIA includes the need for an archaeological assessment if the site has archaeological value. This report has been prepared as part of the required assessment of effects accompanying a resource consent application under the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) and to identify any requirements under the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 (HNZPTA). Recommendations are made in accordance with statutory requirements.

Methodology The New Zealand Archaeological Association’s (NZAA) site record database (ArchSite), Auckland Council’s Cultural Heritage Inventory (CHI), District Plan schedules and the Heritage New Zealand (Heritage NZ) New Zealand Heritage List were searched for information on archaeological and other historic heritage sites recorded in the vicinity. Literature and archaeological reports relevant to the area were consulted (see Bibliography). Early plans held at Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) and aerial photographs were checked for information relating to past use of the property.

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Methodology, A visual inspection of the subject property was conducted on 5 November 2015. continued The ground surface was examined for evidence of former occupation (in the form of shell midden, depressions, terracing or other unusual formations within the landscape, or indications of 19th century European settlement remains). Exposed and disturbed soils were examined where encountered for evidence of earlier modification, and an understanding of the local stratigraphy. Subsurface testing with a probe was carried out across the property with test pits in selected areas to determine whether buried archaeological deposits could be identified. Particular attention was paid to the spur lines/creek banks/coastal edge (topographical features where archaeological sites are often found to be located). Sites were photographed and GPS readings taken. Field sketches were made as required and site record forms written or updated.

Figure 1. The location of 198 Mahia Road, Manurewa (Google Maps 2015)

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Figure 2. 198 Mahia Road development scheme plan

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Figure 3. 198 Mahia Road proposed site clearing plan and enabling works

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Figure 4. 198 Mahia Road proposed earthworks plan

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RESULTS

Historical As in the Auckland region generally, pre-European Maori settlement within the Background Manukau – Manurewa area was focused along the coastlines, navigable waterways and their alluvial river valleys, on the good agricultural soils and the major inland route ways. An important feature of the wider Manukau area is the Maori occupation on and around the volcanic cones and surrounding lava fields or stonefields. The volcanic cones were centres of strategic importance, later becoming defended pa. The surrounding volcanic lava fields were cleared of stone and used for gardening intensively in the 16th and 17th centuries, up to (and in some areas after) the time of European contact. The volcanic ash soils were friable, easily cultivated and highly productive for kumara gardening, warmed earlier in the spring and kept their temperature through the growing season (Lawlor Sep 1996). Structures associated with gardening activities on the lava fields included stone walls and boundary systems, stone heaps, stone mounds and stone enclosures. This occupation focus on the volcanic cones meant that other less fertile areas were relatively sparsely occupied by Maori, such as parts of Manurewa, Wiri, Otara and Mangere (Davidson Jan 1975:10). However, the importance of the Manukau Harbour and this coastal area to Maori is attested by the density of recorded archaeological sites in the general vicinity (Clough and Prince Nov 2002). The archaeological record and traditional history indicates that it has a long history of settlement for Maori prior to European settlement with adjacent rich volcanic soils, easy access to resources of the Manukau Harbour and to traditional transportation routes (Clough and Baquié Feb 2000). By the 1830s early European settlement was focused mainly around coastal landing points and key transportation routes such as the Tamaki River, Manukau and Waitemata Harbours. Much of the area we knew as was part of the largest pre-Treaty land purchase in Hauraki validated by the Land Claims Commission, known as the 1836 Fairburn Purchase or Tamaki Purchase (Old Land Claim File OLC 589-90). This land purchase came into being as a result of a peacemaking attempt by missionaries, who mistakenly believed that the instability in the Tamaki region was the competition between Waikato and Thames tribes for the large area of this relatively unpopulated borderland. In reality the instability was a result of almost two decades of musket wars and a fear, held by Hauraki Maori, of conflict with Waikato tribes from the Manukau Harbour (Stone 2001:165).

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Historical In the 1840s Fairburn’s Purchase was examined by the Land Claims Background, Commission and Fairburn received slightly less than one-seventh of his original continued purchase. The disallowed parts of the purchase did not revert back to the Maori owners but became surplus land at the disposal of the Crown. As elsewhere in the Auckland region, timber extraction and milling by European settlers was quickly followed by land clearance and preparation for farming within Manuakau. And, as early as the 1840s land to the west and north of Pukaki Creek was subdivided for settlement. There was still Maori occupation of some of the traditional settlement areas, for example, at Ihumatao, Pukaki, Mangere and Umupuia, but by the 1860s traditional tribal Maori settlement was overwhelmingly disrupted by European settlement, military occupation, land confiscations and native land legislation (Manukau City Council 2002). Under the New Zealand Land Settlements Act 1863, 1300 acres at Mangere, 1300 acres at Pukaki, and 110 acres at Ihumatao were confiscated by the Crown. Small areas of land were returned as Native Reserves (Manukau City Council 2002). In 1859 five brothers by the name of Martin bought most of Manurewa (2,000 acres of Clendon’s Grant). Until the mid 1870s Manurewa still had only a few houses. However, with the arrival of the railway in 1875 and a station at Manurewa, close to road transport on the Great South Road, the population swelled from 81 to 200 in 1890. In 1909 the first shop opened in Manurewa and from 1900 the district grew steadily, particularly after the 1920s and roading improvements.

Archaeological A number of Maori archaeological sites were first recorded over 30 years ago Background along the Manukau coast from Puhinui south and including the Waimahia Creek and Weymouth Peninsula, and the Pahurehure Inlet and Wattle Downs Peninsula, indicating that it was a favorable area of settlement during pre- European times. The vast majority of these sites consisted of coastal shell middens and pits, mainly indicative of short-term coastal occupation by Maori using the resources of the area. As previously discussed, Maori settlement within the Manukau area was focused on the volcanic cones and associated lava fields.

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Archaeological To the north of the subject property the Puhunui Creek provided access to the Background, important settlement and gardening area of the stonefields site at Matukurua continued around the pa sites on the volcanic cones of Matukutureia (McLaughlins Mt) and Matukutururu (Wiri Mt) (Foster Jan 1997:2), where there are the remains of agricultural and settlement activities spread over 300 hectares of lava fields that surround them (Clough and Turner 1998). In recent years most of the Weymouth and Wattle Downs Peninsulas have been zoned Main Residential and various residential developments have resulted in property specific archaeological surveys being undertaken in response to private development proposals (e.g. Foster Jul 1996; Foster Jan 2001; Foster Oct 2000, Foster Jun 2002; Baquié and Clough Dec 2006). Recent archaeological surveys and investigations have also been carried out within Council reserve land on the west coast of the Weymouth Peninsula (e.g. Foster Jun 2002a; Tanner and Clough Feb 2004; Clough and Prince Aug 1999). This archaeological work identified a number of previously unrecorded sites, again consisting of mainly coastal middens, indicating short term Maori occupation sites such as fishing encampments, where local shellfish were gathered from the Manukau Harbour and processed on site. However, several sites of greater size and complexity were also identified suggesting more extensive settlement sites in particular areas (Foster Jun 2002a:7). The sites recorded in the vicinity of the subject property are all midden and pit sites, predominantly focused around the coastal margins of the Weymouth and Wattle Downs Pensinsulas (Figure 5, Table 1). An archaeological site has previously been recorded on or in the near vicinity of the subject property – R11/1048 Midden (see Appendix 1 – NZAA site record). Recorded in 1981 and revisited in 1996, this site was described as cockle and oyster shell, with other smaller shells, charcoal and stones located on both sides of a small stream within the coastal margin. In 1981 cattle trampling had damaged the shell midden and in 1996 the midden had been cut through by a track and was eroding along the foreshore. Another site located immediately to the north of the property (R11/1047), is a pit site that no longer exists, having been destroyed by residential development (site records in NZAA database, and Auckland Council CHI (no. 4493)).

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Figure 5. Recorded archaeological site in the vicinity of the subject property (arrow) (source: NZAA ArchSite). Note: site locations only accurate to within c.100m

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Table 1. Archaeological sites recorded in the vicinity of the subject property. The site recorded on or in the near vicinity of the property is highlighted

CHI NZAA Site Type Location NZTM NZTM Number Site Easting Northing Number 4004 R11_1042 MIDDEN (SHELL) Waimahia Creek | Blanes Rd | 1766293 5898467 Manurewa 4005 R11_1043 MIDDEN (SHELL) Waimahia Creek | Manurewa 1766421 5898706 4007 R11_1046 MIDDEN (SHELL) Waimahia Creek | Weymouth 1766675 5898917

4493 R11_1047 PIT Waimania Creek | Manurewa 1767523 5899093

4008 R11_1048 MIDDEN (SHELL) Waimahia Creek | Manurewa 1767625 5898881 4009 R11_1049 MIDDEN (SHELL) Seaward Place | Manurewa 1767868 5898720 4010 R11_1050 MIDDEN (SHELL) Waimahia Creek | Manurewa 1767009 5898301 4069 R12_292 MIDDEN (SHELL) Wattle Downs | Weymouth | Manukau 1766588 5898098 CIty 4070 R12_293 MIDDEN (SHELL) Wattle Downs | Weymouth 1766425 5897922 4213 R12_289 PITS Wattle Downs | Weymouth 1767387 5897908 4214 R12_290 PITS Wattle Downs | Weymouth 1767181 5897991 4215 R12_291 PIT Wattle Downs | Weymouth 1767306 5898118 4256 R12_288 TERRACE | PIT | Wattle Downs | Weymouth 1767689 5898101 ?DEPRESSIONS 11751 R12_660 PITS | MIDDEN 1768409 5897925 12094 R11_1932 Midden Mahia Road | Weymouth Road | 1766706 5899422 Weymouth | Manukau

14139 R12_758 SHELL MIDDEN Wattle Downs | Weymouth | Manukau 1766510 5898063 City 19892 R12_1088 Midden Wattle Downs 1766549 5898003 20139 R11_2886 Midden Waimahia Inlet | Weymouth 1766395 5898976 20140 R11_2887 Midden Waimahia Inlet | Weymouth 1766347 5898836

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Physical The subject property is a roughly rectangular 2.47 hectares of rolling farmland Environment sloping to the south from Mahia Road on its northern boundary down to the Waimahia Creek. An approximately 20m wide local purpose esplanade reserve (Sykes Road Foreshore) runs along the coastal margins of the property and its southern boundary, separated by a post and wire fence, with existing residential subdivision to the east and the South Auckland Middle School and Elim Church complex to the west (Figure 3). The entire property is in pasture, with a small stockyard located in the northeastern corner adjacent to Mahia Road. The topography is gently sloping with low north–south running spurs and valleys. A small stream runs through the western half of the property from a culvert below Mahia Road near the northern boundary and flows through to Waimahia Creek within the foreshore reserve. A stand of macrocarpa trees and another area of mixed exotic and native trees and plants (phoenix palm, privet, willow, gum, iris, daisy, canna lily, tobacco weed) are located near the southwestern boundary and within the foreshore reserve where the stream reaches the creek (Figure 3).

Information No historic heritage information was obtained from the examination of early from Early survey plans (listed in the Bibliography). Plans/Aerials A 1959 aerial photograph of the property from the Auckland Council GIS (Figure 6) shows the subject property and surrounding area as grassed farmland with various shelterbelt trees, including the existing stand of macrocarpa. At that time Mahia Road had not been formed and there was no residential development within the immediate area. No historic heritage sites were identified within the subject property from early aerial photographs.

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Figure 6. 1959 aerial photograph showing the approximate boundaries of the subject property (Auckland Council GIS)

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RESULTS, CONTINUED

Field Survey A site inspection of the subject property was carried out on 5 November 2015. The entire property was inspected and survey conditions were good, although most of the paddocks were in long, thick grass due to limited grazing (Figure 7 – Figure 9). Subsurface testing with a probe was carried out across the property with selected test pits dug to determine whether buried archaeological deposits could be identified and to establish the nature of the natural stratigraphy. Particular attention was paid to the spurs, stream banks (Figure 10) and coastal edge (topographical features where archaeological sites are often found to be located). Previous ground disturbance by geotechnical testing was also examined for archaeological deposits during the site inspection. This comprised 31 machine- excavated test pits, which had been infilled. The photographs and stratigraphic profiles from the geotechnical report (Tonkin and Taylor Jul 2015) of the test pits were also reviewed after the field inspection. No archaeological evidence was observed in the test pit fill or recorded in the geotechnical report. Ground disturbance and the presence of a manhole cover were identified near the northern Mahia Road boundary in the eastern half of the subject property. This relates to an existing sewer line that crosses this area of the property from residential development north of Mahia Road to residential development to the east. The recorded archaeological site R11/1048 was relocated near the southwestern boundary of the subject property (Figure 11). As described in the NZAA site record form this site comprises a disturbed 10m x 6m area of shell midden exposed in a track cutting within the esplanade reserve at the mouth of the small stream that runs through the property (Figure 12–Figure 14). The midden consisted of whole and crushed shell, predominantly small cockle shells with the odd oyster shell. A 15-20cm deep in situ lens of the midden was visible in the side of the track as well as scattered shell across the track itself. A thick stand of exotic trees and vegetation covers much of this area of the esplanade reserve and extends up both sides of the stream into the subject property (Figure 11, Figure 13). No ground disturbing archaeological investigations, i.e. test pits, were carried out in the vicinity of R11/1048 as this is not permitted under PAUP SPV MW provisions.

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Field Survey, Prior to relocating the exposed midden at R11/1048, a buried patch of shell continued midden approximately 3m x 3m was located near the south-western boundary through systematic probing across the property (Figure 11). It is situated approximately 15m north of the foreshore fence and 8m east of the western boundary fence in the paddock immediately inland of the stand of exotic trees and vegetation surrounding the stream (Figure 12). This patch of midden is obviously associated with and was also recorded as part of R11/1048 in 1981 and illustrated on the sketch map (see Appendix 1 site record form). It consisted of a thin (approximately 0.05m deep) lens of crushed and whole cockle and oyster shell under 0.2m of orange-brown sandy soil (Alluvium – Puketoka Formation Soils). A pit feature was also identified near the southern end of the spur immediately east of the stand of macrocarpa trees (Figure 11, Figure 15). Probing and test pits revealed a 0.15cm topsoil over a 0.30cm deep orange-brown sandy soil before coming down onto a hard packed brownish-grey clay (Residual Waitemata Group Soils). This was consistent with the natural stratigraphic profile (Tonkin and Taylor Jul 2015) and no deep archaeological deposits were identified. Therefore, this pit feature is likely to be the result of a tree throw or stock disturbance and not an archaeological feature. No other definitive archaeological evidence was found on the subject property.

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Figure 7. Looking south towards the Waimahia Creek across the rolling farm land

Figure 8. Looking west with Mahia Road on the right and the South Auckland Middle School in the distance

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Figure 9. Looking west along the southern boundary and foreshore reserve

Figure 10. The stream that flows through the property with exposed volcaniclastic sandstone

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Figure 11. The location of midden associated with archaeological site R11/1048 on the proposed earthworks plan, and a ‘pit’ feature not thought to be an archaeological site

midden

pit

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Figure 12. Stand of exotic trees at the mouth of the stream where the exposed midden is located

Approximate location of the subsurface midden

Figure 13. The mouth of the stream within the foreshore reserve and the location of the exposed midden

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Figure 14. Scattered shell midden across the foreshore track

Figure 15. The possible pit feature (foreground) on the spur east of the stand of macrocarpa

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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Summary of One previously recorded archaeological site R11/1048 Midden (Shell) was Results relocated on the subject property during the recent site inspection. This archaeological site is also identified as a Site or Place of Value to Mana Whenua (SPV MW) (No. 141) in the Proposed Auckland Unitary Plan (PAUP). As described from earlier site inspections this site consists of two disturbed areas of shell midden, one located within the southwestern corner of the subject property and one within the adjoining foreshore reserve on the Waimahia Creek, near the mouth of a small stream. This coastal midden site is typical of archaeological sites found along the Waimahia Creek and Weymouth Peninsula, and the Pahurehure Inlet and Wattle Downs Peninsula. It is indicative of a short-term coastal occupation by Maori, such as fishing encampments, where local shellfish were gathered from the Manukau Harbour and processed on site. No other definitive archaeological evidence was found on the subject property. A shallow pit feature was identified but did not appear to be of archaeological origin.

Maori Cultural This is an assessment of effects on archaeological values and does not include Values an assessment of effects on Maori cultural values. Such assessments should only be made by the tangata whenua. Maori cultural concerns may encompass a wider range of values than those associated with archaeological sites. Under the provisions of the PAUP a cultural impact assessment may be required for applications requiring a resource consent affecting areas within the SPV MW overlay. Consultation is currently being carried out with iwi groups with regards to the proposed development. This archaeological assessment report has been provided to iwi for discussion.

Survey It should be noted that archaeological survey techniques (based on visual Limitations inspection and minor sub-surface testing) cannot necessarily identify all sub- surface archaeological features, or detect wahi tapu and other sites of traditional significance to Maori, especially where these have no physical remains.

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Archaeological The PAUP Regional Policy Statement (RPS) identifies a number of criteria for Value and evaluating the significance of historic heritage places. In addition Heritage NZ Significance has provided guidelines setting out criteria that are specific to archaeological sites (condition, rarity, contextual value, information potential, amenity value and cultural associations) (Heritage NZ 2006: 9-10). Both sets of criteria have been used to evaluate the value and significance of the archaeological site R11/1048 Midden (see Table 2 and Table 3). The archaeological value of sites relates mainly to their information potential, that is, the extent to which they can provide evidence relating to local, regional and national history through the use of archaeological investigation techniques, and the research questions to which the site could contribute. The surviving extent, complexity and condition of sites are the main factors in their ability to provide information through archaeological investigation. For example, generally pa are more complex sites and have higher information potential than small midden (unless of early date). Archaeological value also includes contextual (heritage landscape) value. Archaeological sites may also have other historic heritage values including historical, architectural, technological, cultural, aesthetic, scientific, social, spiritual, traditional and amenity values. Overall, site R11/1048 is considered to have limited archaeological value based on the criteria discussed below. It is an isolated shell midden site that has been modified by track formation and stock in the past. This site appears to be the remnant of a single feature site (shell midden) with limited stratigraphy, and likely related to a short term occupation site. While partly on public land the site is hardly visible and is not a good example of an intact coastal midden site. Archaeological site R11/1048 is identified as a SPV MW (No. 141) in the PAUP. The SPV MW overlay identifies sites and places where the presence of Mana Whenua heritage has been confirmed, but their cultural significance has not yet been assessed in detail. They are essentially archaeological sites of Maori origin that have a geospatial reference. The cultural significance of the site is for mana whenua to determine and is not assessed here.

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Table 2. Assessment of the historic heritage significance of site R11/1048 based on the criteria in the PAUP (Chapter B: 4.1) Criterion Comment Significance evaluation a) historical: The place reflects important or The site is a locally common site type with no Little representative aspects of national, regional or known associations with an important event, local history, or is associated with an important person/group or idea.. There is no event, person, group of people or idea or early archaeological evidence to indicte that this period of settlement within New Zealand, the site is from an early period of Maori region or locality settlement b) social: The place has a strong or special No known associations Little association with, or is held in high esteem by, a particular community or cultural group for its symbolic, spiritual, commemorative, traditional or other cultural value c) Mana Whenua: The place has a strong or To be determined by mana whenua special association with, or is held in high esteem by, Mana Whenua for its symbolic, spiritual, commemorative, traditional or other cultural value d) knowledge: The place has potential to There are in situ archaeological deposits but Little-Moderate provide knowledge through scientific or these have been modified by track scholarly study or to contribute to an construction and stock trampling. This site understanding of the cultural or natural history appears to be a single feature site (shell of New Zealand, the region, or locality midden) with limited stratigraphy, and likely related to a short-term occupation site. While partly on public land the site is hardly visible and is not a good example of an intact coastal midden. The research potential of the site is likely to be limited. e) technology: The place demonstrates No technological value None technical accomplishment, innovation or achievement in its structure, construction, components or use of materials f) physical attributes: The place is a notable or The site is not a good or notable example of Little representative example of a type, design or its site type with only simple characteristics. style, method of construction, craftsmanship or use of materials or the work of a notable architect, designer, engineer or builder; g) aesthetic: The place is notable or distinctive The site has very limited visual values and is Little for its aesthetic, visual, or landmark qualities not easily definable from its surroundings h) context: The place contributes to or is The site is isolated geographically and is not Little associated with a wider historical or cultural directly associated with a group of inter- context, streetscape, townscape, landscape or related sites. It is one of many coastal shell setting middens in the area, often associated with pits, and mainly indicative of short-term coastal occupation by Maori using the resources of the area.

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Table 3. Assessment of the archaeological values of site (R11/1048) based on Heritage NZ criteria (Heritage NZ 2006: 9-10)

Value Assessment Condition The site is in a poor to average condition. It has suffered from alteration by track construction and stock trampling. Rarity This site type is common locally Contextual value The site is isolated geographically and is not directly associated with a group of inter-related sites. It is one of many coastal shell middens in the area, sometimes associated with pits, and mainly indicative of short-term coastal occupation by Maori using the resources of the area. Information potential The extent of information that might be archaeologically recoverable from the site is limited. While there are in situ archaeological deposits these have been modified by track construction and stock trampling. This site appears to be a single feature site (shell midden) with limited stratigraphy, and likely related to a short term occupation site where shell fish (cockle and oyster) were processed. The research potential of the site is therefore likely to limited. Amenity value While partly on public land the site is hardly visible and has not amenity value. Cultural associations The site is associated with Maori occupation. Its cultural significance of the site is for mana whenua to determine Other No other known values (historical, architectural, technological, aesthetic, scientific, social, spiritual, traditional or other values).

Effects of According to the proposed development plans before Council cut and fill Proposal earthworks are required across the entire property to create level building platforms (Figure 4). Within the immediate area of archeological site R11/1048 are proposed residential Lots 12 and 13 in the south-western corner of the property, the removal of exotic trees and vegetation, fill replacement from earthworks after topsoil removal, stream works and the installation of a storm water line and pumping station. In the future a walking track along the foreshore is also proposed. These proposed activities are likely to modify or destroy archaeological site R11/1048.

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Effects of Topsoil stripping and up to 2.5m of fill will be required in the vicinity of site Proposal, R11/1048, extending into the esplanade reserve and affecting most of the site; continued areas of cut will be up to 2.75m deep in the more elevated locations (Figure 11). Where feasibly possible it is always recommended that archaeological and other historic heritage sites should be avoided by making changes to the development plan to prevent ground disturbing works affecting the area of any site. However, the overall level of effects of the current project on archaeological values if R11/1048 cannot be avoided, as shown in Figure 11. A small part of the site may be retained in situ in the esplanade reserve. However the effects are likely to be minor as the affected site is of limited significance based on the criteria discussed above. The adverse archaeological effects should be mitigated through the recovery of information relating to the site and the history of the area through archaeological investigation and recording. This will require an authority to modify an archaeological site under the HNZPTA. In any area where archaeological sites have been recorded in the general vicinity it is possible that unrecorded subsurface remains may also be exposed during development. While it is not considered a high likelihood that unrecorded subsurface archaeological sites will be exposed during the development of the subject property it is recommended that an Authority to cover all works undertaken for this project is applied for prior to the start of earthworks as a precaution so that potential delays can be avoided should sites be exposed. Archaeological features and remains can take the form of burnt and fire cracked stones, charcoal, rubbish heaps including shell, bone and/or 19th century glass and crockery, ditches, banks, pits, old building foundations, artefacts of Maori and early European origin or human burials.

Resource Section 6 of the RMA recognises as matters of national importance: ‘the Management relationship of Maori and their culture and traditions with their ancestral lands, Act 1991 water, sites, waahi tapu, and other taonga’ (S6(e)); and ‘the protection of historic Requirements heritage from inappropriate subdivision, use, and development’ (S6(f)). All persons exercising functions and powers under the RMA are required under Section 6 to recognise and provide for these matters of national importance when ‘managing the use, development and protection of natural and physical resources’. Archaeological and other historic heritage sites are resources that should be sustainably managed by ‘Avoiding, remedying, or mitigating any adverse effects of activities on the environment’ (Section 5(2)(c)).

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Resource Historic heritage is defined (S2) as ‘those natural and physical resources that Management contribute to an understanding and appreciation of New Zealand’s history and Act 1991 cultures, deriving from any of the following qualities: (i) archaeological; (ii) Requirements, architectural; (iii) cultural; (iv) historic; (v) scientific; (vi) technological’. continued Historic heritage includes: ‘(i) historic sites, structures, places, and areas; (ii) archaeological sites; (iii) sites of significance to Maori, including wahi tapu; (iv) surroundings associated with the natural and physical resources’. Regional, district and local plans contain sections that help to identify, protect and manage archaeological and other heritage sites. The plans are prepared under the rules of the RMA. The Auckland Council District Plan: Operative Manukau Section (2002) and the Proposed Auckland Unitary Plan (PAUP) (notified September 2013) are relevant to the proposed activity. The proposed activity will affect recorded archaeological site R11/1048 Midden. This site is listed as a Site or Place of Value to Mana Whenua Whenua (SPV MW) (No. 141) in the PAUP (Figure 16). Detailed rules within the PAUP apply to the SPV MW list. A cultural impact assessment (CIA) may be required for applications for resource consent affecting items in the SPV MW overlay, and land disturbance and subdivision within archaeological sites of Maori origin where the locations have been confirmed and are shown on the council’s CHI. The PAUP overlays show a second SPV MW (ID 375) with its buffer extending into the property (Figure 16). This is R11/1047 (CHI 4493) – a former pit site that has been destroyed by residential development north of Mahia Road and does not retain any archaeological value. The proposed activity also has the potential to affect unidentified subsurface archaeological remains that may be exposed during development. Any adverse effects on archaeological deposits or features can be appropriately mitigated from an archaeological perspective through archaeological investigation and recording to recover information relating to the history of the area. If resource consent is granted, it is recommended that a condition requiring monitoring within the southern area of the subject property (within 50m of the southern boundary and foreshore reserve) is included. It is also recommended that an advice note regarding the provisions of the HNZPTA is included, as an Authority under that Act will be required for any modification and investigation of archaeological remains.

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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS, CONTINUED

Figure 16. PAUP overlay showing SPV MW in the near vicinity of the property. R11/1048 (ID 141) is indicated with an arrow. The other SPV MW shown extending into the property (ID 375) is a destroyed pit site (R11/1047) formerly located north of Mahia Road

Heritage New In addition to any requirements under the RMA, the HNZPTA protects all Zealand archaeological sites whether recorded or not, and they may not be damaged or Pouhere Taonga destroyed unless an Authority to modify an archaeological site has been issued Act 2014 by Heritage NZ (Section 42). Requirements An archaeological site is defined by the HNZPTA Section 6 as follows: ‘archaeological site means, subject to section 42(3), – (a) any place in New Zealand, including any building or structure (or part of a building or structure) that – (i) was associated with human activity that occurred before 1900 or is the site of the wreck of any vessel where the wreck occurred before 1900; and (ii) provides or may provide, through investigation by archaeological methods, evidence relating to the history of New Zealand; and (b) includes a site for which a declaration is made under section 43(1)’1

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1 Under Section 42(3) an Authority is not required to permit work on a pre-1900 building unless the building is to be demolished. Under Section 43(1) a place post-dating 1900 (including the site of a wreck that occurred after 1900) that could provide ‘significant evidence relating to the historical and cultural heritage of New Zealand’ can be declared by Heritage NZ to be an archaeological site. Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 26 198 Mahia Road, Manurewa Assessment

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Heritage New Authorities to modify archaeological sites can be applied for either in respect to Zealand archaeological sites within a specified area of land (Section 44(a)), or to modify Pouhere a specific archaeological site where the effects will be no more than minor Taonga Act (Section 44(b)), or for the purpose of conducting a scientific investigation 2014 (Section 44(c)). Applications that relate to sites of Maori interest require Requirements, consultation with (and in the case of scientific investigations the consent of) the continued appropriate iwi or hapu and are subject to the recommendations of the Maori Heritage Council of Heritage NZ. In addition, an application may be made to carry out an exploratory investigation of any site or locality under Section 56, to confirm the presence, extent and nature of a site or suspected site. As the proposed development will affect site R11/1048 Midden, an Authority must be obtained from Heritage NZ before any work can be carried out that may affect the site. The conditions of the authority are likely to include the archaeological recording/investigation of any remains affected. It is also possible that unidentified subsurface archaeological remains may be exposed during development. It is recommended that the authority should include provision for any additional unidentified archaeological sites that might be present. This should be obtained before any earthworks are carried out. The conditions of the authority are likely to include archaeological monitoring of preliminary earthworks, and procedures for recording any archaeological evidence before it is modified or destroyed. This approach would have the advantage of allowing any archaeology uncovered during the development of the property to be dealt with immediately, avoiding possible delays.

Conclusions One previously recorded archaeological site R11/1048 Midden (Shell) was relocated on the subject property during the recent site inspection. This archaeological site is also identified as a SPV MW (No. 141) in the PAUP. The proposed activity is likely to modify/destroy archaeological site R11/1048. However, the overall level of effects of the current project on archaeological values if R11/1048 cannot be avoided are likely to only be minor as the affected site is of limited archaeological/historic heritage significance based on the PAUP and Heritage NZ criteria. An Authority must be obtained from Heritage NZ before any work can be carried out that may affect the site. It should cover all works carried out in case additional unrecorded subsurface archaeological sites are exposed during the development, although the potential for this is not considered to be high.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

It is  That the part of archaeological site R11/1048 located within the esplanade Recommended: reserve is avoided to the extent possible.  That any midden deposits which can be avoided should be temporarily marked out or fenced off prior to the start of earthworks to protect them from accidental damage from heavy machinery.  That as site R11/1048 cannot be avoided an Authority must be applied for under Section 44(a) of the HNZPTA and granted by Heritage NZ prior to the start of any works that will affect them. (Note that this is a legal requirement).  That because it is possible that additional unrecorded sites may be exposed during earthworks, the Authority application should include any additional sites that may be discovered when works are under way.  That earthworks in the vicinity of the recorded site R11/1048 and within the southern area of the subject property (within 50m of the southern boundary and foreshore reserve) should be monitored by an archaeologist to establish whether any unrecorded subsurface remains are present.  That in the event of koiwi tangata (human remains) being uncovered, work should cease immediately in the vicinity of the remains and mana whenua, the Heritage NZ, NZ Police and Council should be contacted so that appropriate arrangements can be made.  That mana whenua are consulted regarding the cultural effects of the proposal and whether a CIA is required (this is also a requirement of any authority application).

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Auckland Council Cultural Heritage Inventory, accessed at http://maps.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz and https://chi.org.nz. Auckland Council Proposed Auckland Unitary Plan, notified September 2013. Accessed at http://unitaryplan.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/. Auckland Council District Plan: Operative Manukau Section 2002, accessed at http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/. Baquié, B. and R. Clough. Dec 2006. Waimahia Creek, Weymouth, Manukau City: Archaeological Assessment. Clough & Associates report prepared for Housing New Zealand. CFG Heritage Mar 2011. Weymouth Coastal Erosion Control, 29 Greer Road, Weymouth: Archaeological Assessment. Report to Auckland Council. Clough, R. E. and B. Baquié. Feb 2000. Mangere - Puhinui Heritage Zone: An Archaeological Survey. Clough & Associates report prepared for Manukau City Council. Clough, R. and D. Prince. Dec 1998. Weymouth Domain, Weymouth: Archaeological Survey for Resource Consent. Clough & Associates report prepared for Manukau Consultants. Clough, R. and D. Prince. Aug 1999. Weymouth Domain, Manukau City: Archaeological Site R11/2009. Report on Section 18 Investigation (No. 1999/44). Clough & Associates report prepared for Manukau City. Clough, R. E. and D. Prince. Nov 2002. Manukau Memorial Gardens Western Extension, 397, 403 and 431 Puhinui Road, Manukau City: Preliminary Archaeological Survey. Clough & Associates report prepared for GHD Ltd. Clough, R. E. and M. Turner. 1998. Proposed Subdivision of 84 Grove Road, : Archaeological Appraisal. Clough & Associates report prepared for Rob Thornley and Associates. Davidson, J. M. Jan 1975. Archaeological Sites in the Auckland Region. Auckland Regional Authority Planning Division, Auckland. Foster, R. Jul 1996. Waimahia Block, Weymouth: Archaeological Assessment. Prepared for Universal Homes. Foster, R. S. Jan 1997. Harbour View Estate, Weymouth Archaeological Assessment. Foster, R. Oct 2000. Proposed CDL Land New Zealand Limited Development, Palmers Road, Weymouth: Archaeological Assessment. Prepared for CDL Land New Zealand Ltd. Foster, R. Jan 2001. Mountfort Park Development (Stage 1): Archaeological Assessment. Prepared for Manukau City Council. Foster, R. Jun 2002. Kirkdale Subdivision, Wattle Downs, Stage 10. Archaeological Assessment. Prepared for Kirkdale Investments Ltd. Foster, R. Jun 2002a. Pitt Avenue Walkway, Weymouth: Archaeological Assessment. Prepared for Manukau City Council. Heritage NZ. 2006. Writing Archaeological Assessments. Archaeological Guidelines Series No. 2. New Zealand Historic Places Trust Pouhere Taonga (now Heritage NZ).

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BIBLIOGRAPHY, CONTINUED

Lawlor, I.T. Sep 1996. Auckland’s Volcanic Cone Protection: Cultural Heritage Values. Paper Presented to EAROPHS Congress, Auckland. New Zealand Archaeological Association ArchSite Database, accessed at http://www.archsite.org.nz. New Zealand Heritage List, accessed at http://www.historic.org.nz. Stone, R.C.J. 2001. From Tamaki-Makau-Rau to Auckland. Auckland, Auckland University Press. Tanner, V. and R. Clough. Feb 2004. Pitt Avenue Walkway, Weymouth: Archaeological Assessment. Clough & Associates report prepared for Manukau City Council. Tatton, K. 2011. Priority Survey in the Auckland Region: Manukau City Update (Draft). Prepared for the Auckland Regional Council. Tonkin & Taylor Ltd Jul 2015. Geotechnical Assessment for Mahia Village, 198 Mahia Road, Manurewa. Prepared for Watchman capital Ltd.

LINZ Maps and Plans - Deed P28 (1915), SO 1122, DP 16664 (1923), DP 61530 (1969), DP 105238 (1984)

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APPENDIX 1: SITE RECORD FORM R11/1048

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