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Chapter Ii Foreign Policy Foundation of Saudi Arabia and Saudi Arabia Relations with Several International Organizations
CHAPTER II FOREIGN POLICY FOUNDATION OF SAUDI ARABIA AND SAUDI ARABIA RELATIONS WITH SEVERAL INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS This chapter discusses the foreign policy foundation of Saudi Arabia including the general introduction about the State of Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia political system, the ruling family, Saudi’s Arabia foreign policy. This chapter also discusses the Saudi Arabia relations with several international organizations. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country that has many roles, well in the country of the Arabian Peninsula as well as the global environment. The country that still adhere this royal system reserves and abundant oil production as the supporter, the economy of their country then make the country to be respected by the entire of international community. Regardless of the reason, Saudi Arabia also became the Qibla for Muslims around the world because there are two of the holiest city which is Mecca and Medina, at once the birth of Muslim civilization in the era of Prophet Muhammad SAW. A. Geography of Saudi Arabia The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country located in Southwest Asia, the largest country in the Arabian Peninsula, bordering with the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, as well as Northern Yemen. The extensive coastlines in the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea provide a great influence on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and the Suez Canal. The Kingdom occupies 80 percent of the Arabian Peninsula. Estimates of the Saudi government are at 2,217,949 15 square kilometres, while other leading estimates vary between 2,149,690 and 2,240,000 kilometres. -
The Destruction of Religious and Cultural Sites I. Introduction The
Mapping the Saudi State, Chapter 7: The Destruction of Religious and Cultural Sites I. Introduction The Ministry for Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Da’wah, and Guidance, commonly abbreviated to the Ministry of Islamic Affairs (MOIA), supervises and regulates religious activity in Saudi Arabia. Whereas the Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (CPVPV) directly enforces religious law, as seen in Mapping the Saudi State, Chapter 1,1 the MOIA is responsible for the administration of broader religious services. According to the MOIA, its primary duties include overseeing the coordination of Islamic societies and organizations, the appointment of clergy, and the maintenance and construction of mosques.2 Yet, despite its official mission to “preserve Islamic values” and protect mosques “in a manner that fits their sacred status,”3 the MOIA is complicit in a longstanding government campaign against the peninsula’s traditional heritage – Islamic or otherwise. Since 1925, the Al Saud family has overseen the destruction of tombs, mosques, and historical artifacts in Jeddah, Medina, Mecca, al-Khobar, Awamiyah, and Jabal al-Uhud. According to the Islamic Heritage Research Foundation, between just 1985 and 2014 – through the MOIA’s founding in 1993 –the government demolished 98% of the religious and historical sites located in Saudi Arabia.4 The MOIA’s seemingly contradictory role in the destruction of Islamic holy places, commentators suggest, is actually the byproduct of an equally incongruous alliance between the forces of Wahhabism and commercialism.5 Compelled to acknowledge larger demographic and economic trends in Saudi Arabia – rapid population growth, increased urbanization, and declining oil revenues chief among them6 – the government has increasingly worked to satisfy both the Wahhabi religious establishment and the kingdom’s financial elite. -
Saudi Arabia.Pdf
A saudi man with his horse Performance of Al Ardha, the Saudi national dance in Riyadh Flickr / Charles Roffey Flickr / Abraham Puthoor SAUDI ARABIA Dec. 2019 Table of Contents Chapter 1 | Geography . 6 Introduction . 6 Geographical Divisions . 7 Asir, the Southern Region � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �7 Rub al-Khali and the Southern Region � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �8 Hejaz, the Western Region � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �8 Nejd, the Central Region � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �9 The Eastern Region � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �9 Topographical Divisions . .. 9 Deserts and Mountains � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �9 Climate . .. 10 Bodies of Water . 11 Red Sea � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 11 Persian Gulf � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 11 Wadis � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 11 Major Cities . 12 Riyadh � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �12 Jeddah � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �13 Mecca � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � -
Saudi Arabia Under King Faisal
SAUDI ARABIA UNDER KING FAISAL ABSTRACT || T^EsIs SubiviiTTEd FOR TIIE DEqREE of ' * ISLAMIC STUDIES ' ^ O^ilal Ahmad OZuttp UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF DR. ABDUL ALI READER DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC STUDIES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1997 /•, •^iX ,:Q. ABSTRACT It is a well-known fact of history that ever since the assassination of capital Uthman in 656 A.D. the Political importance of Central Arabia, the cradle of Islam , including its two holiest cities Mecca and Medina, paled into in insignificance. The fourth Rashidi Calif 'Ali bin Abi Talib had already left Medina and made Kufa in Iraq his new capital not only because it was the main base of his power, but also because the weight of the far-flung expanding Islamic Empire had shifted its centre of gravity to the north. From that time onwards even Mecca and Medina came into the news only once annually on the occasion of the Haj. It was for similar reasons that the 'Umayyads 661-750 A.D. ruled form Damascus in Syria, while the Abbasids (750- 1258 A.D ) made Baghdad in Iraq their capital. However , after a long gap of inertia, Central Arabia again came into the limelight of the Muslim world with the rise of the Wahhabi movement launched jointly by the religious reformer Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab and his ally Muhammad bin saud, a chieftain of the town of Dar'iyah situated between *Uyayana and Riyadh in the fertile Wadi Hanifa. There can be no denying the fact that the early rulers of the Saudi family succeeded in bringing about political stability in strife-torn Central Arabia by fusing together the numerous war-like Bedouin tribes and the settled communities into a political entity under the banner of standard, Unitarian Islam as revived and preached by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. -
Desert Storm"
VECTORS AND WAR - "DESERT STORM" By Joseph Conlon [email protected] The awesome technological marvels of laser-guided munitions and rocketry riveted everyone's attention during the recent Persian Gulf War. Yet, an aspect of the war that received comparatively little media attention was the constant battle waged against potential disease vectors by preventive medicine personnel from the coalition forces. The extraordinarily small number of casualties suffered in combat was no less remarkable than the low numbers of casualties due to vector-borne disease. Both statistics reflect an appreciation of thorough planning and the proper allocation of massive resources in accomplishing a mission against a well-equipped foe. A great many personnel were involved in the vector control effort from all of the uniformed services. This paper will address some of the unique vector control issues experienced before, during, and after the hostilities by the First Marine Expeditionary Force (1st MEF), a contingent of 45,000 Marines headquartered at Al Jubail, a Saudi port 140 miles south of Kuwait. Elements of the 1st MEF arrived on Saudi soil in mid-August, 1991. The 1st MEF was given the initial task of guarding the coastal road system in the Eastern Province, to prevent hostile forces from capturing the major Saudi ports and airfields located there. Combat units of the 1st Marine Division were involved in the Battle of Khafji, prior to the main campaign. In addition, 1st MEF comprised the primary force breaching the Iraqi defenses in southern Kuwait, culminating in the tank battle at the International Airport. THE VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE THREAT The vector control problems encountered during the five months preceding the war were far worse than those during the actual fighting. -
March 21, 2021 I Vol - 162
NEWS March 21, 2021 I Vol - 162 CMA CGM Air Cargo flies first A330-200F commercial flight Adani Ports partners John Keells to develop West Container Terminal of Colombo Port The new air freight division of the CMA CGM Group, a Adani Ports and Special Economic Zones Ltd (APSEZ), a key subsidiary of the diversified Adani Group, has received a Letter of French container transportation and shipping company, Intent (LOI) from Sri Lankan authorities for development and operations of (WCT) in Colombo. APSEZ will partner with John has just completed its first cargo flight between Europe Keells Holdings PLC, Sri Lanka’s largest diversified conglomerate, and with the Sri Lanka Ports Authority (SLPA) as a part of the and the United States. Based at Liege Airport (LGG), the consortium awarded this mandate. The WCT will be developed on a Build, Operate and Transfer basis for a period of 35 years global shipping giant flew its recently acquired Airbus as a public-private partnership. WCT will have a quay length of 1400 meters and alongside depth of 20 meters, thereby A330-200F from LGG to Chicago O’Hare International making it a prime transhipment cargo destination to handle Ultra Large Container Carriers. The project is expected to boost Airport (ORD) on March 13. The aircraft, registration WCT’s container handling capacity and further consolidate Sri Lanka’s locational advantage as one of the world’s top strategic number OO-CMA, is the first of four second-hand nodes along the busiest global transhipment route. The Colombo Port is already the most preferred regional hub for freighters that CMA CGM is buying for its new air cargo transhipment of Indian containers and mainline ship operators with 45% of Colombo’s transhipment volumes either division, aptly named CMA CGM AIR CARGO. -
Us Military Assistance to Saudi Arabia, 1942-1964
DANCE OF SWORDS: U.S. MILITARY ASSISTANCE TO SAUDI ARABIA, 1942-1964 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Bruce R. Nardulli, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2002 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Allan R. Millett, Adviser Professor Peter L. Hahn _______________________ Adviser Professor David Stebenne History Graduate Program UMI Number: 3081949 ________________________________________________________ UMI Microform 3081949 Copyright 2003 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ____________________________________________________________ ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 ABSTRACT The United States and Saudi Arabia have a long and complex history of security relations. These relations evolved under conditions in which both countries understood and valued the need for cooperation, but also were aware of its limits and the dangers of too close a partnership. U.S. security dealings with Saudi Arabia are an extreme, perhaps unique, case of how security ties unfolded under conditions in which sensitivities to those ties were always a central —oftentimes dominating—consideration. This was especially true in the most delicate area of military assistance. Distinct patterns of behavior by the two countries emerged as a result, patterns that continue to this day. This dissertation examines the first twenty years of the U.S.-Saudi military assistance relationship. It seeks to identify the principal factors responsible for how and why the military assistance process evolved as it did, focusing on the objectives and constraints of both U.S. -
The Arab World Competitiveness Report 2013
Insight Report The Arab World Competitiveness Report 2013 May 2013 The Arab World Competitiveness Report 2013 is published by the World Economic Forum and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) At the World Economic Forum Børge Brende, Managing Director World Economic Forum Geneva Jennifer Blanke, Chief Economist Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Director, Lead Economist Copyright © 2013 by the World Economic Forum and the European Miroslav Dusek, Director, Head, Middle East and North Africa Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) Ciara Browne, Associate Director Sofiane Khatib, Associate Director All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, Hala Hanna, Global Leadership Fellow stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any Tania Gutknecht, Community Manager means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise without the prior permission of the World Economic Forum. Gemma Corrigan, Intern The terms country and nation as used in this Report do not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood At the EBRD by international law and practice. The terms cover well-defined, Erik Berglöf, Chief Economist geographically self-contained economic areas that may not be states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate and Hanan Morsy, Senior Regional Economist independent basis. Nafez Zouk, Economic Analyst We thank Kamal Kimaoui and Floris Landi for their excellent graphic ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-68-5 design and layout, as well as Edmund Doogue and Fabienne Stassen for their thorough editing. © 2013 World Economic Forum Contents Preface 3 Preface Erik Berglöf, This fifth edition of The Arab World Competitiveness Report European Bank for appears at a critical time for the Arab world. -
NSIAD-92-20 Operation Desert Storm
_-_^--.-.-.“_(__-.-.._..- __._ r-.-l ._..-_..__ .__-.- -I.-_.I__... _. .._-.l-.- -I..- 1)wvmlwr 1!N 1 OPERATION DESERT STORM Transportation and Distribution of Equipment and Supplies in Southwest Asia -. GAO,'NSlAI)-92-20 United States Gkneral Accounting Office GAO Washington, D.C. 20648 National Security and International Affairs Division B-246015 December 26,199l The Honorable Carl Levin Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management Committee on Governmental Affairs United States Senate Dear Mr. Chairman: As you requested, we reviewed the Defense Department’s capabilities to distribute equipment and supplies during Operation Desert Storm.’ Spe- cifically, we reviewed the Army’s, Marine Corps’, and Air Force’s capa- bility to (1) unload equipment and supplies at seaport and airport facilities, (2) store and retrieve assets, (3) transport supplies and equip- ment to forward-deployed logistic bases and units, and (4) provide security at ports of entry, in warehouses, and during the surface trans- portation of assets. On August 2, 1990, Iraqi military forces launched a surprise attack Background against Kuwait. On August 7, 1990, the U.S. military began deploying equipment, supplies, and personnel to strategic seaports and airports in Saudi Arabia. TheUS. Central Command (CENTCOM) was responsible for overall in- theater logistics management. It developed policy and monitored and coordinated transportation and distribution operations. CENTCOM dele- gated specific theaterwide functions to the Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force. For example, while all three services stored and provided security over equipment and supplies, the Army was responsible for a seaport and airport operations as well,. -
TIR/GE6871/SDG CIRCULAR LETTER No 02 - Geneva, 22 January 2020
TIR/GE6871/SDG CIRCULAR LETTER No 02 - Geneva, 22 January 2020 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: The Saudi Automobile and Touring Association (SATA/098), as the issuing and guaranteeing association for TIR carnets in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, will begin its TIR issuing and guaranteeing activities from 23 January 2020 Addressees: TIR Carnet issuing and guaranteeing Associations We are pleased to inform you that the “Saudi Automobile & Touring Association” (SATA/098) that has been designated by the competent authorities of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as the issuing and guaranteeing association for TIR carnets on its territory in conformity with article 6 and Annex 9, part I of the TIR Convention, will start its issuing and guaranteeing activities on 23 January 2020. Following the approval of the IRU competent body, SATA became an associate member of IRU and underwent a thorough TIR admission process, which was accomplished with success. The International Insurers have confirmed that the guarantee will be provided for both TIR carnets issued by SATA and TIR carnets issued by other TIR issuing associations affiliated to IRU and used on the territory of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Under the terms of Article 8.3 of the TIR Convention, the maximum sum per TIR carnet in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been set at EUR 100,000. Thus, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia will be considered a country in which TIR transports can be arranged as of 23 January 2020. The activation of the TIR system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia brings the number of TIR operational countries to 63. -
Recurrent Streptococcus Bovis Meningitis in Strongyloides Stercoralis Hyperinfection After Kidney Transplantation: the Dilemma in a Non-Endemic Area
Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 90(2), 2014, pp. 312–314 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0494 Copyright © 2014 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Case Report: Recurrent Streptococcus bovis Meningitis in Strongyloides stercoralis Hyperinfection after Kidney Transplantation: The Dilemma in a Non-Endemic Area Taqi T. Khan,* Fatehi Elzein, Abdullah Fiaar, and Faheem Akhtar Institution Sections of Renal Transplant Surgery and Transplant Nephrology, Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Division of Infectious Diseases and Histopathology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Riyadh Military Hospital, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia. INTRODUCTION intravenous antibiotics with improvement in symptoms. This recipient had also received 10 mg dexamethasone 6 hourly Post transplant parasitic infections are a rarity and occur in 1 until S. bovis was discovered in the CSF. In view of the asso- around 2% of transplant recipients ; the intestinal helminth ciation of S. bovis with colonic cancer, he underwent a Strongyloides stercoralis (Ss) is found in contaminated soil in colonoscopy that was unremarkable and he was discharged hot and humid tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, home on his original triple immunosuppression. South and East Asia, and South America. Infective larvae He was readmitted after 3 weeks with fever, headache, from contaminated soil enter the host venous system from persistent vomiting, and neck pain, and a 20 kg weight loss. the skin to end up in the lungs and are then ingested into ° 2 He was febrile (38.5 C) with tachycardia and pallor with the GI tract by the pharynx where they mature into adults. mild signs of meningeal irritation. -
Saudi Arabia
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS BRANCH/SOILS UNIT IL REGIONAL OFFICE FOR WEST ASIA IRAQ A RAPID ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACTS OF THE IRAQ-KUWAIT CONFLICT ON TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS PART HI SAUDI ARABIA SEPTEMBER1991 ( LU Ci UNiTED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME 0 , w TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS BRANCH)SOILS UNiT REGIONAL OFFiCE FOR WEST ASIA A. RAPID ASSESSMENT \C 410FP Oi ANO OF THE IMPACTS OF THE IE.AQ-IcrJWAIT CONFLICT ON TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS PART THREE i A Report prepared for the United Nations Environment Programme by CAAFAR KARRAR KAMAL H. BATANOUNY MUHAMMAD A. MIAN Revised and Edited by p September 1991 Page Executive Summary vi-xi tntroducticn 2 Chapter I The Assianment and Execution ... 5 1.1 Background ... 5 1.2 The work assignment of the mission ... 6 1.3 Execution of the assignment ... 6 Chapter II The State of the Eiironment Before the the IracLKuwait Conflict ... 8 2.1 General ... 8 2.2 Physical Factors ... 8 2.2.1 Location . S 2.2.2 Topography and physiographic Regions ... B 2.2.3 Climate ... ii. 2.2.4 Soils ... 17 2.3 Biota ... 18 2.3.1 Fauna ... 18 2.3.2 Flora ... 20 2.3.3 Vegetation ... 21 2.4 Socto-Economic Indicators ... 22 2.5 Land Use ... 23 2.6 Institutional Set-up ... 23 2.6.1 Policy Relating to the Environment ... 23 2.6.2 Implementing Institution ... 24 Chapter III Imoact Identification and Evaluation. ... 25 3.1 War Activities ... 22 3.2 Environmental Components and kinds of Impacts ... 29 3.3 Qualitative judgement on nature, level and duration of impact results ..