The Pa!aeobotallist, 28-29: 218-300, 1981.
CYCADOPHYTIC LEAVES FROM JURASSIC-LOWER CRETACEOUS ROCKS OF INDIA
M. N. BOSE & JA YASRI BANERJI Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53, University Road, Lucknow·226 007, India
ABSTRACT
Under Cycadophytic leaves, various Indian species of Taeniopteris Brongniart, Morrisia Bose, Cycadites Brongniart, Allomozamites Schimper and Pterophy/lum Brongniart have been described here. The study is based on specimens described or figured since 1850 and a large number of specimens collected during the last two decades from the Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous rocks of India. It has been observed that the genera mentioned above are most abundant in some of the localities of the Rajmahal Hills. They are completely missing in most of the un• doubted Lower Cretaceous beds of India. So far only a single species, viz., Plero• phy/luin princeps Oldham & Morris is known from the Lower Cretaceous beds of Than, Gujarat.
Key-words - Cycadophytic leaves, Megafossils, Rajmahal Hills, Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous (India).
~ ~ ~-mn: ~ 'fiT<'l'r., ~ ~ ij"~fu;iT qfu-llf - +$~ ;n~ BI~~<;'d:$<:.lqfu R<:rr, ~1iii'I'!Ilii~fcB ~ ~ ~u~ mf.1m ~ M'lT?r ~ ~ erfUm ~ If{ ~ i ~ ~~ WJ: 1850 Cf'Il crfUrn wro m~fucf 5fmff Cf?lT ~ ~ ~fu'f)-~m: ~ 'liI<'fR ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ if ~Cf ~ if ~Cf 5fmff ~ 5lf~ f'f;1:n If!IT ~ fit; ~ ~ ~ ~ it> ~ ro;ff if ~CfTll"Cf if m: ;;miT ~ I ~ ~ ~f~ miWcT ~ ~'f mu if if ~cr!IT ~ft~ ~ I ~ if l!lT1" ~ ~m: ~ 'liI<'fR mu ~ ~'lfT Cf'Il ~ t;'!i ;;rrm ~~u~ 00lCij" m~ t:1; INTRODUCTION by Feistmantel (1877a) and others under Macrotaeniopteris Schimper (1869). The generic name Macrotaeniopteris has been discarded here because it was founded a thelargeMesozoicnumber rocksof fossilof Indiafronds,thereb~long•are INing to Cycadales and Bennettitales, only on the basis of size difference. The whose exact affinities are not known due to various species of Taeniopteris here des• lack of cuticle. Such specimens are described cribed, may belong either to Cycadales, here under the genera Taeniopteris, Morrisia, Pentoxyleae or Bennettitales. Cycadites, Anomozamites and Pterophyllum. Morrisia Bose, 1958 - Under this genus Taeniopteris Brongniart, 1832 - Simple, unipinnate leaves with pinnae resembling spatulate or strap-shape~ leaves with pro• some of the species of Taeniopteris have minent midrib and Simple or forked been described. Three species with doubt• secondary veins have been described under ful affinities have been recorded. this genus. Some of the species of Taeni• Cycadites Sternberg, 1825 - Only one opteris now described were earlier described species, viz., Cycadites rajmahalensis Oldham 218 BOSE & BANERJI- CYCADOpH'YTIC LEAVES 219 has been described. Specimens described and Zamites, no cuticle was available. Only under this genus also resemble some later was the cuticle idea added strongly. of the species of Pseudocycas Nathorst Thomas (1913) identified Pseudoctenis /anei and Paracycas Harris, but in the absence and described its cycad-like stoma and of cuticle they have been placed under the Harris (1932a, 1964) described quite a few form genus Cycadites. species, some not looking a bit like P. Anomozamites Schimper, 1870 - Some of eathiensis but all with Cycad-like stomata. the species of Anomozamites are difficult Most of these, in external features, are to differentiate from Pterophyllum. Harris indistinguishable from Pterophyllum. (1932b) tried to distinguish Anomozamites For the Indian specimens we are now from Pterophyllum on the basis of cuticle. using Pterophyllum as a form genus, practi• In 1969 he, however, dropped those distin• cally in its old sense for leaves with no guishing characters and gave more impor• cuticle preserved. Amongst these some are tance to external features for the identifi• doubtless Pseudoctenis. cation of these two genera. Harris (1969) while dealing with Anomozamites, men• DESCRIPTION tioned, "The sole distinction from Ptero• phyllum is in the shape of lamina segment CYCADALES which in Pterophyllum are typically much Taeniopteris spatu/ata McClelland longer than broad. Thus when a specimen is not satisfactorily placed on this character, PI. 1, figs 1-3, 6; PI. 5, figs 28, 29; Text-figs 1A-P, 9B the difficulty is obvious". According to Harris (1969, p. 74), in Anomozamites the 1850 Taeniopteris spatu/ata McClelland, lamina is divided into segments which are p. 53, pI. 16, fig. 1. typically as broad as long. In this volume 1863 Stangerites spatu/ata McClelland Harris (1969, pp. 79, 84) described two sp.: Oldham & Morris, p. 34 (partim), species of Anomozamites (A. nilssoni, Phillips pI. 6, figs I, 2. & A. thomasi, Harris). In both these 1869 Angiopteridium spathu/atu'n (McClel• species, most of the specimens figured have land): Schimper, p. 606. segments which are longer than broad. 1876b Taeniopteris (Angiopteridium) mcc/e/• In A. nilssoni the majority of the leaves /andi: Feistmantel, p. 40. figured show segments twice as long as 1877a Angiopteridium sp:zthu/atum (McClel• broad. land) Schimp.: Feistm:lntel, p. 45. In the case of Indian specimens, under 1877b Angiopteridium spathu/atum (McClel• Anomozamites, we have included those land) Schimp.: Feistmantel, p. 10, specimens whose segments .are either pI. 1, figs 6b, 7b. squarish in shape or up to twtce as long 1879 Angiopteridium spathu/atum (McClel• as broad. The rest of the specimens whose land) .•Schimp.: Feistmantel, p. 16, pinnae or segments are linear in shape have pI. 1, figs 8-10, 12-18; pI. 2, figs 3, been dumped under Pt erophyllum. 5, 6; pI. 15, fig. 11. Pterophyllum Brongniart, 1828 - Both 1881 Angiopteridium spathu/atum (McClel• Pterophyllum and Pseudoctenis Seward (1911) land) Schimper: Feistmantel, p. 150, do not have a sound basis. They are now pI. J, fig. 3. distinguished solely on the basis of cuticle. 1922 Taeniopteris sp:ztu/ata McClelland; The original Pterophyllum was P. minus Seward & Holttum, p. 273, pI. 12, and P. majus from Lower Lias of Hor, figs 1-10. Sweden (which were later placed in a 1933 Taeniopteris spatu/ata (McClelland): "subgenus" Anomozamites). Then P. longi• Sahni & Rao, p. 196. folium Brongniart of the Keuper was re• 1938a Taeniopteris spatu/ata (McClelland): garded as Type (see Andrews, 1970). Pre• Jacob, p. 152. sumably all these are Bennettitalean but 1938b Taeniopteris spatu/ata (McCI.): Jacob, we do not know of the proof. Later, many p. 153. species were added mostly we expect Ben• 1944 Tt;teniopteris spatu/ata McClelland: nettitalean but doubtless not all. Seward's Sttholey, p. 10, figs 11-14. Pseudoctenis (P. eathiensis) was vaguely 1946 Taen-,iopteris spatu/ata (McClelland): separated on form and veins from Ctenis GallJu, p. 68, pI. 1, fig. 3; pI. 4, fig. 26, 220 THE PALAEOBOTANIST _ ....•... ~~..... ~:~? t:.=oe:.• =' I~··~·I··'. .~ \ ,/ ~~ . .., ~\~ I /.: I F B ...... ~...... ••..... ---', ., ,\ E /~~{.~' .:::.~~~~~ TEXT-FIG. I BOSE & BANERJI - CYCADOPHYTIC LEA YES 221 '.". " '. ", " \ ~ (\ CI I, ,, r-•...... ' B TEXT-FIG.2 - A-D, Taeniopteris kutchensis n. sp. from Kakadbhit, a.s.!. nos. 4777 (holotype), 4778, 4780, 4785, x I. TEXT-FIG. 1 - A, a" a" Taeniopteris spafulafa McClelland from near Murrero (all in same block), a.s.!. no. 4366, x 1. B, T. spatulata from Dharesi, B.S.LP. no. 5/2004B, x 1. C, c" c" T. spatulata from near Murrero (all in same block); lectotype, a.S.L no. 4367, x I. D, T. spatulata from Yemavaram showing only a part of the specimen, a.s.!. no. 4605, x 1.5. E, T. spatulata from Parsapani, B.S.I.P. no. 66/1438. x 2.5. F, T. spafulata from near Burio, a.s.!. no. 19558, x 1. G-H, T. haburensis n. sp. from Habur, B.S.LP. nos. 4/2011 and 13/2011 (holotype). I, ?Morrisia rajmahalensis (Feistmantel) comb. nov. from Murrero showing venation, a.s.!. no. 4/373, x 1. J, Pterophyllum sp., B.S.!.P. no. 16779, x 2. 222 THE PALAEOBOTANIST 1953 Taeniopteris spatulata McClelland: Vemavaram, Sriperumbudur, Naikulum and Gopal et al., p. 486 (partim), figs Sivaganga. 3-6. Rajmahal Hills - Murrero (type loca• 1953 Taeniopteris spatulata var. a.: Gopal lity), Burio, BJ.sgo Bedo, Bindaban, et al., p. 486, figs 5, 6. Maharajpur, Onthea, Amarjola and Jhena• 1959 Taeniopteris cf. spatulata McCI.: garia. Adyalkar & Rao, p. 321, pI. 38, Godavari & Satpura basins - Kota, fig. 3. Chikiala and Parsapani, District Hoshan• 1960 Taeniopteris cf. spatulata: Adyalkar gabad. & Rao, p. 278. Kachchh - Kakadbhit and Dharesi. 1960a Taeniopteris spatulata: Rao & Shah, Rajasthan - About 1 km east of Habur, p. 278. district Jaisalmer. 1960b Taeniopteris spatulata: Rao & Shah, Remarks - Sahni (1948, p. 51) h'ld raised p.279. doubts concerning the accuracy of Mc• 1967 Taeniopteris spathulata: Mahabale, p. Clelland's (1850, pI. 16, fig. la) description 312. and figure (1a) of Taeniopteris spatulata. 1968 Taeniopteris spatulata McClelland: In the Museum of the Geological Survey Baksi, p. 207, pI. 1, fig. 9. of India, Calcutta we found two specimens 1970 Taeniopteris spatulata (McClelland): (figured here in Pi. 1, fig. 1 and Text-fig. Gururaja & Pant, p. 387. lA, C) with the labels - "McClelland, 1970 Taeniopteris spatulata var. multinervis Collection". The one figured by him (1850, Oldham & Morris: Gururaja & pI. 16, fig. la) has the number 4367. We Pant, p. 387. have designated this specimen as the lecto• 1973 Taeniopteris spatulata McClelland: type. The other is numbered as 4366. Patra, p. 329, pi. 2, figs 12-14. Both these specimens have been figured 1976 Taeniopteris spatulata McClelland: by Oldham and Morris (1863, pI. 6, figs Maheshwari & Singh, p. 119, pi. 2, I-No. 4366 and 2-No. 4367). The des• fig. 13; text-fig. 5. cription and the sketch (1a) of McClelland 1979 Taeniopteris spatulata McClelland: (1850) do not m'ltch with these specimens. Mahabale & Satya narayana, p. 78, The two specimens (G.S.I. nos. 4366 & pi. 3, fig. 18; text-figs 31, 32. 4367) here figured in Pi. 1, fig. 1 and 1980 Taeniopteris spatulata McClelland: Text-fig. IA and C agree with the majority Bose et al., pi. 1, fig. 4; text• of the narrower specimens of Nipaniophyl• fig. 4C. lum raoi Sahni (1948), in form, venation 1980 Taeniopteris spatulata McClelland: and texture. The only difference is that Sukh-Dev & Zeba-Bano, p. 206, the specimens here figured as Taeniopteris pI. 2, fig. 11; text-fig. lA, B. spatulata are preserved in the form of com• Emended Diagnosis - Leaf simple, 5-9 pression and cast. cm long, 0·4-1·6 em broad (broadest region The majority of the specimens of T. slightly below distal end), mostly 0'5-9'8 spatulata from Vemavaram are slightly em, linear-spatulate, gradually narrOWIng narrower than the specimens from the Raj• towards base; apex obtuse, rarely rounded; mahal Hills. Feistmantel's (1879) figures margin entire. Midrib 1-2 mm wide, fi.nely in Pi. 1, figs 12 and 13 are part and striated in longitudinal direction, sometImes counterpart. Similarly, the specimens with a median ridge or groove. Lateral figured in Pi. 1, figs 10 and 18 are part and veins arising at an angle of 60o_~0°, counterpart. In one of the specimens from simple or forked, parallel, mostly forkIng Vemavaram it has been seen that the lateral just after emergence, sometimes forking veins on one side of the midrib, at places, closer to margin, near apex forking less mostly forkedjust after emergence, whereas, frequent, rarely after bifurcating !wo arms on the other side forking was slightly away may rejoin to form a loop. Vellls 18-40 from the midrib. per em, mostly 20-30 per em. Comparison - The narrower leaves of Lectotype - No. 4367 of the Geological Taeniopteris spatulata described by Seward Survey of India, Calcutta. and Holttum (1922, pi. 12, figs 1-6a) and Occurrence: Sitholey (1944, pI. 3, figs 11, 12, 14) from East Coast - Ghantikhal near Athgarh, Tabbowa, Sri Lanka match exactly the ~arsimha meta (Raghavapuram mudstone), ones described by Feistmantel (1879, pl. 1, BOSE & BANERJI - CYCADOPHYTIC LEAVES 223 A '-/---.,.,~ /- ...... ~ c TEXT-Fla. 3- A, a young leaf of Taeniopteris oldhamii n. sp. from Bindaban, B.S.I.P. no. 2573/277,X 2. B, C, T. oldhamii from Bindaban, B.S.LP. nos. 5710 and 35366,x 1. D, Taeniopteris buskoghatensis n. sp. from Buskoghat, B.S.I.P. no. 7/710,x 1. figs 8-10, 12-14) from Vemavaram. T. pattern, the narrower leaves of T. spatulata spatulata var. daintreei McCoy described known from India (Feistmantel, 1879, pI. by Chapman (1908) from Victoria, Australia I, figs 8, 9). In shape and size the leaves resembles, both in shape and venation of T. spatulata figured by Glaessner and 224 THE PALAEOBOTANIST "/ , .. ~.": TEXT-FIG. 4 - Morrisia meclellandii (Oldham & Morris) Bose from Bindaban; holotype, G.S.I. no. 4438, X 1 (from Bose, 1958). Rao (1955) from Mount Babbage, Australia of venation. T. spatulata from Ussuriland resembles the Indian forms. The Australian described by Kryshtofovich (1910) has more leaves, however, differ in having secondary closely set veins and their frequency of veins which are simple. T. spatulata of bifurcation just after emergence is less than Du Toit (I927) seems to have similar type the Indian specimens. T. spatulata may or x'lLtLr °OU TsoD 'OJpuew WOJJ U;lW!:>;lds ;l41 JO lJed e ~urM04s ·"OU ·qwo:> (qo:>e{ "i1 0"e)J) lJ/D/U · ..:"· '...... /fI'I \~.. \:\ \ .__ .. "'hi : ' . . .,, ,. . .,. ,, ..- .. ,.. ",. ,, -. , ., "-- : BOSE & BANERJI - CYCADOPHYTIC LEA YES 227 be compared with T. gracilis Kimura (1959) species is usually slightly recurved. In T. in general shape and size, but the latter has kutchensis the lamina usually tapers more unforked secondary veins. The ll'I.rrower finely towards base than in N. vittata. leaves of T. spatulata from the Rajmahal Another species with which T. kutchensis Hills resemble T. daintreei McCoy described resembles in external form, is T. tenuinervis by Arber (1917) from New Zealand. T. Brauns but the latter species has never been daintreei is much longer in size than the fully d~scribed. Amongst these quit~ a f~w normal Rajmahal specimens. with cuticle have been referred to Nllssoma. In such specimens the lamina; is attac~ed over the midrib and they have SImple vems. In Taeniopteris kutchensis n. sp. T. kutchensis lamina is laterally attached and it has both simple and forked veins. PI. 1, figs 7-9; PI. 5, fig. 26; Text-figs 2A-D, 9A The specimen of T. densinervis originally described by Feistmante1 (1876a, pI. 2, 1876a Oleandridium vittatum Brongn.: fig. 6) is only slightly broader (~'2 cm) th~n Feistmantel, p. 15, pI. 1, figs 1-3; the rest of the specimens descnbed by hIm pI. 2, figs 1-5; pI. 12, fig. 1. as Oleandridium vittatum (Feistmantel, 1876a Taeniopteris densinervis Feistmantel, 1876a, pI. 1, figs 1-3; pI. 2, figs 1-5), but p. 19, pI. 2, fig. 6. like the specimens of the latter speCies, T. 1876b Oleandridium vittatum Schimper: densinervis too, has 12-13 veins per cm. Feistmantel, p. 30. We have 'collected from Kakadbhit quite 1963 Taeniopteris vittata Brongniart: a few specimens whi.ch are even b~oade.r Sitholey, p. 71. than the original speCImen of T. densrnervls Diagnosis - Leaf simple, petiole 2·5-3 Feistmantel (l876a, pI. 2, fig. 6), but they cm long, base of petiole swollen, midrib all have similar type of venation. So we uniformly broad, 2-2·5 mm wide, near apex have now placed T. densinervis under slightly narrower, longitudinally striated. T. kutchensis. The specimens of T. vittata; Leaves exceeding? 20 cm in length, 1·5-4 cm and T. densinervis described by Maheshwan wide, strap-shaped. Lamina occasionally and Singh (1976, pI. 1, fig. 5; pI. 2, figs 9, inequilatera1 towards base, substance thin, 12) from Pariwar Formation differ from T. margin entire or at places torn to give kutchensis in having 20-24 veins per cm. a false idea of incomplete segmentation; Also the specimens from Pari war Formation apex obtuse. Secondary veins arising at seem to have a thicker lamina. 80°-90°, near apex at 55°-65°, majority Comparison - Taeniopteris kutchensis re• simple, when forked at various levels, rarely sembles most T.jluctuans Etheridge, descri bed veins forking just after emergence and out by Chapman and Cookson (1926), in of these the ones closer to margin may fork venation pattern. The lamina of T. again. Veins after emergence slightly curving jluctuans is crumpled. In T. elongata Wal• upwards and then running parallel; reaching up to margin, 10-13 per cm, rarely 14 per cm. kom (1918) the lateral veins bifurcate m?re frequently, also its lamina. has much ~apenng Holotype - No. 4777 of the Geological base. T. vittata Brongmart, descnbed by Survey of India, Calcutta. MatSUi) and Omura (1968) has almost the Locality-Kakadbhit and Dhawrha Mota, Kachchh. same size range as T. kutchensis, but the for• mer differs in having more frequently forked Remarks - The status of Taeniopteris lateral veins. In gross features T. eurychoron vittata Brongniart (1832) and Nilssoniopteris Schenk, described by Kryshtofovich and vittata (Brongniart) Florin has been dis• Prynada (l933a), resembles the pr~s~nt ~pe• cussed by Harris (1969) and Maheshwari cies however the former can be dIstIngUish• and Singh (1976). We think the name ed by its fine: and more closely set veins. vittata should only be used fOf leaves which are believed genuinely identical with the Taeniopteris haburensis n. sp. Yorkshire ones. N. vittata has quite a thick cuticle, the specimens from Kuchchh clearly differ in this aspect. They seem to have a Text-fig. 1G, H thin lamina. N. vittata has minute marginal 1976 Taeniopteris vittata Brongniart: teeth pointing downwards which are absent Maheshwari & Singh, p. 119, pI. 2, in T. kutchensis. Also margin in the former figs 9, 12. 228 -~~\~.THE PALAEOBOTANIST /~j~y~: B o TEXT-FlG. 6 - A, B, ?Morrisia rajmahalensis (Feistmantel) comb. novo from Murrero, G.S.I. nos. 4543, 4373 and 4510, x 1. C, Morrisia rajmahalensis (Feistmantel) comb. novo from Onthea; holotype, G.S.I. no. 4510, x 1. D, Plerophyl/um kingianllm Feistmantel from Gollapalle, G.S.I. no. 4571, x 1. 1976 Taeniopteris densinervis Feistmantel: em); margin entire; apex obtuse; lamina Maheshwari & Singh, p. 119, pI. gradually tapering towards base. Lateral 1, fig. 5; text-fig. 4. veins arising at angles of 75°-90°, slightly 1980 Taeniopteris vittata Brongniart: Bose curving upwards and then running parallel et al., (in Press). up to margin, m1.jority simple, sometimes Diagnosis - Leaves simple; petiolate, base forking at different levels, veins 20-26 per em. of petiole swollen, about 2·5 cm long, 3 Holotype - No. 13/2011 of the Birbal mm wide; midrib 1-3 mm wide, gradually Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow. narrowing towards apex, finely striated. Occurrence - About 1 km east of Habur, Leaf as a whole linear-lanceolate, substance district Jaisalmer, Raja$than. of lamina thick, maximum available length Comparison - Taeniopteris haburensis ean 22·4 cm, breadth 1'3 em (mostly 2-4-2'6 readily be distinguished from T. kutchensis °1 X'Z1£SZ ·ou .d TS8. 'UllQllPUl 8 WOlj W1HjPIO s/sua/IJl/IJ. wlIJ.!. Sal!pv:J,{:J - L ·Dl,j·~lIJ. .....o N .,V> 0/) a..'" BOSE & BANERJI - CYCADOPHYTIC LEA YES 231 by its finer veins (20-26 per cm) and thicker Comparison - In overall shape Taeniop• lamina. Nilssoniopteris vittata (Brongniart), teris oldhamii resembles most T. emarginata described by Harris (L969), has minute Oishi described by Kimura and Sekido marginal teeth, whereas, T. haburensis has (1966) and Matsuo and Omura (1968), how• entire margin. Like the present species, ever, the secondary veins in the latter species T. eurychoron Schenk of Kryshtofovich are more closely set and they do not and Prynada (1933a), too, has finer and bifurcate as frequently as in the former more closely set veins. In T. eurychoron, species. T. hildesiensis Salfeld (1909) has at places, lamina is crumpled and its exact somewhat similar shape as T. oldhamii but number of veins per cm is not known. In the former has much finer veins. The secon• external form T. uwatokoi Oishi (L935) dary veins in Taeniopteris sp., described looks like some of the specimens of by Herbst (1964), are more frequently di vided, T. haburensis, but the form~r has more but their setting is somewhat like T. closely set lateral veins. oldhamii. Nilssonia john<;trupi Heer, des• cribed by Yokoyama (1894, pI. 25, fig. 1), Taeniopteris oldhamii n. sp. resembles in external features T. oldhamii, but it has finer veins. PI. 1, fig. 4; PI. 2, figs 14, 15; Text-fig. 3A-C Taeniopteris buskoghatensis n. sp. 1863 Taeniopteris ovalis Lind. & Hutton: Oldham & Morris, p. 43, pI. 3, figs PI. 1, fig. 5; Text-fig. 3D 3-6. 1869 Macrotaeniopteris ovata (Oldh.): 1877a Macrotaeniopteris crassinervis Feist• Schimper, p. 613. mantel, p. 50, pI. 38, figs 1-3. 1876b Taeniopteris ovata Schimper: Feist• 1963 Macrotaeniopteris crassinervis: Sitho• mantel, p. 36. ley, p. 70. 1877a Macrotaeniopteris ovata Schimper, 1972 Macrotaeniopteris misrai Agarwal, p. o. & M.: F eistmantel, p. 51, pI. 69, pI. 1, figs 1, 2. 37, figs 1, lA, B. Diagnosis - Leaf simple, shape as a 1963 Macrotaeniopteris ovata Schimp. : whole unknown (?obovate), 6·2-15·8 cm Sitholey, p. 70, pI. 7, fig. 43. long, 2·4-6·2 cm broad. Substance of Diagnosis - Leaf petiolate; petiole 1·1 lamina thick, margin slightly wavy or at cm long; rachis about 1 mm wide, rachis places with small dentations. Midvein near near distal end bifurcating. Lamina oval, base 0·3-0·8 cm broad, gradually narrowing substance of lamina (?) thick; 2·8-10 cm towards apex (less than 1 mm), slightly long, 2·3-6·6 cm broad; margin serrate, grooved. Secondary veins arising at an serration straight; apex obtuse; b3.se asym• angle of 75°-85°, simple or forked, majority metrical. Veins thick and prominent, simple, forking at all levels, occasionally arising mostly at an angle of 60°-65°, simple forking slightly away from midrib, rarely or once forked, forking just after emer• just after emergence. Sometimes two ad• gence or at different levels, parallel, rarely jacent veins after emergence uniting and slightly wavy, about 7-12 per cm (mostly then running up to margin as a single vein, 7-9). rarely the united veins after sometimes Holotype - No. 4358 of the Geological may again bifurcate. Very rarely a vein Survey of India, Calcutta. after emergence may bifurcate and unite Occurrence - Bindaban, Rajmahal Hills, again to form a loop, about 7-8 per Bihar. cm. Remarks - Otopteris ovalis Lindley & Holotype - No. 4508 of the Geological Hutton (i837, pI. 21OA) has been merged Survey of India, Calcutta. with Nilssoniopteris major (L. & H.) Florin Occurrence - Busko Ghat (type locality), (see Harris, 1946, 1969). N. major differs Murrero, Bindaban, Balbhadri Hill and from Taeniopteris oldhamii in having much Chunakhal in the Rajmahal Hills, Bihar. smaller marginal teeth and having finer Remarks - All the specimens, so far lateral veins. collected, are incomplete both at base and The specific name is after late Mr Thomas apex. The lectotype (PI. 1, fig. 5) and the Oldham. specimen figured by Agarwal (1972, pI. 1, THE PALAEOBOTANIST 232 F G E o B c ...... •.•...... ...... •. BOSE & BANERJI - CYCADOPHYTIC LEAVES 233 fig. n perhaps belong to basal parts ofleaves, whereas, the one figured in Text-fig. 3D is likely to be the apical part of a frond. The specific name is after the type locality, viz., Busko Ghat. The name crassinervis has already been used by Stanislavasky (1971, pI. 22, figs 4-6) for some specimens of Taeniopteris from the Upper Triassic of Donets basin, U.S.S.R. Comparison - Taeniopteris buskoghaten• sis differs from T. oldhamii in being obovate B in shape and in having less forking secon• dary veins. In the former species two adjacent veins after emergence, sometimes unite and then run as a single vein. Such A veins are not found in T. oldhamii. Also margin in T. oldhamii is serrate. The venation of T. crassinervis, described by Du Toit (1927), is closest to the venation of T. buskoghatensis. In both, at places, two adjacent veins rejoin before reaching margin. The former differs in being irre• gular in shape and also in having more forked veins. The specimens of T. crassi• nervis Stanislavsky (1971) are narrower than T. buskoghatensis and its veins are more closely set than in the latter species. T. crassinervis, described by Arber (1917), from New Zealand has a stout midrib measuring up to 1 em in width and it has simple or once forked veins. It differs from T. buskoghatensis in having more closely set veins and unlike the latter species its secondary veins do not unite with each other. In the sparse nature of secondary veins T. buskoghatensis resembles T. (?Danaeopsis) crassinervis described by Walkom (1924) from Bellevue, Queensland. In the latter species the veins are mostly TEXT-FIG.9 - A, Taeniopteris kutchensis n. sp. simple and they show transverse strands. from Kakadbhit, B.S.I.P. no. 1/2000A,X 1.5. B, Tae• T. crassinervis, figured by Flint and Gould niopteris spatulata McClelland from Kakadbhit, (1975), too, has mostly simple veins and B.S.I.P. no. 2/2000A, X 2. C, D, Anomozamites haburensis n. sp. from Habur, B.S.I.P. nos. 126/2095 the veins do not unite. In shape T. le• and 112/2095; C, xl; D, X 2. clerei Zeiller, described by Chuan, Yao and TEXT-FIG.8 - A-C, Anomozamites jiSSIIS Feistmantel from ~indaban (8A, B) and Burio (8C), B.S.I.P. nos. 35367, 32/847 and G.S.I. no. 4467; A, B, xl; C, X 2.5. D-F, Anomozamites ammjolense Sharma et al. from Amarjola, B.S.I.P. nos. 2154, 2713 and 3175,X 1. G, Anomozamites crenata (McClelland) comb. novo from Murrero, holotype, G.S.I. no. 4366,X 1. H, Anomozamites hasnapllrensis n. sp. from near Hasnapur; holotype, B.S.I.P. no. 29/1442, X 1. I, A. hasnapllrensis from near Hasnapur; B.S.I.P. no. 29/ 1442,x 4. J, Pterophyllum princeps Oldham & Morris from Bindabani B.S.I.P. no. 31150/422,x 1. 234 THE PALAEOBOTAN1ST TEXT-FIG. 10- A-C, Pterophyllum distans Morris; A, from Bindaban, G.S.L no. 4380; B, from near Ghutiari, G.S.L no. 4382 (holotype); C, from Kakadbhit, B.S.I.P. no. 105/1212; all, x 1. Ching (1976), resembles the narrower spe• 1877a Angiopteridium meclellandi Schimper: cimens of T. buskoghatensis, but the former Feistmantel, p. 44 (partim). differs in having more closely set secon• 1933 Taeniopteris meclellandi Oldham dary veins. & Morris sp.: Sahni & Rao, p. 197. 1958 Morrisia meclellandi (Oldham & Morris) Bose, p. 21, pI. 1, fig. 1; Morrisia meclellandi (Oldham & Morris) pI. 2, figs 2-4; pI. 3, figs 5-7. Bose 1963 Morrisia meclellandi: Sitholey, p. 21, pI. 3, fig. 18. PI. 2, fig. 16; Text-fig. 4 1979 Morrisia meclella;;di (0. & M.): Bose, p. 55, figs [-3. 1863 Stangerites meclellandi Oldham & Morris, p. 33, pI. 23, figs 1-3. Detaehed pinna doubtfully referred to 1869 Angiopteridium meclellandi (Morris) M orrisia meclellandi Schimper, p. 605. 1876b Taeniopteris (Angiopteridium) meclel• 1863 Stangerites (Taeniopteris) spatulata landi Oldham & Morris: Feist• McClelland: Oldham & Morris, p. mantel, p. 36. 34, pI. 6, fig. 7. BOSE & BANERJI - CYCADOPHYTIC LEAVES 237 B TEXT-FIG. 12 - A, B, Pteropltyllul1l kingianul1l Feistmante! from Gollapalle, G .S.I. nos. 4568 and 4572,x 1. 1877a Angiopteridium meclellandi, Schimper: tel, p. 17, pI. 1, figs 14-16; pI. 2, Feistmantel, p. 44 (partim), pI. 46, fig. 4. fig. 5. 1953 ?Taeniopteris meclellandi Oldham & 1879 Angiopteridium meclellandi Oldham Morris: Gopal, Jacob & Jacob, & Morris sp., Schimper: Feistman- p. 487, fi~. 7. 238 THE PALAEOBOTANIST Diagnosis (from Bose, 1958 with minor broad; margin serrate. Apex subacute; changes) - Pinnate leaf of unknown size base obtuse or rounded. Petiole incon• (length perhaps exceeding 40 cm), width spicuous; midrib prominent, 1·5-2 cm wide, 15-20 cm near middle region. Main rachis gradually tapering towards apex. Secon• 0'3-1 cm wide, showing prominent longi• dary veins distinct, arising from midrib at tudinal ridges and fine striations in between. an angle of 35°-45°, after emergence slightly Pinnae alternate, attached at an angle of arching and then running parallel; simple 50°-60° (rarely up to 85°) to rachis, or forked, mostly dichotomising after emer• mostly distantly placed, sometimes touching geRCe, rarely slightly away from midrib each other. Pinnae linear-elliptical, about or near margin, majority dichotomising 6-14 cm long, 1-2'2 cm broad, substance of once, very rarely more than once, about lamina thick, margin entire, apex obtuse; 12-14 veins per cm near middle region. base more or less obtuse. Pinnae attached Holotype - No. 17472 of the Geological to main rachis by a petiole; petiole about Survey of India, Calcutta. 3 mm long, 1-2 mm broad; midrib 0·5-1 Occurrence - Mandro, Rajmahal Hills. mm wide, uniformly broad (near apex Comparison - M orrisia dentata differs slightly narrower). Secondary veins numer• from M. mcclellandi in having pinnae with ous, 18-30 per cm (mostly 28-30), after dentate margin. Also its secondary veins emergence curving upwards and then run• arise at narrow angles. Taeniopteris steno• ning parallel, arising from midrib at an phylla Kryshtofovich, described by Menen• angle of 85°_90°, majority simple, forking dez (1951), has venation like M. dentata. at different levels, when forking mostly The leaves of T. stenophylla are narrower slightly away from midrib. and their margin do not show such pro• Holotype - No. 4438 of the Geological minent dentations as present in M. dentata. Survey of India, Calcutta. Taeniopteris (?) sp. described by Toyama Occurrence: and Oishi (1935) has somewhat similar East Coast - ?Raghavapuram, ?Vemava• type of nervation as that of the pinnae ram (Nellore), ?Sriperumbudur and ?Siva• of M. dentata, but the former is much ganga. br0 :.. d, . '../~v·· , I :- :1"'~, ,I~II ,'~ I '~:!I\--.I~ A c TEXT-FIG. 13 - A-C, Pterophyllum footeanum Feistmantel from Vemavaram, G.S.I. nos. 4655, 4658 (holotype) and 4661, x 1. 1877a Angiopteridium ensis (Oldh.) Schim• 1970 Taeniopteris ensis (Oldham): Gururaja per: Feistmantel, p. 45. & Pant, p. 387. 1877b Angiopteridium compo ensis, Oldham: Diagnosis - Pinnate leaf, main rachis Feistmantel, p. 11, pI. 1, figs 6a, 7a. about 3 mm wide. Pinnae attached to 1934 Taeniopteris ensis Oldham sp.: Sahni rachis by entire base, arising at an angle & Rao, p. 262, pI. 35, figs 3, 4. of 65°. Pinna shape as a whole unknown, 1967 Sagenopteris: Roy, p. 60. about 10 em long, 1·5-4'2 em broad; 240 THE PALAEOBOTANIST B TEXT-FIG. 14- A, Pterophyllum distans Morris from Kakadbhit, B.S.I.P. no. 35118, X 1. B. Ptero• phyllum jooteanum Feistmante! from Vemavaram, G.S.I. no. 4657, X 1.5. margin entire; both acroscopic and basis• which bears the label- McClelland collection copic margins truncate; apex acute or bluntly (PI. 4, figs 23, 24). This specimen do not acute. Midrib of pinna 1-2 mm wide, really match with the specimen figured by gradually tapering towards apex; secondary McClelland (1850). The specimen has also veins making an angle of 40°-45°, mostly been figured by Oldham and Morris (1863, forking once, rarely twice, forking at differ• pI. 6, fig. 8). ent levels, majority forking sli!;:J.tlyaway Comparison - The venation of Morrisia from midrib, all veins reaching up to margin, rajmahalensis is more like M. dentata. In about 14-16 veins per em. M. rajmahalensis the pinnae are narrower Holotype - No. 4510 of the Geological and their margin is not dentate. In Taeni• Survey of India, Calcutta. opteris minensis Oishi, described by Okafuji Occurrence : (1971), the secondary veins arise at a East Coast - Golapili. narrow angle like M. rajmahalensis. The Rajmahal Hills - ?Bindaban, Khairbani, former is much longer and narrower than Onthea (type locality), ?Burio, ?Murcha the pinnae of M. rajmahalensis. T. steno• pass and ?Sitalpur. phylla Kryshtofovich (1910) has secondary Remarks - Pinnate nature of the frond veins which make narrow angles with the is visible in the specimen shown in PI. 4, rachis, but here the veins mostly divide fig. 21. All the remaini!lg spe~imens are more than once. T. ensis described by detached (?) pinnae. TheIr venatIOn pattern Kryshtofovich and Prynada (1933b, pI. 3, is same as is found in the holotype. The figs 5, 7) resembles M. rajmahalensis in whereabouts of the McClelland's specimen venation pattern. Chang (1930) had figured (I 850, pI. 16, fig. 2) of Taeniop~erisacuminata a few specimens as T. mcclellandi (?) is not known. However, III the G.S.I. Oldham & Morris; these specimens look collection there i~ a specimen (no. 4373) more like the pinnae of M. rajmahalensi$, BOSE & BANERJI- CYCADOPHYTIC LEAVES 241 Most of them are only slightly narrower 1863 Cycadites conferta Morris: in than the pinnae of M. rajmahalensis. Oldham & Morris, p. 15, pI. 7, fig. 4; pI. 8, fig. 2. Cycadites rajmahalensis Oldham 1863 Cycadites blanfordianus Oldham: in Oldham & Morris, p. 16, pI. 9, PI. 11, fig. 44; PI. 13, figs 48, 49; Text-fig. 7 fig. 2. 1876b ?Cycadites rajmahalensis Oldham: 1863 Cycadites rajmahalensis Oldham: in Feistmantel, p. 37. Oldham & Morris, p. 15, pI. 7, figs 1876b?Cycadites confertus Morris: Feist• 1, 2; pI. 8, fig. 1. mantel, p. 37. TEXT-FIG. 15 - Pterophyllllm medlicottianllm Oldham & Morris from Imjhiri, B.S.I.P. no. 55/1440, x 0,7~f 242 THE PALAEOBOTANIST .- --- , B S.J.P. 00. 35116;TEXT-FIG.~• -•B, from16Bindaban,- A-"D- -PleropG. S- ..I hy/lil/IIno. 4526'me~, !liealliGnuman d C, D, fromOldh,mImjhiri,& B.Moc",;SIP. . . . nos.A, 'com14/1440,Ooth,45/14 40', ,II, x I. , .... -., .....,,- ...... ' . ""'~'------~.. ,.I~~/:---''' .•_•...-"..:.:::.::.:'., /3J~'.. "'" :·~t ....----...... :.:-- .' ." -.-'O. ".- ."~ . ·IID. . ..:; i :.: ~ r--:::-.----- ... I----.\··f --_: . ,: '" .._-_ , .. -----_...... -. ··...zz_--'-., I~: :-.....;' .....::..:.-.. "" I-e. -- ...... ----. .., t"===::::::==::::::~.~._,. .,"'--'" .-' ::~ "'-,,-::::::: " . i-----: ...... ' . ~ ~ . ----_ ": j------.•- ,,' . ~:a,.~:~.. •.::.~..---•••••-. .._" .--- ;.--= - -._ .. . t-__...... •....., t __...... -.::~~ ....::-J ". r--- ...._.•:::;".:::"---'" .:•••••••J' t~:::::~~::======t -"... -. I '-"'-"\ ~=:::==:::::..., r------===:::~ __...... - .. .. "'- ... .-..- ~ t======. . ---....,;. " '., ..~.:::::-:-...... / ~ '. ::- ,/ ~ .. ~":":.-.-. ~"". ::::::...... l·· '...... ':':.~ .~ 1""-'" •• -' ~ ~~:' : ~" .•..•..::...._----_- .. " - ;:- ..... ~ --...... ~ •...__ ...... ~. I .~ .... ------~...... -." ~ ..~ • - - - '..: ".::0. .-_.----".... -'... ~:,,:,,';:,:,.~::.:.: .. ~.... .J,~:=..:::=::::" ....." .. ..- , ,.,~ ••••••- '"I ....: ~...... -.:-,;...... - , .... ~ ··C:..·· ~./ :~. .' .,.•...._..-;.,:.- . '. :f{,} ...... '~:-,: ~ .. -.- --~ ...:;:..__1 .' '>f' '. { /i:',' ' .. .. -;-- ~I, " •• , ....(J:--:;:"...... ,...- -. --!:j~:.",. ••••• - .... -;!'It -...... •• III l,f:,.' ~ '''',~ /$.... ~.'...... /~~~...J : ...,-,,'--...... /I':~ " \,;,.... _.. BOSE & BANERJI - CYCADOPHYTIC LEA YES 245 1877a Cycadites confertus Morris: Feist• BENNETTIT ALES mantel, p. 72, pI. 48, fig. 1. 1877a Cycadites blanfordianus Oldham: Anomozamites erenata (McClelland) comb. Feistmantel, p. 72. novo 1877a Cycadites rajmahalensis Oldham: Feistmantel, p. 72. PI. 2, fig. 10; Text-fig. 8G 1917 Nilssonia rajmahalensis Seward, p. 571, fig. 621. 1850 Taeniopteris erenata McClelland, 1920 Nilssonia rajmahalensis Morris: p. 53, pI. 16, fig. 3. Seward & Sahni, p. 32, pI. 3, fig. Diagnosis - Leaf linear, segmented; 34; pI. 5, fig. 42. rachis about I mm wide, longitudinally 1963 Nilssonia rajmahalensis (Morris) striated. Segments attached to rachis Seward: Sitholey, p. 71, pI. 6, fig. 40. almost at right angles by entire base, 4-5 1968 Cycadites rajmahalensis Oldham: mm long, 4-5 mm broad, lateral margins Bose, p. 10, pI. 1, figs 1, 2. straight, on apical side margins rounded Diagnosis (slightly modified from Bose, at corners, acroscopic and basiscopic 1968) - Leaf simply pinnate, large (length margins slightly curved upwards and down• perhaps exceeding 50 cm, largest available wards, joining the bases of adjoining seg• specimen measuring 27 cm), 7-16 cm broad, ments. Veins arising at right angles to somewhat broadly elliptic, substance of rachis, rarely at an angle of about 85°, lamina thick. Rachis near base about parallel, majority simple, rarely forked, 1-1·5 cm wide, towards apex about 0·5 cm when forked mostly just after emergence, wide, surface smooth, sometimes towards about 8-10 veins per segment. base grooved. Pinnae laterally attached Holotype - No. 4366 of the Geological by entire base, arising at an angle of about Survey of India, Calcutta. 65° _80° (less near apex), contiguous, Occurrence - Near Murrero, Rajmahal margins of adjacent pinnae touching each Hills. other, but never overlapping. Pinnae Comparison - In gross features the seg• linear, 3·5-7 cm long (near extreme base ments of Anomozamites crenata resemble smaller), 2·5-4 mm broad, breadth nearly most the segments of A. marginatus (Unger) uniform throughout; base truncate; apex Nathorst (Krassilov, 1969 has referred this acute. Margin entire, slightly thickened. species to Pterophyllum) described by Harris Midrib prominent, 0·5 mm wide. (1932b). The midrib in A. marginatus is Lectotype - No. 4378 of the Geological transversely wrinkled and its secondary Survey of India, Calcutta. veins are scarcely visible. In A. crenata Occurrence - Bindaban (type locality) surface of midrib is striated and its segments and Onthea in the Rajmahal Hills. have mostly simple veins. Amongst the Comparison - Cycadites confertus (Oldham specimens of Pterophyllum marginatum & Morris) described by Patra and Pattnaik Unger, figured by Krassilov (1969), the (1974) is imperfectly preserved and its real specimen figured in PI. 15, fig. 5 is closest affinity is doubtful. C. blomqvisti Antevs to A. crenata. The rest of the specimens (1919) and Pseudocycas dubius Turutanova• figured by Krassilov (1969, pI. 15, figs 2-4) Ketova (1936) resemble most C. rajmaha• have narrower and more elongated segments. lensis (PI. 13, fig. 1) in gross features. The smaller leaves of A. nilssoni (Phillips) Externally, C. rectangularis Braun, described described by Harris (1969, text-fig. 37C) by Seward (1904), looks like the present agree with the present specimens, but in species, but the former is smaller in size the former the segments have mostly forked and its pinnae bases are joined with each veins. Nilssonia (Anomozamites?) fissa, other. The pinnae of Nilssonia rajmaha• described by Patra (1973, pI. 2, figs 10, 11) lensis (Oldham) Seward and Sahni, described has segments with forked veins. However, by Sixtel (1962), are narrower and they seem two of the segments are somewhat like the to be attached on the upper side of rachis ones seen in the present specimens. A. almost concealing it. Similarly, the pinnae crenata matches very well with A. gracilis of Pseudocycas thomasi Seward & Con• Nathorst (1878, pI. 2, figs 8, 10). One of way (1935) are also narrower than C. the specimens of A. gracilis Nathorst (re• raimahalensis. ferred by Harris, 1932b to A. marginatus) 246 THE PALAEOBOTANIST fet===. ~, ,-,~--•, •~ , -==~=:--..;=---- . '. ,: i, (Ii: I~.r- : ,r : (I ,, ,i , ,,: , " : ;~ :;., " =, , , ,~ ~,',i I;l~ I ~\ i~:! ,'- , ::::.---\ ,... _- - ,, ... c~ ... _-- I, , " I" I I >----/ ) , ,-' B " c A TEXT-FIG, 18 - A-C, Pterophyllum rajmahalense Morris from Bindaban, B,S.I.P. nos. 28301/303, 28301/ 303 and G.S.L no. 4361, X 1. D, two pinnae enlarged to show venation, B.S.I.P. no. 28301/303, X 2, described by Antevs (1919, pI. 4, fig. 29) 1879 Anomozamites fissus Feistmantel, p. is like A. crenata. The former differs in 18 (partim), pI. 7, figs 11-13. having slightly larger segments and in having 1879 Anomozamites lindleyanus Schimper: bifurcated secondary veins. Both A. ex Feistmantel, p. 18, pI. 16, figs 3, 3a. gr. minor Nathorst described by Stanis• 1971 Anomozamites amarjolense Sharma et lavsky (1971) and A. minor (Brongn.) al., p. 32, pI. 1, fig. 5; text-figs 10, 11. Nathorst described by Kon'no and Asama Emended Diagnosis - Leaf as a whole (1973) have slightly longer segments. ovate, 3·5-6 em long, 0'8-1 em broad, segmented. Petiole 4-6 mm long; rachis Anomozamites amarjolense Sharma, Surana prominent, about 1-1·5 mm wide, near apex & Singh extremely thin. Segments sub-opposite, mostly incised up to midrib, near base and PI. 2, figs 11, 17; Text-fig. 8D-F apex a few may be partially fused showing only small indentations. Segments measur• 1863 Pterophyllum?: Morris in Oldham & ing 4-5 mm in length and 3-5 mm in width, Morris, p. 25 (pal·tim), pI. 12, figs lateral margins entire, distal margin with 1-4. rounded corners, occasionally distal margin 'ljj3U:l1 P:ljllWljS:l JO 5"0 X 'O:J "Jl!:lll! JO UOIIl!JOIS:l~ 'SIJJOW iJSUiJ/VI/OW(O.J wnlliCl/do.JiJld - 6l 'D1:1-.LX3.L ...... Of X' 89£~£ __ 'ou 'dTS.ij 'ueqepulij wo~ we ,.," " ....--- 4PIO IWI/II)ISII./V.. '" "'"I,""d.",.-' " .°'''"''1 .~----" ...... _------ / ,, I I I .I ,I ,, .. ' ---~ , \ , ;', , , \ \, , , / ..... , ... -- ... ,-,' -----~~ = --"",-- -_.:~:.._--- ", ... _-----' , \ ":... _,.. _-_ .... - ..===~=- , I I I .- ,, \ l l, - -... -' ...Vl 0/) c..'" BOSE & BANERJI - CYCADOPHYTIC LEAVES 251 slightly notched near middle, rarely wavy 1969 At omozamites fissa Feistmantel: Shar• at places; acroscopic and basiscopic margins ma, p. 117, pI. I, fig. 2; text-fig. 2. straight or sometimes slightly curved up• 1970 Nilssonia fissa (Feistmantel): Guru• wards and downwards. Veins arising at raja & Pant, p. 387. right angles, simple or forked, mostly just Emended Diagnosis - Leaf linear-Ian• after emergence forking once, rarely closer ceolate, imparipinnate, 5-12·5 em long, to margin one of the arms may fork again. 1'2-3 cm broad. Rachis 1-1·5 mm broad, Holotype - No. BSAI/Raj. A-B.D. showing fine striations in longitudinal direc• Sharma collection, University of Jodhpur. tion. Lamina divided into segments of Occurrence - Balbhadri Hi II(type locality), varied shape, at places lamina may not be Burio and Amarjola in the Rajmahal Hills. dissected up to midrib, majority almost Remarks - The leaves from Amarjola twice as long as broad, typically 0·7-1·3 are partially petrified. Under strong re• em long, 0·25-0·4 cm broad, smaller near flected light, the upper surface shows elon• base and apex; lateral margins entire; distal gated cells along the veins and irregularly margin deeply notched, apical segment packed polygonal cells between veins. On trident, the pair of segments lying just below the lower surface, at places, stomata are the apical segment mayor may not be visible between veins, but their details are notched, basal segments, too, may not be not clear. The ordinary epidermal cells notched. Bases of segments mostly joined on the lower surface, too, are polygonal. with each other. Veins simple or forked, Comparison - Anomozamites amarjolense majority forking little away from midrib. differs from A. crenata in having segments Holotype - No. 4512 of the Geological of variable size and shape, also the secondary Survey of India, Calcutta. veins in the former species are occasionally Occurrence - Burio (type locality), Basgo forked. In external form Nilssonia cf. Bedo, Bindaban, Onthea and Amarjola in schaumburgensis (Dunker), figured by the Rajmahal Hills. Glaessner and Rao (1955, pI. 12, fig. 8), Comparison - The segments in Anomo• agrees most A. amarjolense. However, the zamites fissus are mostly twice as long as secondary veins in the former species have broad. So in this aspect it differs from been shown to be simple. Some of the both A. crenata (McClelland) and A. amar• segments of N. schaumburgensis (?) Du nker jolense Sharma et al. Moreover, in A. jissus described by Walkom (1919) are like the the majority of veins are dichotomising. segments of A. amarjolense. Anomozamites sp. (?) described by Delle (1967, pI. 15, fig. 10) seems to have some• what similar type of venation pattern as is Anomozamites fissus Feistmantel seen in the present species, but its segments PI. 2, figs 12, 13; Text-fig. 8A-C are not notched like A. fissus. The speci• mens of Nilssonia lobatidentata Vassilevs• 1863 Pterophyllum?: Morris in Oldham & kaja, described by Kimura and Sekido Morris, p. 25 (partim), pI. 12, fig. 5. (1976a, b), have similar type of segments 1877a Pterophyllum fissum Feistmantel, as A. jissus. The former species, however, p. 61, pI. 39, figs 2-4. differs in having segments attached over 1879 Anomozamites fissus Feistmantel, rachis and they have only simple veins. p. 18 (partim). On the whole A.fissus looks rather different from most species of Anomozamites. When 1886 Anomozamites fissus (Oldham & Morris) Feistmantel, p. 36. its cuticle will be known it may prove to be a new genus. 1920 Nilssonia fissa (Feistmantel): Seward & Sahni, p. 32, pI. 4, fig. 39. 1933 Nilssonia (?Anomozamites) fissa Feist• Anomozamites hasnapurensis n. sp. mantel): Sahni & Rao, p. 198, pI. 15, figs 27-29. PI. 14, fig. 57; Text-fig. 8R, I 1946 Nilssonia (?Anomozamites) fissa 1979 Pterophyl/um sp.: Bose & Zeba Bano, (Feistmantel): Ganju, p. 70. p. 5, pI. I, fig. 4; text-fig. 3A-D. 1963 Nilssonia (?Anomozamites) fissa: Diagnosis - Leaf linear lanceolate, largest Sitholey, p. 19, pI. 7, fig. 45, available leaf 12 cm long and 2 em broad; 252 THE PALAEOBOTANIST rachis 2 mm wide. Segments alternate, notched, bases of adjacent segments mostly sub-opposite or opposite, attached to rachis joined together. Veins 6-8 per segment, almost at right angles by entire base, size arising at an angle of 80°-85°, parallel, and shape of segments variable, mostly simple or forked, mostly forking once, more or less squarish, rarely somewhat forking at different levels. cuneate, 8-9 mm long and 7-8 mm broad; Holotype - No. 29/1442 of the Birbal lateral margins straight, sometimes lower Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow. lateral margin curving upwards, distal Occurrence - Near Hasnapur, district margin mostly entire, rarely slightly Narsinghpur, Madhya Pradesh. ------.•. - ',..--, .. ---.. -•--- .I ._~ , .' A B TEXT-FIG. 21 - A-B, Pterophyllum morrisiqnum Oldham from Bindaban and Sakrigalighat, a.s.!. no. 4404 and B.S.I.P. no. 7/848, x 1. BOSE & BANERJI - CYCADOPHYTIC LEAVES 253 Comparison - The specimens of Anomo• mostly simple veins. Also the segments zamites hasnapurensis, in general shape and in the latter species are more squaI'ish. The size of segments, may be compared with segments of A. inconstans Schimper des• A. minor Brongniart described by Nathorst cribed by Saporta (1875, pI. 9, fig. 3) and (1878). In A. hasnapurensis the secondary Pterophyllum (Anomozamites) inconstans veins are mostly forked, whereas, in A. described by Du Toit (1927, pI. 25, fig. 1), minor they are simple. A. hasnapurensis are more longer than broad and they are also resembles the narrower leaves of A. more distantly placed than the present minor described by Harris (1932b, pI. 2, species. Besides, in the former two species fig. 6) and Antevs (1919, pI. 4, figs 8, 17). A. veins are mostly forked. The segments nitida Harris (1932b, text-fig. lIF) has once of Anomozamifes sp. described by Kimura forked veins but its segments are narrower (1959) are like some of the leaves from and longer than A. hasnapurensis. Some Habur. The veins in the former species of the leaves of A. thomasi Harris (1969, are obscure. The smaller leaves of A. text-fig. 39A-F) are like A. hasnapurensis, nilssoni (Phillips) described by Harris (1969) but in the former the number of veins per are like Anomozamites haburensis. However, segment and their frequency of branching is the former differs in having forked veins. more. Pterophyllum distans Morris Anomozamites habure,nsis n. sp. PI. 5, fig. 25; PI. 10, figs 40, 43; PI. 14, fig. 55; PI. 4, fig. 19; PI. 5, fig. 27; Text-figs lOA-C, 14A Text-fig. 9C, D 1863 Pterophyllum (Ctenis) distans Morris: 1976 Pterophyllum sp.: Maheshwari & Singh, in Oldham & Morris, p. 18, pI. 9, p. 120, pI. 1, figs 3, 4; text-fig. 3. fig. 3. Diagnosis - Leaf linear, segmented, esti• 1863 Pterophyllum hislopianum Oldham: in mated length of larger leaves 20-25 cm Oldham & Morris, p. 19, pI. 9, fig. 1. (largest available measuring 11 cm in length 1870-72 Pterophyllum distans Mo rr is: and 1·6 cm in breadth). Rachis 2-4 mm Schimper, p. 136. wide, gradually tapering towards apex, 1870-72 Pferophyllum hislopianum Oldham: some with longitudinally running ridges on either sides. Segments attached to Schimper, p. 136. upper edges of rachis by their entire bases 1877a Pterophyllum distans Morris: Feist• at angles of 65°_75°, alternate, distant or mantel, p. 56. touching each other, of varied shape and 1877a Pterophyllum hislopianum Oldham: size, shape as a whole rectangular, squarish Feistmantel, p. 57. or somewhat cuneate, typically 5-7 mm 1933 Pterophyllum sp. IX: Sahni & Rao, long and 4-7 mm broad (range noted 0·4-1'2 p. 194, pI. 13, fig. 17. cm long and 0·4-1'2 cm broad) upper lateral 1933 Pterophyllum sp. ~: Sahni & Rao, margin straight, lower lateral margin straight p. 194, pI. 13, fig. 18. up to about 2/3 length and then curving upwards to meet the distal margin, distal 1969 Nilssonia distanse (Morris) Sharma, margin entire or occasionally notched, bases p. 115 (partim). of segments mostly joined with each other. 1974 Pterophyllum distans Morris: Bose, Veins arising at an angle of 65°-75°, reach• p. 190. ing up to distal maI'gin, majority simple, 1979 Pterophyllum sp. cf. P. distans Morris: rarely forked, when forked mostly away Bose & Zeba-Bano, p. 4, pI. 2, fig. from rachis, parallel, about 10-19 per cm 6; text-fig. 3E. (majority 10-12). Emended Diagnosis - Leaf large, total Holotype - No. 107/2095 of the Birbal length and shape as a whole unknown, Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow. width up to 12 cm in middle region, prob• Occurrence - About 1 km east of Habur, ably narrowing towards base and apex. District Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. Rachis 4-5 mm wide near middle region, Comparison - Anomozamites haburensis nearer base 0·7 mm, gradually tapering differs from A. hasnapurensis in having towards apex, marked with fine longitudinal 254 THE PALAEOBOTANIST B c TEXT-FIG. 22 - A, B, PterophyfluJ7l gtlptai n. sp. from Sakrigalighat, B.S.J.P. no. 35114 and holotype, Gupta collection no. KI54/Raj. Sak., x 1. C, a pinna showing venation, 8.S.J.P. no. 35115, x 2. striations. Pinnae laterally attached, Kachchh - Kakadbhit. opposite or sub-opposite, arising at an Remarks - All the pinnae in the lecto• angle of about 80°-90° near middle, but type are incomplete and they are about less near apex. Pinnae not crowded, sepa• 3 mm wide. The veins are mostly 4-5 in rated by a distance of about one-fourth number and are simple. In the specimen to about their own width. Pinnae linear, described by Oldham (in Oldham & Morris, 4-6'5 em long, 2·5-5 mm wide near middle, 1863, pI. 9, fig. 1) as Pterophyllum hislopia• diminishing gradually towards apex; apex num the veins are indistinct and seem to be acute or sub-acute; base slightly expanded, about 6 in number. Pterophyllum sp. 11. bases of adjoining pinnae mostly joining described by Sahni and Rao (1933), too, each other. Veins simple, 4-6 per segment, is incomplete but its pinnae are like the very rarely 8 or 9, parallel. lectotype. Some of the pinnae in Sahni Lectotype - No. 4382 of the Geological and R'lo's specimen are up to 5 mm wide. Survey of India, Calcutta. The other specimen described by Sahni Occurrence: and Rao (1933) as Pterophyllum sp. ~ is Rajmahal Hills - Ghutiari (type locality), rather imperfectly preserved. The pinnae Bindaban, Butaha Pahar and Tetria B:l~ti. in this specimen are slightly more closely Godavari & Satpura basins - Ja1:lm:w, placed, occasionally even touching each district Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh. other. Veins are 4-5 in number. "0 0> (lQ ~ N v. ,/ v. Ro N " ( v. / --.- 0. , \.. ,,• ,I I ,I I I ,I /// , .I / I ,, , ., i~------' ., :'--_/''"'-'~'"--:' I / I / "" , I / I I'I I' ,/ .. I'''' , ,I' / I I I I I , I I 1/ /,/ /' \I , II :j/ ( ,, I j ! )I ,.J ... ------.... , \, I," f,".' ,-' ,I I ,, I I I '----- It:/ I ______J ~ / -./I , I \ , ,/: \ ' , I '\. , I" ------/ TEXT-FIG. 23 _ Plerophyllum princeps Oldham & Morris from Bindaban, showing apical portion of a leaf and a few segments lying below, B.S.l.P. no. 31125/422, x 1. ... c ,-, - "tl \ \ -- " pO , ...... ~ \ ,- ,I V>'" , ------'\ N. , VI' -..J ,..... _... ", .. ,, Ro N , l/\ , 00 \,, " ,, l -'- , . ; ,,------.... , ...... ' ...... ------...., , ------... ----,;------... , -- ,,'" -::--:-::~\ "",-'" .-- ,, f " \ , ,- , I , . " \ ,I \ , I ,, I \ I , ... - ...... " , , I \ \,, ,,,,' , , ( I , , , I , I ,f ,', ./ f I I f I I . , ... ----", \ \ ,-, .,, .I , ,--' , \ , t' ...... , / "'- ",,'~ / ,,' ,.- I "\ , \ \ \ \ \ \, I 1 I ~,------_.~ ...... -..... , -- ---. I ,.. ,\ I ------} ( --_ .... -- __ ,r--_ ",,;:,..:"".::: ::::~- , .-, , ,, - ... _'" , -~-- ..- , , ------, f I I I I I I I I I I I I ",... ".- ...... " I , " ...- .... J , , / " ,, ,, , ,( , I I "" , , , ...... ,, ,, " -- ", " ' ...... _!..",,,. TEXT-FIG. 24 - Pferophrl!um princeps Oldham & Morris from Bindaban, showing apical portion of a frond (the specimen was origmally described as Taeniopferis lata Oldham & Morris, 1863), G.S.I. no. 4350, x 1. BOSE & BANERJI - CY CADOPHYTIC LEA YES 259 The best preserved specimens of P. distans Pterophyllum kingianum Feistmantel have been collected from Kakadbhit, PI. 14, figs 51, 52; Text-figs 60, 11, 12A, B Kachchh. The pinnae have mostly 5-6 veins. In very rare cases veins may be 1877b Pterophyllum morrlSlanum Oldh.: up to 8 or 9 in number. The pinnae Feistmantel, p. 13, pI. 3, fig. 2; pI. 4, are fairly uniform in width, rarely in the fig. 2; pI. 6, fig. 2. . . same frond a few may be slightly wider 1877b Pterophyllum distans Morns: Felst• or narrower. In general habit they mantel, p. 14, pI. 5, fig. I; pI. 6, fig. l. are indistinguishable from the Rajmahal 1877b Pterophyllum carterianum Oldham: specimens. Feistmantel, p. 14; pI. 3, fig. 3; pI. Recently, an incomplete specimen has 5, fig. 2. been described as Pterophyllum sp. cf. P. 1877b Pterophyllum kingianum Feistm'lntel, distans Morris by Bose and Zeba-Bano p. 15, pI. 3, fig. I; pI. 4, fig. l. (1979) from Jatamao, district Hoshanga• 1974 Pterophyllum kingianum Feistm'lntel: bad, Madhya Pradesh. The specimen Bose, p. 190. seems to be an apical part of a frond Emended Diagnosis - Frond as a whole of P. distans. The pinnae here are at• ovate, maximum available length 27·3 cm tached at 50°-60° and they have simple, (perhaps exceeding 70 cm in length) and parallel running veins which are 4-5 in breadth 16·4 cm. Rachis fully exposed, number. showing fine longitudinal striations, at places Comparison - Pterophyllum distans re• with transverse ridges, maximum available sembles most P. validum Hollick (1930) width 0·6 cm, gradually narrowing towards in external features as well as venation apex (1'5 mm). Pinnae alternate or sub• pattern. The latter species has 6 veins in opposite, very rarely opposite, attached to each pinna which do not bifurcate. The rachis at angles of 60°-75°, near apex arising pinnae of P. nathani Walkom (1924) des• at an angle of 55°; 5-8 cm long (near apex cribed from Bellevue, Amtralia and P. less), 4·5-7 mm broad, straight or slightly fal• subaequale Hartz described by Kawasaki cate; margins parallel; apex sub-acute; both (1939) from Korea look more like the pinnae acroscopic and basiscopic margins curving of P. di-stans. Like the present species upwards and downwards, joining the bases of they, too, have few veins. However, in pinnae lying above and below. Veins in• the former two species the veins occasion• distinct, 7-10 in number, simple, parallel. ally fork. P. jaegeri Brongniart, described Lectotype - No. 4566 of the Geological by Oishi (1932), has 12 veins in each pinna, Survey of India, Calcutta. otherwise, externally it resembles some of Occurrence - Gollapalle, East Coast t~e present specimens. In the other species, Gondwana. VIZ., cf. P. dis 'ans Morris, also described Rajmahal Hills - Chunakhal. by Oishi (1932), the veins are not clear, Comparison - Pterophyllum kingianum but the pinnae are like the Indian speci• differs from P. distans in having more up• mens. In gross features, P. ishpushtanum wardly inclined pinnae and in having 7-10 Jacob & Shukla (1955) reoembles the speci• veins per pinna. The segments in P. mens from Kakadbhit, but it has 12-14 veins irregulare Nathorst (1878-86) are incom• which bifurcate near base. In P. barrea• plete and they have 4-15 veins. In external lense Frenguelli (1950) the distance between form P. validum Hollick (1930) resembles adjacent segments is much more than P. P. kingianum, but the former has pinnae with distans. The pinnae of P. raripinnatum only 6 veins. The broader segments of P. Doludenko & Svanidze (1969) are like P. kingianum are like P. inconstans Gappert distans but they are more distantly placed. described by Kryshtofovich (1933). The latter Superficially P. thomasi Harris (1952, 1969) species, however, differs in having finer veins. shows Some resemblance with P. dis• tans. The pinnae in the former species, Pterophyllum footeanum Feistmantel however, have a few forked veins. P. PI. 4, fig. 20; PI. 6, fig. 30; Text-figs 13A-C, 14B angustum (Braun), described by Yabe and Oishi (1929), has narrower pinnae, 1879 Pterophyllum footeanum Feistmantel, but it has simple veins (5-6) like P. p. 19, pI. 6, figs 1-6; pI. 8, fig. I; pI. 4istc(fIs. 16, fig. 9. 260 ...... ' . ..•.... ./ .... r········· / ...... ...... '...... ,.. ....•. (~ , , ...... •. \ ...... •..~ ,./ / ...... •..... .I .•...•.•. A B ...... " {~ ...... } ;;---- \...... "._ .., ..•. ") ..•....•. ....••...... /'...... c TEXT-FIG. 25 - A, Pterophyllum princeps Oldham & Morris from Bindaban showing basal part of a leaf, G.S.!. no. 4387, X 1. B, C, P. princeps from Bindaban showing two apical segments, G.S.!. nos. 4363 and 4357, x 1. BOSE & BANERJI- CYCADOPHYTIC LEAVES 261 1879 Zamites proximus Feistmantel, p. 20, centration of veins in middle of pinna is pI. 7, figs 1-3. about 17 per cm. Likewise, P. weberi 1917 Pterophy/lum footeanum: Seward, p. (Seward) Prynada, described by Delle 557. (1967), differs in having pinnae with more 1920 Pseudoctenis footeana (Feist.) Seward veins. & Sahni, p. 33, pI. 4, fig. 40. 1963 Pseudoctenis footeana: Sitholey, p. Pterophyllum sp. 21, pI. 7, fig. 49. Emended Diagnosis - Le!l.f shape and size PI. 6, fig. 31; Text-fig. 11 unknown, largest leaf measuring 13·8 cm in length, breadth up to 15 cm. Rachis Description - Specimen incomplete, 0·4-0·9 cm wide, fairly thick even near apex measuring 8·5 cm in length and 2·8 cm (2'5 mm), striated in longitudinal direction, in width. Major part of rachis 1·5 both the edges showing a fine ridge. Pinnae mm wide, near base 2 mm in width, attached to rachis at an angle of 40°-60°, with fine longitudinal striations. Pinnae distantly placed (1·5-4 mm apart), 5·2-6·8 incomplete, largest pinna 1·7 cm long and cm long, 3-4·5 mm broad; m 1974 Pterophyllum medTicottianum Oldham & Morris), described by Halle (1913), re• & Morris: Bose, p. 190. semble most P. medlicottianum both in the 1979 Pterophyllum medlicottianum Oldham shape of segments and venation pattern. & Morris: Bose & Zeba-Bano, p. 3, In all these the secondary veins are pI. 2, fig. 7; text-fig. 2A, B. channelled. However, the former two Emended Diagnosis - Leaf large (largest species differ in having both simple and leaf possibly over 1 m in length), width 19 forked veins. Like P. medlicottianum the em at broadest region, broadly elliptic or secondary veins are coarse in P. matauriensis ovate. Rachis fully exposed, furrowed, 1·4 Hect. described by Arber (1917) from New em wide. Pinnae laterally attached, arising Zealand. The htter differs in having a from rachis at angles of 75°-90°, less near few forked secondary veins. The broader apex, closely set; pinnae touching each segments of P. medlicottianum (Text-fig. other or slightly distantly placed, about 16C) are like Zamites cf. takuraensis Walkom 7-10 em long and 1-1'2 em wide near described by Mcqueen (1956). Both the middle, may be smaller near apex and base. species have simple, channelled veins. The Pinnae of the same leaf mostly of equal narrower segments of the present species width, rarely showing variation in width; (Text-fig. 160) are more like Ptero• apex obtuse; base slightly expanded, rarely phyllum sp. described by Menendez (1966) contracted. Veins 5-9, mostly 7, rarely from Tico, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. up to 17, simple, channelled, parallel. Sinoctenis grabaniana Sze (1931) and Ptero• Lectotype - No. 4525 of the Geological phyllum ctenoides Oishi (1932) show super• Survey of India, Calcutta. ficial resembhnce with the present species Occurrence: but these differ in having segments with a Rajmahal Hills - Bindaban (type locality) few forked lateral veins. Ghutiari, Murrero and Onthea. Satpura Basin - Imjhiri, about 6 km Pterophyllum rajmahalense Morris South of Bachai Rest House, Narsinghpur District. PI. 7, fig. 35; PI. 8, fig. 38; PI. 13, fig. 50; Text-figs 17, Remarks - Both the figured specimens 18A-D, 19 of Oldham and Morris (1863, pI 15, fig 3; pI. 17, fig. 1) are at present not available. 1863 Pterophyllum rajmahalense Morris: So the lectotype has been made out of the in Oldham & Morris, p. 25, pI. 13, specimens described by Feistmantel (1877, figs 3-5; pI. 14, figs 1-3. pI. 43, fig. 2). 1863 P. (Podozamites) rajmahalense, var. Most of the Rajmahal specimens are Tatum Morris: in Oldham & Morris, rather fragmentary. None of them re• p. 25, pI. 18, fig. 2. present the basal portion. However, one 1870-72 Pterophyllum rajmahalense Morris: specimen (PI. 7, fig. 34) seems to belong Schimper, p. 136. to the apical region. From the nature of 1876b Pterophyllum rajmahalense Morris: veins it seems that the substance of lamina Feistmantel, p. 36. was tough and coriaceous. The veins in 1877a Pterophyllum rajmahalense Morris: the Rajmahal specimens are prominently Feistmantel, p. 58. channelled, they are 6-9 in number. 1920 Nilssonia bindrabanensis Seward & The specimens from Imjhiri show a great Sahni, p. 31, pI. 3, figs 31, 32. variation in pinna size and shape. The 1963 Nilssonia bindrabanensis Seward & most complete specimen has been figured Sahni: Sitholey, pI. 4, figs 24, 25. in Text-fig. 15. The specimen seems to 1969 Nilssonia bindrabanensis: Sharma, belong to an apical part of a leaf and its p. 118. pinnae are narrower than the Rajmahal speci• Emended Diagnosis - Leaf as a whole mens. But the number of veins are almost oblanceolate, lamina tapering more gradu• same as present in the Rajmahal specimens, ally below, apex obtu~e or rounded, length viz., 5-8. In the Imjhiri specimens width probably exceeding 45 em (largest available of pinna varies from 0·3 to 1·8 em. The leaf 29·2 em in length), width about 4-13 leaves with narrow pinnae have 4-5 veins. em. Rachis broad, near base 0·4-0'9 em, Comparison - Pseudoctenis ensiformis gradually narrowing towards apex, showing Halle(19l3) and p, cfr, medlicottiana(Oldham prominent ridges and grooves. Pinnae at- 'I x '917~17 'OU rS'D 'uofil:lJ :lIPP!W JE:lU ljl!M l:lW S:lUO :llll :llj!I OS[E :lJE lj:>!llM SlU:lw8:lS IE:>!dE 8U!MOljS UEQEpU!8: WOJj SpJOW "iJ WEljPIO sdiJ:Ju!.Id Wl111,(lfdo.liJ/cf - 9(; 'DIII-LXCI.l , _-- -I-----'r ,, I ,, I , I ~. , " ...... _...-;":::-_-.,- I , :~-----::;:-.- ~ - - .~.. --.:.:,-:."::-:::---- "'" //~ 'i: --~ .... ------~...,.\ , , / ,, // -'- ,, " " ----...... , ~,-- ,-, : ~"'''''''''' \ ... - ...... ' ...... ', I ...... ' \ ...... ~ ... -...... :' , ,, , ... -- .. _::~ , ,, , , , -- ,, / ,, \ ,, \, " ,.- ,, , ~~ -- ...... --- " --, I "", " ...... , , " , " -...... BOSE & BANERJI - CYCADOPHYTlC LEA YES 265 tached on upper edges of rachis by their 1863 Pterophyllum morrisianum Oldham: entire base, arising almost at right angles, in Oldham & Morris, p. 20, pI. 15, rarely towards apex arising at an angle fig. 1; pI. 17, fig. 2. of 80°-85°, opposite or sub-opposite, closely 1863 Pterophyllum carterianum Oldham: set, almost touching each other. Pinnae in Oldham & Morris, p. 22, pI. 15, mostly 2-5'3 cm long (typically 3-4 cm), fig. 4; pI. 18, fig. 1. 0·8-1'2 cm wide, near base pinnae much 1863 Pterophyllum crassum Morris: In smaller (6-8 mm long, 3-5 mm wide); apex Oldham & Morris, p. 24, pI. 16, obtusely rounded; margin parallel; both fig. 2. acroscopic and basiscopic margins truncate 1869 Anomozamites morrisianus (Oldham): or slightly bending upwards or downwards Schimper, p. 143. respectively, they may even be slightly con• 1876 Pterophyllum morrisianum Oldham: stricted. Veins mostly simple, very rarely for• Feistmantel, p. 40. king near base, running parallel up to distal 1876 Pterophyllum carterianum Oldham: margin, closely set, about 15-25 per pinna, in Feistmantel, p. 40. narrower and basal pinnae 10-14 in number. 1877a Pterophyllum jalconerianum Morris: Lectotype - No. 4399 of the Geological Feistmantel, p. 57. Survey of India, Calcutta. 1877a Pterophyllum carterianum Oldham: Occurrence-Bindaban (type locality), On• Feistmantel, p. 57. the a and Burio in the Rajmahal Hills, Bihar. 1877a Pterophyllum propinquum Goppert: Restoration - The restoration shown in Feistmantel, p. 58. Text-fig. 19 is based on specimens figured l877a Pterophyllum morrisianum Oldham: in Text-fig. 17 (B.S.l.P. no. 28312) and Feistmantel, p. 59, pI. 42, fig. 1. Text-fig. 18A, B (B.S.I.P. no. 2830/303). 1920 Nilssonia morrisiana Morris: Seward Comparison - The pinnae of Pterophyllum & Sahni, p. 30, pI. 5, fig. 44. rajmahalense are smaller and more closely 1933 Nilssonia morrisiana (Oldham set than those of P. morrisianum. The & Morris): Sahni & Rao, p. 198. veins in the former are mostly simple, 1938 Nilssonia morrisiana Oldham: Jacob, whereas, in the latter the veins occasionally p. 153. bifurcate. P. rajmahalense, described by 1946 Nilssonia morrlSlana (Oldham & Knowlton (1916) from Alaska, has pinnae Morris): Ganju, p. 71. like the basal pinnae of the Indian speci• 1963 Nilssonia rajmahalensis: Sitholey, mens. Unfortunately, the specimen from pI. 6, fig. 39. Alaska is imperfectly preserved and does 1969 Nilssonia distanse (Morris): Sharma, not allow detail comparison. P. portaU p. 115, pI. 1, fig. 3; text-fig. 3. Zeiller, described by Sze (1949, pI. 6, fig. 1970 Nilssonia morrisiana Oldham: 6), agrees with P. rajmahalense in gross Gururaja & Pant, p. 387. features, but its pinnae are smaller in size. E"!ended Dialfnosis - Leaf large, length Externally, P. kalawchiensis Barnard (1967, pOSSibly exceeding 60 cm, largest available 1970) looks like P. rajmahalense, but it leaf. measuring 42 cm in length and 20·4 differs in having more forked veins. cm In breadth, substance of lamina thick. Though the pinnae of P. vamanoiensis Oishi Rachis fully exposed, fairly wide (maximum & Takahasi (1936), in gross features, re• ?-vailable width 0·6 cm), gradually mrrow• semble the smaller pinnae of P. rajmahalense, lI~g towards apex, longitudinally striated. yet it differs from the latter in having pinnae P1I1nae laterally attached, along major part which have mostly dichotomising veins. In oflami,:a about 6-12·6 cm long, 1'2-2·7 cm overall shape P. astartense Harris (1932b, figs broad (111 rare cases 2'9-3'3 xO·6 cm), to• 20C, D, 211) looks like P. rajmahalense, but it :var~s bas:': and apex .gradually diminishing has veins which dichotomise more frequently. 111size; lateral margll1S slightly thickened gradually narrowing to'Yards apex. Ape~ Pterophyllum morrisianum Oldham obtuse; both acroscoplc and basiscopic PI. 9, fig. 39; PI. 14, fig. 54; Text-figs 20, 21A, B margins slightly curving upwards and down• wards, mostly joining the pinnae bases 1863 Pterophyllum (Ctenis) jalconerianun above :;tnd ~elow, .occasionally acroscopic Morris: in Oldham & Morris, pI. and ba '''SCOpICm3.rglllS straight and attached 15, fig. 2; pI. 16, figs I, 3. to rachis by entire pinna b3.se. Veins mostly 266 THE PALAEOEOTAN1ST simple, when forking mostly once, rarely set, sometimes touching each other, bases twice, parallel, veins of middle region run• of adjoining pinnae distant or occasionally ning up to apex, mostly 17-19 per cm near in contact with each other. Pinnae 1d-3·7 middle region of pinna, forking just after cm long, 1'2-1·7 cm wide, apex notched. emergence or at different levels, mostly Veins arising from base, parallel, near apex forking closer to rachis. converging, simple or forked, forking just Lectotype - No. 4401 of the Geological after emergence or at different levels, mode Survey of India, Calcutta. of bifurcation varying from pinna to pinna, Occurrence - Bindaban (type locality), about 15-17 per cm. Sakrigalighat and Onthea in the Rajmahal Name - The specific name is after Hills, Bihar. Prof. K. M. Gupta. The name sahnii has Comparison - Superficially Pterophyllum been replaced because Lele (1955) has already morrisianum resembles most P. tietzei Schenk described a species as Pterophyllum sa/miL (1887) and also the specimens figured by Holotype - No. K154/Raj. Sak. (coHec• Sze (1949), Barnard (1965) and Corsin and tion-Dr K.M. Gupta, Jai Vilas, 5B, Mayur, Stampfli (1977) as P. tietzei. The former Alwar Gate, Ajmer, Rajasthan). differs in having longer pinnae with obtuse Occurrence - Sakrigalighat, Rajmahal apices. The majority of the veins in P. Hills, Bihar. tietzei dichotomise closer to rachis. The Compariso n - In venation pattern Ptero• pinnae and venation pattern in P. aequale phyllum guptai is closest to P. morrisianum (Brongniart) Nathorst, described by Oldham. Concentration of veins and mode Johansson (1922), are more like P. of forking in the two are similar. But for morrisianum. In P. aequale the pinnae the notched apex the specimen with the are not complete. The pinnae of P. pro• largest pinna (PI. 14, fig. 53) is indistin• pinquum Goppert,. ?escribed by. Antevs guishable from the smaller pinnae of P. (1919) and Stiplamclc and BonettI (1965) morrisianum. P. guptai has been collected are smaller in size than the pinnae of P. from Sakrigalighat, where P. morrisianum morrisianum. In general form of leaves, is extremely common (next to Ptilophyllum P. magnum Doludenko & Svanidze (1969) acutifolium type of leaf). It is interesting looks somewhat like P. morrisianum. The to note that in all the specimens of P. former, however, differs in having narrower guptai, so far collected, the rachis is fairly pinnae which are more distantly placed. broad (about 6 mm), whereas, the rachis The pinnae of Sinoctenis yunnanensis Chuan in P. morrisianum, from the same locality, (in Chuan, Yao & Ching, 1976) are very is mostly less than 5 mm in width. It is not similar to those of P. morrisianum. How• unlikely that P. guptai is only a basal portion ever, in the former species the pinnae are at• of P. morrisianum. But till we find more inter• tached on the upper surface of rachis. Zamites mediate forms like the one figured in (PI. 14, cf. rajmahalensis, described by Du Toit (1927), fig. 53) and some bigger forms we prefer to has longer pinnae than P. morrisianum and keep P. guptai separate from P. morrisianum. also the former has mostly simple veins. In P. guptai the pinnae apices may have got notched during the early stages of develop• Pterophyllum guptai n. sp. ment. The notch is not so regular because in PI. 8, figs 36, 37; PI. 11, fig. 45; PI. 14, fig. 53; some the pinnae are notched near middle re• Text-fig. 22A-C gion of distal margin, while in others notches are slightly below or above middle region. 1969 Nilssonia sahnii Gupta, p. 271, pI. 1, In pinnae size, P. guptai comes closest fig. 1; text-figs 2-4. to some of the smaller pinnae of P. rajma• 1969 NilssoniasahniiGupta: Sharma,p.1l8. halense (Text-fig. 18A, B). 1974 Pterophyllum sahnii (Gupta) Bose, p. 190. Pterophyllum princeps Oldham & Morris Diagnosis - Pinnate leaf having a broad P1. 12, fig. 47; PI. 11, figs 41, 42; PI. 14, fig. 56; rachis. Largest available specimen measur• Text-figs 81, 23, 24, 25A-C, 26, 27C, 28, 29 ing 18·8 cm in length and 5·4 cm in breadth. Rachis finely striated in longitudinal direc• 1863 Taeniopteris lata Oldham: in Oldham tion, width about 6 mm. Pinnae attached & Morris, p. 41, pI. 1, fig. 1; pI. 2, on upper edges by their entire base, closely fig. 1; pI. 3, fig. 2; pI. 5, figs 1, 2. BOSE & BANERJI - CYCADOPHYTIC LEA YES 267 ,-..._.'-"-==' 1=~ ! c=._.-~ ;\/ , ~"'=_~".:;;;:P ...... A ...... /... e.----"."-> ...... •.•...... / ...: 6 ,.•.....,...... •.... '. .. , ...... ...... ,.) " _ . •.... ..... ~ "...... •... c TEXf-fiG. 27 - A, Pteropltylllllll illcislIlll S.lhni & Rao probably 1'r0m Butaha Pahar showing incised tips of pinnae and their venation pattern, no. 129 of the Botany Department, University of Lucknow, X 1.5. B, P/erophyllllm incistlm Sahni & Rao from Vemavaram, B.S.J.P. no. 8108, x 1. C, Pterophylllllll princeps Oldham & Morris from Bindaban showing great variation in size and shape of segments. In thi~ specimen the margins of the ~egments are incurved, G.S.J. no. 4389, x 1. 268 THE PALAEOBOTANlST 1M3 Taeniopteris musaefolia Oldham: opposite or sub-opposite, much varied in in Oldham & Morris, p. 42, pI. 4, shape. and breadth, lateral margins entire, figs 1, 2. sometimes incurved; rarely distal margin 1863 Pterophyllum princeps Oldham at places with minute teeth. Apical seg• & Morris, p. 23, pI. 10, figs 1-3; ment t.rian.gular in shape, occassionally pI. 11, figs 1, 2; pI. 12, fig. 1; pI. largest In Size, largest available apical seg• 13, figs 1, 2. ment measuring 27·3 cm in length and 18 cm 1863 Pterophyllum (Ctenis) princeps var. in breadth. Basal segments distantly placed, curta Oldham & Morris: p. 23, pI. small, rectangular, apices more or less convex 11, fig. 2. or obtuse; both acroscopic and basiscopic 1876 Anomozamites princeps Schimper, p. margins curved, joining the bases of the 142. adjacent segments. Segments lying below 1877a Macrotaeniopteris lata Oldham the apical segment and most of the segments & Morris sp.: Feistmantel, p. 47, of middle region varied in shape, width pI. 43, fig. 1. orten unequal, rectangular or long rectangles, 1877a Pterophyllum crassum, Morris: distant or rarely touching each other near Feistmantel, p. 57. base, distal margin straight or slightly convex 1877a Pterophyllum princeps Oldham & or with rounded sides; base truncate. Morris: Feistmantel, p. 60, pI. 47, Veins arising almost at right angles, some• fig. 1. times at angles of about 70'-80°, near apex 1917 Nilssonia princeps (Oldham & arising at 65°-70°, 10-14 veins per cm, Morris): Seward, p. 576, fig. 623. rarely up to 21 per cm, simple or forked; 1920 Nilssonia princeps Oldham & Morris: when forked, forking just after emergence Seward & Sahni, p. 29, pI. 3, fig. or at different levels, a few forking more 33; pI. 4, figs 35-38; text-fig. 5. than once. Rarely a vein may fork and 1931 Nilssonia princeps: Sahni & Rao, then unite again to form a loop or very p. 198, pI. 15, fig. 30. rarely even anastomose. Veins mostly 1934 Nilssonia princeps (Oldham & Morris) about 0,5-1 mm apart. Sahni & Rao, p. 264, text-fig. 5. Lectotype - No. 4388 of the Geological 1946 Macrotaeniopteris lata Oldham & Survey of India, Calcutta. Morris sp.: Ganju, p. 70, pI. 5, figs Occurrence: 29, 30; text-fig. 9. Rajmahal Hills - Bindaban (type locality), 1946 Nilssonia princeps (Oldham & Khairbani and Onthea. Morris): Ganju, p. 71. Gujarat - Than, Saurashtra. 1963 Nilssonia princeps (Oldham & pescription - In Pterophyllum princeps, Morris) Seward: Sitholey, p. 71, apIcal segments are much variable in shape pI. 6, fig. 34. and size. The specimen figured in PI. 12, 1965 Macrotaeniopteris lata (0. & M.) fig. 47 and Text-fig. 23 has an apical seg• Feistm.: Sah, p. 219, pI. 1, fig. 9. ment, measuring 24·8 cm in length and 1969 Nilssonia crassum Morr.: Sharma, 13·8 cm in breadth. This apical segment p. 116 (partim), pI. 1, fig. 1. resembles the specimen earlier figured by 1974 Pterophyllum princeps Oldham & Oldham (in Oldham & Morris, 1863, pI. 1) Morris: Bose, p. 190. as Taeniopteris lata (here figured in Text• 1981 Pterophyllum princeps Oldham & fig. 24). The margin of the latter specimen Morris: Jana & Bose, p. 43, pI. 1, is torn at places and it measures 27·3 cm figs 4, 5; text -fig. 1B, C. in length and 17·2 cm in breadth. The Emended Diagnosis - Leaf as a whole segments lying below the apical segment broadly ovate, estimated length 55-60 cm, of the specimen, here figured in PI. 12, fig. breadth 14-18 cm. Rachis near base 0·7-1 fig. 47, are like the segments of the lectotype cm wide, near middle 0·4-0·6 cm, gradually (PI: 10, fig. 41). Some of the other larger narrowing towards apex, longitudinally apIcal segments have been figured in PI. striated, mostly slightly grooved, lower 10, fig. 42 and Text-fig. 25B, C. In the part devoid of segments. Lamina attached specimen figured in Text-fig. 26 the apical laterally or on upper edges of. rachis, segment is rather small and narrow. substance of lamina seems to be thick and Some of the specimens (Text-fig. 27C) leathery, segmented. Segments alternate, have segments with thickened and incurved '1 (:. .... , .., .. V> ( '" ...... N -'..... " 0\ ~"'., 'l:l "'::::... ~~{ ---. -.~ Ro N / S:",..,.. :...... :.. -.I / .. o ...... ~ ...,.,) i~,_(::'",,-, ~L-_, (:~:_","'" ',""\ .... (==::~~, .. ".,,~! <:.:~:~:.._._.------..-<~:::.:.... _j::: :~':::::::'.-.'.'~:: (\"-"'/"""':::~:::::':"'::"'-:'''''<:I' -,,~:, ';~<:::"""""''',, . .. ~I -'. "', ..,..::~:-~:::,-- :,.::.:::::::~ "" \'- ', ..------.r- \ \, . ~.---- " \ i ... i.....-. B \_ ~ ) A TEXT-FIG. 28 - A, B, restorations of two !fronds of Pterophyllum princeps Oldham & Morris - the apical segment in A is fairly large, whereas, in 13 :i1e apical segment has undergone further dissection in order to form narrower segments. ca. X 0.5 of estimated length. BOSE & BANERJI - CYCADOPHYTIC LEA YES 271 !~~~~ ~~;~~~l~:7.':;~:~:~~~~;E::1:!~1~=tfi ,..~~-=-- _~~_=--- -~-...... fl"1\ velllSth~ presentthan P.speci~s.prmceps,P. alsobraunsitheyhasdofinernot (~~ ~ - ~ 11111\ dichotomise as frequently as in the latter . - ~ i 1\11 ....) species. Some of the apical segments of /' ~~ '111 I: P. p'rincep's ar~ like Taeniopteris (Macro- ",.,."..\...~..~~ .•..•,...... <:.. IIIII!IIII :i ~:~~%~~nn8f~~~~,te~1.asspe~iesIII P.theprinceps.v~ins are notSomesos~~~n~ncommonlyof thefif:eretatt~~leavesforkedof \. Ilill l Pseudoctenis spectabilis Harris (1932a, fig. .. ' .... .'..,~. .. .' ~ \\I\JII i whereas,12A,. B) IIIhavethe segill;entslatter theylikebranchP. princeps,at all =_j~~ : levels. . ~~~~ ~ --;; III.'~[ but III the. former veIllS branch near rachiS, ~ ~~~/~(/ Pterophyllum incisum Sahni & Rao ~~~~~.,~~. . ..--,::>.. ' .. ' '~IrlIf.. PI. 7, fig. 33; PI. 11, fig 46; Text-fig. 27A, B Pterophyllum incisum Sahni & Rao, '~.i,~':::i ....,.'--...:. . r 1933 p. 193, pI. 13, figs 15, 16. Pterophyllum bifurcatum Suryanara• i~t~· .. .-· ~fl'" f\ 1954 yana, p. 88, pI. I, figs 3-5. Pterophyllum incisum Sahni & Rao: ", -....'.\~ ' 1963 Sitholey, pI. 6, figs 35, 36. ~~~r'lll\.\..J ~.,.../ 1974 Pterophyllum incisum Sahni & Rao: Bose, p. 190. TEXT-FIG.29 - Pterophyllum princeps Oldham & 1974 Pterophy/lum bifurcatum Suryanara• Morris from Than, B.S.I.P. no. 20Af1998, X 1. yana: Bose, p. 190. Emended Diagnosis - Pinnate frond, 5·8• 8·8 cm long, 4'6-8·5 cm broad. Rachis margill. So it seems that the lamina in Ptero• fully exposed, longitudinally striated, 0·6 phyllum princeps was thick and leathery. cm wide. Pinnae linear, 2-4·5 cm long In this species in the apical segments the and about 0·25-0·4 cm broad, attached to veins generally arise at angles of about rachis by full width of base, making an 6SO-70° and in the rest of the segments at angle of 70°-85°, margin parallel, sometimes 70°-800• The veins per cm are generally lower margin slightly curved, gradually 10-14 in number. tapering towards apex; acroscopic margin From Than, Gujarat three fragmentary slightly curved upwards; basiscopic margin specimens of Pterophyllum princeps (Text• decurrent, pinnae bases joined with each fig. 29) have been collected. Their venation other. Apices of pinnae mostly incised pattern is somewhat similar to the specimen once, rarely twice, incisions equal or un• figured in PI. 14, fig. 56. equal, teeth bluntly pointed. Veins 6-8, Restoration - The restoration shown in parallel, mostly simple, distribution of veins Text-fig. 28A is based on the specimens in bifurcated tips varying in number (1-3, figured in PI. 12, fig. 47 and Text-fig. 25A rarely 4). and the other (Text-fig. 28B) is based on Holotype - No. 129 of the Department specimens figured in Text-fig. 25A and of Botany, University of Lucknow. Text-fig. 26. Occurrence: Comparison - The segments of Ptero• R~imahal Hills - Probably Saddle on phyllum hanesianum Harris (1932b) look Butaha Pahar, due south of Tetria Basti. more like P. princeps. The former differs East Coast - Vemavaram, about 14 miles in having much more veins in each segment N.E.N. of Ongole in Guntur District. 272 THE PALAEOBOTANIST -'-," '. ------' ,.....~=::====.=.-::'i/ \ .....~ ...... ,.' l TEXT-FIG. 30 - ? Taeniopteris sp./Pterophyllum sp. from Bindaban, B.S.I.P. no. 50/846, x 1. Remarks - The above diagnosis is based curved. tips of pinnae in both the sped. on two fragmentary specimens. The holo• mens are incised. The veins in the holo• type was collected from the Rajmahal Hills, type are faintly marked and they are 6-8 whereas, the other was obtained from in number, whereas, in the Vemavaram Vemavaram. The latter specimen seems specimen the veins are obscure (in one to be the basal part of a frond. Its pinnae pinna seems to be 6). are slightly narrower than the pinnae of Comparison - The pinnae of Pterophyllum the holotype and also they are slightly incisum are more like P. distans Morris. The Pages 273 & 274 TABLE J NAME OF SPECIES EAST COAST GONDWANA RAJMAHALHILLS SATPURA& GODAVARIBASINS SAURASHTRA KACHCHH & RAJASTHAN -- '-' co E :l '-' ~ '0 co en "0 0 ::Ii ..c: -; '-' en :l E :l ..c: ::Ii co ~ former has mostly 6-8 veins per segment, CONCLUDING REMARKS whereas, the latter has mostly 4-6 veins per Of all the Mesozoic localities in India, segment., In P. incisum pinnae apices are the Rajmahal Hil1s have the maximum mostly incised. representation of cycadophytic leaves. Except for Than, Gujarat, al1 the undoubted ? Taeniopteris sp./Pterophyllum sp. Lower Cretaceous beds of India are com• pletely devoid of the genera described in Text-fig. 30 the preceding pages. At Than, so far, only There are two specimens in our col1ection a few fragmentary specimens of Pterophyllum princeps Oldham & Morris have been found. which have frequently forked and sparsely Amongst the species described here, Taen• placed lateral veins. The specimens are iopteris spatulata McClelland is most widely rather fragmentary and it is difficult to say distributed (see, Table 1). It is known whether they belong to leaves with entire from some of the localities of the East Coast lamina or segmented type of leaves. As Gondwana, Rajmahal Hills, Satpura and such they are here being described as Godavari basins, Kachchh and Rajasthan. ? Taeniopteris/Pterophyllum. Pterophyllum distans Morris comes next• Fragmentary specimens, 9'9-13·5 cm long and 8'3-11·4 cm broad. Rachis 5 mm this species is known from the Rajmahal Hills, Satpura Basin and Kachchh. Ptero• wide near base, gradually tapering towards phyllum medlicottianum Oldham Morris apex, near apex about 2 mm wide. Lateral & has been found both in the Rajmahal Hills veins arising at an angle of about 70°_80°, and Satpura Basin. The rest of the species after emergence slightly curving upwards are not so widely distributed. Within the and then running parallel to each other, the Rajmahal Hills, the largest number simple or forked, mostly forking once, of species belonging to Taeniopteris and sometimes twice, forking at all levels. Veins Pterophyllum are represented at Bindaban. 7-8 per cIJ? near midrib and 10-11 per cm near margm. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Collection - No. 50/846 of the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow. We are grateful to Mr M.V.A. Sastry, Occurrence - Bindaban, Rajmahal Hills, Director, Palaeontology Division and Mr Bihar. S. C. Shah for all the facilities they had given Remarks - The specimens resemble the us during our stay at the Geological Survey specimen of Taeniopteris lata? figured by oflndia, Calcutta. To Prof. K.M. Gupta, Jai Morris (in Oldham & Morris, 1863, pI. 7, Vilas, Alwar Gate, Ajmer and Prof. B. S. fig. 3) in venation pattern. In shape it Trivedi, Department of Botany, University of resembles some of the apical segments of Lucknow, we are thankful for the loan of Pterophyllum princeps but the latter has the specimens figured in PI. 8, fig. 36 and PI. more crowded veins. In the concentration II, fig. 46 respectively. Our thanks are due of lateral veins ? Taeniopteris/Pterophyllum to Prof. B. N. Mookerjee, Department of is more like Taeniopteris buskoghatensis Botany, T. N. B. College, Bhagalpur for (7-8 per cm). The former differs in having kindly presenting one of us (M.N.B.) the much broader lamina. specimen figured in Text-fig. 20. REFERENCES AOYALKAR,P. G. & RAO, C. N. (1959). Some new ANDREWS,H. N. (1970). Index of generic names of plant fossils from the Athgarh Stage, Upper fossil plants, 1820-1965. Ceol. Sury. Bull. 1300 Gondwanas, Orissa. Rec. geo/. Sury. India, (Washington). 92 (2): 319-322. ANTEVS, E. (1919). Die Liassische flora des Hbr• AOYALKAR,P. G. & RAO, C. N. (1960). 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HARRIS,T. M. (1952). Notes on the Jurassic flora FElSTMA TEL,O. (1876a). Fossil flora of Gondwana of Yorkshire, 55-57. 55. Cycadites cteis sp. n., System. Jurassic (Oolitic) flora of Kach. Mem. 56. Pterop!Tyffllm t!Tomasi nom. nov.; 57. Ptero• geol. SlIrv.lndia Palaeont. indica, Ser. 11, 2 (1): phyffllJn fossllm sp. n. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hisf., l-80. Lond., 5 (12); 614-627. BOSE & BANERJI - CYCADOPHYTIC LEAVES 277 HARRIS, T. M. (1964). The Yorkshire Jurassic KRYSHTOFOVICH,A. N. & PRYNADA,V. D. (1933a). Flora-II. Caytoniales, Cycadales & Pteridosperms. Upper Triassic plants from Armenia. Tmdy vses. Br. Mus. (nat. Hist.), Lond.,: [-186. geol.-razv. Ob"ed. NKTP, 336: 3-25. HARRIS, T. M. (1969). The Yorkshire Jurassic KRYSHTOFOVICH,A. N. & PRYNADA,V. D. (1933b). Flora-3. Bennettitales. Br. Mus. (nat. Hist.) Contribution to the Rhaeto-Liassic flora of the Lond.,: 1-186. Cheliabinsk Brown-Coal Basin, Eastern Urals. HERBST, R. (1964). La Flora Liasica de la Zona Trudy vses.-geol. razv. Ob"ed. 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MCCLELLA D, J. (1850). Report of the Geological KAWASAKIS. (1939). Second addition to the Older Survey of India, for the season of 1848-49. Mesozoic plants in Korea. Bull. geol. Surv. MCQUEEN, D. R. (1956). Leaves of Middle and Chosen (Korea), Keijo, 4 (3): 1-69. Upper Cretaceous pteridophytes and cycads from KIMURA, T. (1959). Mesozoic plants from the New Zealand. Trans. R. Soc. NZ., 83: 673-685. Iwamuro Formation (Liassic) Tone-Gun, Gumma MENENDEZ,C. A. (1951). La flora Mesozoica de la Prefecture, Japan. Bull. of the Senior High Formacion Liantenes. Cienc. Botanicas, 2 (3): School attached to the Tokyo Univ. of Education, 147-261. 3: 1-48. MENENDEZ,C. A. (1966). Fossil Bennettitales from KIMURA, T. & SEKlDO, S. (1966). Mesozoic plants the Tico Flora Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. from the Itoshiro sub-group, the Tetori Group, Bull. Br. Mus. (nat. Hist.), 12 (I): 1-42. Central Honshu, Japan. Part-3. Mem. of the NATHORST,A. G. (1878). Bidrag till sveriges fossiJa Mejiro Gapuen Women's Junior College, 3: 1-7. flora-II Floran vid Hoganas och Helsingborg. KIMURA, T. & SEKlDO, S. (I 976a). Dictyozamites K. Svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., 16 (7): 5-53. and some other Cycadophytes from the Early NATHORST, A. G. (1878-86). Om f1oran, Skanes Cretaceous Oguchi Formation, the Itoshiro Kolforande Bildningar-l. Floran vid Bjuf. Sver. Group, Central Honshu, Japan. Trans. Proc. geol. Unders. Afh., c (27, 33, 85): 4-131. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, NS., 101: 291-312. A OISHI, S. (1932). The Rhaetic plants from the KIMURA, T. & SEKlDO, S. (l976b). Mesozoic Nariwa District, Provo Bitchli (Okayama Pre• plants from the Akaiwa Formation (Upper fecture), Japan. J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido, Imp. Neocomian), the Itoshiro Group, Central Honshu, Univ., Ser. I, 1 (3-4): 257-379. Japan. Trans. Proc. palaeont. Soc. Japan, N.S., A 103: 343-378. OISHI, S. (1935). Notes on some fossil plants from KNOWLTON,F. H. (1916). A Lower Jurassic flora Tung-ning Provo Pinchiang, Manchoukuo. J. from the Upper Matanuska Valley, Alaska. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido, Imp. Univ., Ser. IV, 3 (1): Proc. U.S. natn. Mus., 51 (2158): 451-460. 79-95. KONNO, E. & ASAMA,K. (1973). Contributions to A the geology and palaeontology of Southeast OISHI, S. & TAKAHASI,E. (1936). The Rhaetic plants Asia, 122. Mesozoic plants from Khorat, Thai• from Province Nagato a supplement. J. Fac. land. Geology & Palaeontology of Southeast Sci. Hokkaido, Imp. Univ., Ser. 4, 3 (2): 113-133. Asia, 12: 149-171. OKAFUJf, G. (1971). Fossil monograph of Akiyoshi• KRASSILOV,V. A, (1969). Taxonomical revision of dai and its neighbourhood, Yamaguchi prefecture, the genus Tyrmia (Pterophyllum) Prynada. Akad. Japan. (Carboniferous, Late Triassic and Plei• Nauk USSR: 95-116. stocene). Educational Foundation, Yamaguchi KRYSHTOFOVICH,A. (1910). Jurassic plants from Prefecture. Ussuriland. Mem. du comite Geologique, 56: 1-22. OLDHAM,T. & MORRIS,J. (1863). Fossil flora of the KRYSHTOFOVICH,A. (1933). Baikal Formation of Rajmahal Series in the Rajmahal Hills, in •• Fossil the Angara group. Trudy vses. geol.-razv. flora of the Gondwana System". Mem. geol. Ob"eq. N/(TP, 326: 4-135, Surv. India Palaeont. indica, Ser. 11,1 (1): 1-52, 278 THE PALAEOBOTANJST PATRA, B. P. (1973). Notes on some Upper Gond• SHARMA,B. D. (1969). On some fossil Cycadean wana plants from the Athgarh Sandstone, fronds from India. Bull. bot. Surv. India, 11 Cuttack District, Orissa. Palaeobotanist, 20 (I & 2): 115-119. (3): 325-333. SHARMA, B. D., SURANA, A. C. & SINGH, A. P. PATRA, B. P. & PATTNAIK,S. (1974). Some Upper (1971). Jurassic plants from Amarjola in the Gondwana plants from the Athgarh sandstones Rajmahal Hills. J. palaeont. Soc. India, 16: at Naraj, district Cuttack, Orissa. Pub. Cent. 27-34. Adv. Study Ceol. Panjab Univ., 10: 25-30. SHARMA,B. D. & VARMA,S. K. (1979). Further ob• RAo, C. N. & JACOB,K. (1957). On a new species sevations on Morrisia mcclellandi (0. & M.) of Taeniopteris from the Upper Gondwanas of the Bose from the Rajmahal Hills, India. BioI. Bull. Rajmahal Hills, Bihar. Rec. geol. Surv. India, India, 1 (3): 55-56. 84 (4): 507-51l. SITHOLEY R. V. (1944). Jurassic plants from the RAo, C. N. & SHAH, S. C. (1960a). Plant fossils Tabbowa Series in Ceylon. Spolia zeylan., from the Kota-Maleri beds, Adilabad District, 24 (1): 4-17. Andhra Pradesh. Proc. 47th Indian Sci. Congr. SITHOLEY,R. V. (1963). Gymnosperms of India-I. (Abst.): 278. Fossil forms. Bull. natn. Bot. Cdn, 86: RAo, C. N. & SHAH, S. C. (l960b). A note on the 1-68. fossil flora of the Chikiala beds, Pranhita SIXTEL, T. A. (1962). Climatic zonations of Post Godavari Valley. Proc. 47th Indian Sci. Congr. Triassic of Central Asian Territory as revealed by (Abst.): 279. local result. All Union Palaeontol. Soc., 5 & 6: Roy, D. K. (1967). Study of Rajmahal flora 235-242. from Bihar - Sagenopteris. Indian Miner., 21 STANISLAVSKY,F. A. (1971). Fossil flora and strati• (I): 60. graphy of the Upper Triassic deposists of Donets SAHNI,B. (1948). The Pentoxyleae: A new group of Basin -(Rhaetic Flora from Raiskoye). A cad. Jurassic gymnosperms from the Rajmahal Hills of Sci. U.S.S.R.: 1-139. India. Bot. Caz., 110 (I): 47-80. STIPANICIC, PEDRO N. & BONETTI, MARICE I. R. SAHNI, B. & RAO, A. R. (1933). On some Jurassic (1965). Las especies del genero "Saportaea" plants from the Rajmahal Hills. J. asiat. Soc. del Triasico de Barreal (San Juan). Paleontologia, Beng ., 27 (2): 183-208. 1 (4): 81-114. SAH, S. C. D. (1965). Palaeobotanical evidence on SUKH-DEV& ZEBA-BANO(1980). Some plant remains the age of the Khatangi beds (?Dubrajpur), in the from Hoshangabad District, Madhya Pradesh. Raimahal Hills, Bihar. Palaeobotanist 13 (2): Palaeobotanist, 26 (3): 206-213. 215-221. SURYANARAYANA,K. (1954). Fossil plants from the SAHNT,B. & RAo, A. R. (1934). 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BOSE & BANERJI - CYCADOPHYTIC LEAVES 279 EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLATE 1 27. Pterophyllllm distans Morris from Kakadbhit; B.S.I. P. no. 111/1212. x 1. 1. Taeniopteris spatlilata McClelland from near 28, 29. Taeniopteris spatulata McClelland from Murrero; G.S.I. no. 4366. x 1. Kakadbhit; B.S.I.P. no. 2/2000A; fig. 28. x 1 2, 3. T. spatlilata McClelland from Vemavaram; and 29.x 2. G.S.I. nos. 4595 and 4599. x 1. 4. T. oldhamii n. sp. from Bindaban; B.S.I.P. PLATE 6 no. 25731/277, X 1. 5. T. bllskoghatensis n. sp. from Busko Ghat; 30. Pterophyllum jooteanum Feistmantel from Vema• holotype, G.S.I. no. 4508. x 1. varam; lectotype, G.S.I. no. 4658.x 1. 6. T. spatlilata McClelland sp. from near Burio; 31. P. sp. from Khatangi Hill; B.S.I.P. no. G.S.I. no. 19558. x 1. 16779. x 1. 7, 8. T. klltchensis n. sp. from Kakadbhit; G.S.I. 32. P. medlicottianum Oldham & Morris from nos. 4778 and 4777 (holotype). x 1. Bindaban; lectotype, G.S.I. no. 4525. x 1. 9. T. klltchensis n. sp. from Kakadbhit; G.S.I. no. 4785. x 1. PLATE 7 PLATE 2 33. Pterophyllum incisum Sahni & Rao from Vema• varam; B.S.I.P. no. 8108. x 1 (from Surya• 10. Anomozamites crenafa (McClelland) comb. novo narayana, 1954). from near Murrero; holotype, G.S.I. no. 34. P. medlicottianum Oldham & Morris from 4366. x 1. Onthea; B.S.I.P. no. 35117. X 1. 11. A. amarjolense Sharma et al. from near Burio; 35. P. rajmahalense Morris from Bindaban; G.S.I. G.S.I. no. 4390. x 1. no. 4361. x 1. 12, 13. A. jiSSliS (Feistmantel) from Burio (fig. 12) and Balbhadri Pahar (fig. 13); lectotype (fig. 12), G.S.I. no. 4512 and no. B96 of the Botany PLATE 8 Department, University of Lucknow. x 1. 14, 15. Taeniopteris oldhamii n. sp. from Bindaban; 36. Pterophyllum guptai n. sp. from Sakrigalighat; holotype; G.S.I. no. 4501 and B.S.I.P. no. holotype, no. KI54/Raj. Sak. of Dr K. M. Gupta 5710. x 1. collection, 5B Mayur Ajmer, Rajasthan. x 1. 16. Morrisia mcclellandi (Morris) Bose from Sakri• 37. P. guptai n. sp. from Sakrigalighat; B.S.I.P. no, galighat; B.S.I.P. no. 30671. x 1 (from Bose,1958). 35115. x 1. 17. Anomozamites amarjolensis Sharma et al. from 38. P. rajmahalense Morris from Bindaban; G.S.r. Amarjola; B.S.I.P. no. 16695. x 1. no. 4398. x 1. PLATE 3 PLATE 9 18. Morrisia denfata (Rao & Jacob) comb. novo 39. Pterophyllum morris/anum Oldham from Sakri• from Mandro Hills; holotype, G.S.I. no. 17472. galighat; B.S.I.P. no. 1492. X 1. X 1. PLATE 10 PLATE 4 40. Anomozamites haburensis n. sp. from Habur; 19. Pterophyllllm distans Morris from near Ghutiari; B.S.I.P. no~ 94/2095. x 1. lectotype, G.S.I. no. 4382. X 1. 41. Pterophyllum prirtceps Oldham & Morris from 20. P. joofeanllm Feistmantel from Vemavaram; Bindaban; lectotype, G.S.I. no. 4388. x 1. G.S.I. no. 4655. x 1. 42. P. princeps Oldham & Morris from Binda• 21. Morrisia rajmahalensis (Feistmantel) comb. novo ban, apical region of a frond; B.S.I.P. no. from Onthea; holotype, G.S.I. no. 4510. x 1. 4596. x 1. 22-24. ?M. rajmahalensis, showing a few detached 43. Anomozamites habllrensis n. sp. from Dharesi, pinnae; fig. 22 belongs to apical region, whereas, Kac;hchh, B.S.I.P. no. 20/2084A. x 2. figs 23 & 24 are perhaps from basal regions. Fig. 22 from Murrero; G.S.I. no. 4543 and figs 23 and 24 are also from Murrero; G.S.I. PLATE 11 no. 4373. x 1. 44. Cycadites rajmahalensis Oldham from Bindaban; holotype, G.S.I. no. 4378. x 1. PLATE 5 45. Pferophyllum gllptai n. sp. from Sakrigalighat; B.S.I.P. no. 35114.x 1. 25. Anomozamites haburensis from Habur; holotype, 46. P. incisum Sahni & Rao probably from Butaha B.S.I.P. no. 107/2095. x 1. Pahar; no. 129 of the Botany Department, 26. Taeniopferis kutchensis n. sp. from Kakadbhit; University of Lucknow. x 1 (from Sahni & B.S.I.P. no. 1/2000A. x 1. Rao, 19331), 280 THE PALAEOBOTANIST PLATE 12 PLATE 14 51, 52. PterophY//lim kingianllm Feistmantel from 47. Pterophyllllm princeps Oldham & Morris from Gollapalle; G.S.I. nos. 4571 and 4569 (counter• Bindaban; B.S.I.P. no. 31125/422. x I. part of holotype no. 4566). x I. 53. P. gllptai n. sp. from SakrigaJighat; B.S.I.P. no. 35114. x 1. PLATE 13 54. P. morrisianllm Oldham from Bindaban; lectotype G.S.I. no. 4401. x I. 55. Anomozamites habllrensis n. sp. from Habur, 48, 49. Cycadites rajmahalensis Oldham from B.S.I.P. no. 126/2095. x I. Bindaban; G.S.I. nos. 4381 and 4547. 56. Pterophyllum princeps Oldham and Morris from x I. Bindaban; B.S.I.P. no. 31150/422. x 1. 50. Pterophyllllm rajmalza/ense Morris from 57. Allomozamites hasnapllrensis n. sp. from Hasna• Bindaban; lectotype, G.S.I. no. 4399. pur; B.S.I.P. no. 29/1442. x 1 (from Bose & xl. Zeba-Bano, 1979). 6 fLA1B 1 TIlE PALAEO BOTANIST 282 t UV1d BOSE & BANERJI-CYCADOPBYtIC LEAVES 285 PLATE 4 286 THE PALAEOBOTANIST I.' PLATE 5 287 \ + 288 • BOSE & BANERJI - CYCADOPHYTIC LEA YES 289 , .' PLATE 8 6 HV1d BOSE & BANERJI - CYCADOPHYTIC LEA YES 293 PLATE 10 294 1'1 nVid