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(Moratorium) on the Sending of Indonesian Migrant Workers on the Community’S Attitude Towards Human Trafficking in East Nusa Tenggara

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(Moratorium) on the Sending of Indonesian Migrant Workers on the Community’S Attitude Towards Human Trafficking in East Nusa Tenggara Survey Results The Impact of the Temporary Cessation Policy (Moratorium) on the Sending of Indonesian Migrant Workers on the Community’s Attitude towards Human Trafficking in East Nusa Tenggara INTRODUCTION In 2017, the Indonesian government determined a number of human trafficking "red zones"- and East Nusa Tenggara Province occupied the top position. The complexity of the human trafficking problem - especially in East Nusa Tenggara - is partially due to the unavailability of integrated data that could become a solid basis for mapping human trafficking cases. The dimensions of human trafficking cases intersect with the issue of risky labor migration, indicated by the massive amount of deaths of migrant workers from NTT. The NTT Provincial Government had issued NTT Governor Decree Number 357/KEP/HK/2018 concerning Termination of the Departure of Prospective Migrant Workers from East Nusa Tenggara Province to Abroad. However, this policy has the potential to not only fail to end the problem but may instead result in new problems. The effectiveness and significance of the moratorium policy as a strategy to eradicate the problems faced by migrant workers, which include human trafficking, is also very dependent on the community's attitude towards the policy, or how it will shape the people's attitudes towards the issue. For this reason, it is important to discuss the impact of the policy on people's attitudes towards the practice of trafficking in persons in East Nusa Tenggara. Both the research and the Research Agenda were planned to be carried out from December 2019— Nov. 2020, but were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODOLOGY • The study of human trafficking is a part of the horizontal social mobility issue, which is related to globalization. This study uses two simultaneous approaches, namely quantitative and qualitative, to understand this problem. • The quantitative approach is useful for analyzing the attitudes of society at large towards the issue of human trafficking. Meanwhile, the qualitative approach is useful for understanding the qualitative social learning process of the emergence of human trafficking. RESEARCH SITE/LOCATION In the survey stage, data collection was carried out in 16 villages from 8 sub-districts spread out over the 3 districts/cities, using stratified sampling. City District Sub-district Village Number of samples Sikka Magepanda Done 124 Alok Barat Hewuli 153 Mego Dobo 107 West Manggarai Lembor Daleng 193 Poco Dedeng 52 Ndoso Waning 98 \ Momol 60 Kupang Maulafa Penfui 44 Belo 35 Fatukoa 28 Alak Manual II 33 Pengkase 57 Alak 20 Naioni 68 Kota Raja Bakunase II 57 Bakunase I 44 Total Samples 1173 HIGHLIGHTS OF RESEARCH RESULTS The results of measuring community attitudes, conducted through a survey of 1173 respondents (505 men and 668 women) in the three research areas of Kupang City, Manggarai Regency, and Sikka District, showed a number of findings that illustrate how critical awareness and attitudes of the community towards human trafficking fit in, within both the context of the situation and their respective territories. In general, the public's knowledge regarding human trafficking is still limited: one of the reasons for the low level of public knowledge about human trafficking is a lack of adequate socialization. Some parts of the communities still do not have enough awareness and critical attitude in responding to human trafficking practices. The results showed that two of the regions (Kupang City and Sikka Regency) showed a fairly high degree of knowledge/awareness about human trafficking, with 80,9% of respondents from Kupang, and 62,6% of the respondents from Sikka being aware of human trafficking as an issue. This is different from West Manggarai Regency, where 56% of respondents do not know about/have little knowledge of human trafficking practices. A more specific mapping of information sources about human trafficking shows the dominant role of mass media and social media as information agents about human trafficking Issues of human trafficking and community socio-political activism in gender-aggregated data: The results of the measurement of knowledge about human trafficking and involvement in religious/socio-religious/political-based organizations show that female members of the community tended to know more about human trafficking and showed higher levels of activism in social/political/religious organizations. 59% of male respondents were not aware, while 55% of the female respondents were aware. Measurement of critical awareness-forming aspects (Cognitive-Affective-Behavior): This measurement looks at the relationship/connection between cognitive-affective-behavioural aspects that form positive attitudes in society in regards to (and encourages them to) being involved in efforts to combat human trafficking. On the other hand, the measurements also showed that the community's general attitude towards human trafficking still leans towards a high degree of trust/confidence in the structural institutions of policymakers (government and law enforcement at the local level): COGNITIVE: Most of the respondents thought that the moratorium did not violate community rights, but that the government needed to provide jobs (to balance the effect). The survey also shows that there is a high degree of agreement that even though there is economic hardship, everyone regardless of age can work abroad; the community is generally aware that children should not be migrant workers. However, from the region-aggregated data, the most positive degree of a minimum age limit for becoming a migrant worker is shown in the Sikka region. On the other hand, Kupang City region shows the most negative degree of minimum age limit for becoming a migrant worker. AFFECTIVE: The survey results for the affective aspect in the three regions showed that most respondents opposed the presence of illegal recruiters who were indicated to have a role in human trafficking, even though there was “thank you money” and the worker was not harmed. Most of the respondents were also concerned about the issue and felt that information about the dangers of human trafficking is important, not only for immediate family members, and not only if the respondent has relatives who are potential victims. BEHAVIOR: 70% of respondents were consistent in the opinion that brokers should not be allowed to recruit in the village, even though the recruitment did not harm the community. Then, respondents are split on who they believe is most responsible for tackling human trafficking in NTT, whether it is the responsibility of the government or society. Some believe that the government has a bigger responsibility, while some see the community as having a bigger role and responsibility to tackle the issue. Most of the respondents also believed that family, community leaders and village government play an equally important role in preventing and combating human trafficking in NTT. Correlation of the local context related to demographic aspects, in regards to the dynamics of the social and economic situation: One of the highlighted findings is the specific condition shown in Sikka Regency regarding the low level of knowledge/awareness about human trafficking. The results of measuring this quantitative attitude also indicate a paradox. The paradox shown is the contradiction between positive attention to the formation of public attitudes towards the phenomenon of trafficking in persons and the policy of a moratorium on the placement of migrant workers, and the still-high potential for cases of human trafficking in East Nusa Tenggara. 8. This paradoxical situation is then mapped in a qualitative approach to see related phenomena in the economic, social, political and cultural context of human trafficking practices in East Nusa Tenggara: • The results of this study still found that migration was still a strategy to obtain economic and cultural security for individuals and families. • Thus, the moratorium has an impact on reducing remittances that previously played a major role in regional development and the family economy. Although there are doubts about the management of remittances and their impact on poverty alleviation, when compared to the income of many of the community's members, which is based on agriculture, remittances have a rather significant socio-economic impact on the people of East Nusa Tenggara. • The results of the study also indicated that there were still risky migration routes that were still traversed by East Nusa Tenggara residents; this includes undocumented migration routes, or channels not recognized in labour migration governance. • The situation/condition described in the survey was confirmed in the situation mapping, which was summarized in in-depth interviews and FGDs, which show indications of weak socialization and law enforcement functions. This is inversely proportional to the increasingly massive role of brokers and placement companies for migrant workers. 9. The qualitative review also saw the development of patterns/methods in human trafficking cases in East Nusa Tenggara: OLD RECRUITMENT METHODS: • Independent migration, which has become a hereditary/cross-generational tradition with strong kinship/community networks. • Brokers play a large role in 'recruiting' in the village (offline) • The potential for trafficking in persons increased because countries still tend to categorize independent migration as non-procedural migration NEW RECRUITMENT METHODS: • The method of departure of migrant workers is carried
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