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The Development of a Food Frequency Questionnaire to Be Used to Identify the Dietary Intake of Phytoestrogens in a Sample Study

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The Development of a Food Frequency Questionnaire to Be Used to Identify the Dietary Intake of Phytoestrogens in a Sample Study University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016 University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 1994 The development of a food frequency questionnaire to be used to identify the dietary intake of phytoestrogens in a sample study group of middle aged Italian women living in the Illawarra Karen Elizabeth Christian UnivFollowersity this of and Wollongong additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Christian, Karen Elizabeth, The development of a food frequency questionnaire to be used to identify the dietary intake of phytoestrogens in a sample study group of middle aged Italian women living in the Illawarra, Master of Science thesis, Department of Public Health and Nutrition, University of Wollongong, 1994. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/2685 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] NOTE This online version of the thesis may have different page formatting and pagination from the paper copy held in the University of Wollongong Library. UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG COPYRIGHT WARNING You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG Department of Public Health and Nutrition Master of Science ( NUTRITION AND DIETETICS) MAJOR PROJECT UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG LIBRARY THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE TO BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE DIETARY INTAKE OF PHYTOESTROGENS IN A SAMPLE STUDY GROUP OF MIDDLE AGED ITALIAN WOMEN LIVING IN THE ILLAWARRA KAREN ELIZABETH CHRISTIAN SUPERVISOR- LINDA TAPSELL SUBMISSION DATE JULY 1994 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES................................... iii LIST OF TABLES..................................... iii APPENDICES.......................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................... v ABSTRACT............................................ vi CHAPTER 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION..................................... 1 1.2 AIM.............................................. 2 1.3 OBJECTIVES.... .................................. 2 1.4 DEFINITIONS...................................... 3 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION..................................... 4 2.2 THE ITALIAN WAY OF LIFE.......................... 8 2.3 FOOD SOURCES OF PHYTOESTROGENS..................11 2.4 TYPES OF PHYTOESTROGENS......................... 15 2.5 DIETARY INTAKE ASSESSMENT....................... 26 2.6 DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE.30 2.7 CONCLUSION...................................... 33 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 METHODOLOGY..................................... 34 3.2 COMPILE FOOD LISTS.............................. 34 3.3 DETERMINATION OF FOOD PORTION SIZES-......,,.....36 (i) 3.4 FREQUENCY OF CONSUMPTION 36 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 4.1 FOOD LIST OF 51 SUBJECTS............................... 37 4.2 FOOD LIST............................................... 55 4.3 SERVING SIZES...........................................60 4.4 THE FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE...................... 60 CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION 5.1 DISCUSSION.............................................. 64 5.2 PHYTOESTROGENS..........................................65 5.3 COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF FOOD ITEMS........................67 5.4 FFQ- DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE.........................68 5.5 COMPARISONS WITH OTHER RELEVANT STUDIES................ 70 CHAPTER 6 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY 6.1 PHYTOESTROGENS..........................................72 6.2 RAW DATA COLLECTION.................................... 73 6.3 NUTRIENT ANALYSIS OF SELECTED FOOD ITEMS.............. 74 6.4 AREAS FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS...................... 75 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS...................................... 76 REFERENCES................................................. 77 APPENDICES................................................. 87 (ii) LIST OF FIGURES ---------------- PAGE FIGURE 2.1 Plants known to possess oestrogenic compounds....................... .......* ... 13 FIGURE 2.2 Comparison of the potency of various oestrogen sources..........................17 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 4.1 25 most commonly consumed foods in the Italian women's diet................ ................... 38 4.2 Major dietary sources of Fibre................. 41 4.3 Major dietary sources of Energy................ 43 4.4 Major dietary sources of Protein............... 44 4.5 Major dietary sources of Carbohydrates......... 45 4.6 Major dietary sources of Fat................... .47 4.7 Major dietary sources of Polyunsaturated fat... 48 4.8 Major dietary sources of Saturated fat......... 50 4.9 Major dietary sources of Monounsaturated fat...51 4.10 Major dietary sources of Calcium............... 52 4.11 Major dietary sources of vitamin C ............ 53 (iii) PAGE TABLE 4.12 Major dietary sources of vitamin A 54 4.13 List of alternative names 58 4.14 Food list 56 Appendices 1 . 24 hour recall list and frequency.................... 2 . Foods that contribute to 90% of Fibre intake......... 3. Foods that contribute to 90% of Energy intake........ 4. Foods that contribute to 90% of Protein intake....... 5. Foods that contribute to 90% of Carbohydrate intake... 6 . Foods that contribute to 90% of Fat intake............ 7. Foods that contribute to 90% of Polyunsaturated fat intake............................................ 8 . Foods that contribute to 90% of Saturated fat intake................................................ 9. Foods that contribute to 90% of Monounsaturated fat intake................................................ 1 0 . Foods that contribute to 90% of Calcium intake ...... 11. Foods that contribute to 90% of Vitamin C intake..... 12 . Foods that contribute to 90% of Vitamin A intake..... 13. Sample Food Frequency Questionnaire.................. 14. Appropriate recipes................................... (iv) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To my husband ADAM for his love and support, and to my 2 year old daughter, DEBRA and 9 month old son, DEAN for being such great kids. To my parents PAT and BETH DEASY for their help and enthusiasm. To ALAN and BELINDA MICHIE, for the loan of their computer, and their assistance with the installation of a suitable program. and, A special thanks to LINDA TAPSELL for her time, guidance, and assistance with this project, and to LISA FRANCO for those helpful tips she provided. (V) ABSTRACT Menopause is one of the major biological events to occur in a women's lifetime. Although it is considered as a normal physiological change, its effects often have social and psychological implications. (Morse et al 1993). At present there is minimal information regarding the experience women face during the menopause, particularly in multicultural societies. Currently, Morse et al (1993) from the University of Wollongong are investigating the health experiences of middle aged Italian women in the Illawarra area of N.S.W. The aims of their research are; • To identify the groups menopausal experiences and attitudes, and compare the findings with those of the dominant culture (Anglo- Australians); • To examine the nutrition of these groups and to relate dietary factors to the type and severity of reported menopausal changes; • Further to consider the role if any, of acculturation of this group within a different dominant host culture that may influence the incidence and character of menopause related morbidity. (Morse et al 1993) At present evidence is mounting that nutritional intake may effect menopausal symptoms. This evidence is focused on phvtoestrogens and the oestrogenic activity of certain foods ( Wilcox et al 1990). (VI) The purpose
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