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Wisconsin Silurian Bioherms (Organic Reefs) by Robert R

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Wisconsin Silurian Bioherms (Organic Reefs) by Robert R BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA VOL. SO, PP. 529-562, 2 PLS.,4 FIGS. APRIL I. 1939 WISCONSIN SILURIAN BIOHERMS (ORGANIC REEFS) BY ROBERT R. SHROCK CONTENTS Page Abstract.................................................................................................................................. 530 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 530 Summary of previous investigations................................................................................. 532 General stratigraphie column for eastern Wisconsin..................................................... 533 Characteristics of bioherms................................................................................................. 533 Bioherms associated with May ville—Byron contact..................................................... 535 General character.......................................................................................................... 535 Mayville.......................................................................................................................... 536 Oakfield........................................................................................................................... 536 Hamilton........................................................................................................................ 537 Peebles............................................................................................................................ 539 Summary........................................................................................................................ 540 Bioherms in Byron dolomite.............................................................................................. 540 General character.......................................................................................................... 540 Knowles.......................................................................................................................... 541 Chilton............................................................................................................................ 543 Door County................................................................................................................. 545 Bioherms in Cordell and Racine dolomites..................................................................... 545 General character......................................................................................................... 545 Introductory statement....................................................................................... 545 Biohermal (Reef) core......................................................................................... 546 Biohermal (Reef) flank........................................................................................ 549 Interbiohermal (Interreef) lagoonal deposits.................................................. 549 Bioherms in Cordell dolomite............................................................................................ 550 Quarry............................................................................................................................ 550 Grimms........................................................................................................................... 552 Bioherms in Racine dolomite............................................................................................. 553 General statement........................................................................................................ 553 Schoonmaker bioherm at Wauwatosa...................................................................... 553 Milwaukee area............................................................................................................. 556 General statement................................................................................................ 556 Hales Corners........................................................................................................ 556 Moody’s quarry.................................................................................................... 556 National Military Asylum.................................................................................. 557 North Milwaukee................................................................................................. 557 West Granville...................................................................................................... 557 South Germantown.............................................................................................. 557 Cedarburg—Grafton area........................................................................................... 557 Saukville......................................................................................................................... 560 Summary and paleogeography........................................................................................... 561 Works to which reference is made..................................................................................... 562 (529) Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/50/4/529/3415719/BUL50_4-0529.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 530 R. R. SHROCK----WISCONSIN SILURIAN BIOHERMS ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Index map of part of eastern Wisconsin................................................................... 531 2. Biohermal mounds in Byron dolomite near Knowles............................................. 542 3. Small bioherms in Byron dolomite near Chilton..................................................... 544 4. Coral bioherm in Racine dolomite at Cedarburg.................................................... 558 Plate Facing page 1. Diagrammatic geologic sections of three bioherms in Cordell and Racine dolomites..................................................................................................................... 550 2. Geologic sections of Schoonmaker bioherm at Wauwatosa................................... 552 ABSTRACT The Silurian of Wisconsin contains biohermal structures at several stratigraphie horizons. These bioherms are essentially cuboidal, domal, or ridgelike masses of porous and cavernous, crudely bedded and poorly jointed, barren to highly fos- siliferous dolomites which grade peripherally outward and vertically upward and downward into well-bedded, dense to saccharoidal, relatively unfossiliferous dolomites. The approximately contemporaneous surrounding strata, which commonly are thin bedded, first dip away from the reefy mounds at relatively low angles, except where differential slumping has steepened the initial dip, and then become essentially hori­ zontal and take on the lithological character of the normal stratigraphie sequence of the region. The complexity of the fauna on some of the bioherms shows clearly that no single phylum of organisms played the dominant role in the construction. On the contrary, it is usually obvious that many different classes of organisms made large and im­ portant contributions to the growing calcareous mounds. Chief among the bioherm builders were algae, hydrozooid stromatoporoids, tabulate corals, camerate crinoids, cryptostomatous bryozoans, protrematous and telotrematous brachiopods, pelecypods, gastropods and cephalopods, and trilobites. Biohermal sites, especially at Wauwatosa, Milwaukee, and in the vicinity of Cedarburg and Grafton, were the main sources of the several large Silurian collections made by local amateur collectors in the closing decades of the nineteenth century; they still remain among the best collecting sites. The interbiohermal strata may or may not be fossiliferous, but if they are their fauna tends to be small and somewhat different from the typical biohermal assemblage. The bioherms appear to have accumulated in fairly shallow water and to have stood as low mounds a few feet to a few tens of feet above the surrounding bottoms where fine calcareous muds were being deposited. INTRODUCTION The fossiliferous “coral reefs” in the Middle Silurian (Niagaran) strata of eastern Wisconsin (Fig. 1) have been known for over 75 years and have been referred to frequently since their discovery and correct inter­ pretation by James Hall in 1862. It was not until 1877, however, when T. C. Chamberlin described them in detail, that they became well known. Since the latter date most references to the Wisconsin Silurian have dealt with the stratigraphie relations and correlation of the reef-bearing strata. None so far has dealt specifically with the bioherms in as much detail as Chamberlin’s original report. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/50/4/529/3415719/BUL50_4-0529.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 INTRODUCTION 531 F igure 1.— Index map of a part of eastern Wisconsin Showing area of Silurian rocks (stippled) and locations of bioherms (numbered). Studies of the Wisconsin bioherms by the writer, at irregular intervals during the past 10 years, have yielded some new and significant data. Quarries, road cuts, and numerous other excavations, not available for study to earlier investigators, have allowed a rather thorough examina- Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/50/4/529/3415719/BUL50_4-0529.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 532 R. R. SHROCK----WISCONSIN SILURIAN BIOHERMS tion of the bioherms
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