Phase 1 Habitat Survey

University of Glasgow Phase 1 Habitat Survey

Authors: Lorna Archer, Rosalind Brown & Fiona Rae Date: August 2015

Executive Summary

Over a four week duration, three separate Phase 1 habitat surveys were carried out under the request of the University of Glasgow Estates & Buildings Department. These surveys took place over the Gilmorehill Main Campus, the Garscube Campus and the River Kelvin within the Garscube Estate boundaries. The purpose of these surveys was to provide a baseline transferable record for what vegetation is present on the University grounds and suggest recommendations for enhancing biodiversity. The University of Glasgow as a public body in under obligation to fulfil the necessary standards for meeting biodiversity standards.

Each survey has put forward a separate list of recommendations for biodiversity enhancement within the University campus. Although the specified recommendations differ between the surveyed sites, there were certain common features shared. For instance, both campuses were found to encompass a good range of native species within the various habitat types identified; however, a prominent presence of invasive and non-native species was identified at both the Gilmorehill and Garscube Campus.

The University has a rich natural heritage for the urban environment in which it is located. It is important that this receives full recognition and the University provides for biodiversity to the best of its ability. Many measures are in place within the grounds to encourage wildlife and growth. This report offers additional options which can be considered for developments in the near future.

Contents

-Introduction and Methods – Page No. 2-3

-Results – Page No. 4-22

-Discussion – Page No. 23-28

-References and Acknowledgements – Page No. 28

-Appendix – Page No. 29

1. Introduction

Biodiversity is the term used to describe the vast variety of living organisms found globally and considers their integration into the ecosystem. The interactions between these organisms and their habitats impact on each other and therefore must be carefully monitored and maintained to ensure a natural balance. Anthropogenic actions are often the main cause of unbalance due to our strong reliance on the ecosystem for its services such as natural gas, oil, the fishing industries and agriculture. In addition, the introduction of invasive species is another important factor affecting biodiversity. Invasive species are species which are introduced intentionally or unintentionally from another country and can at times thrive in their new habitat. This can result in native species becoming threatened due to being outcompeted and in extreme cases; this can lead to species extinction. The (Nature Conservation Act 2004) and the (Wildlife and Natural Environment (Scotland) Act 2011) are articles of legislation responsible for the protection of native species and their habitats as well implementing the correct management procedures to deal with invasive species. The University of Glasgow as a public body has an obligation to abide by these laws and ensure the best possible management of the rich landscape the University has inherited. Studies in humans have shown that access to green space reduces health risks and stress levels. Consequently, maintaining these areas is not only beneficial to the overall biodiversity of the area, but also beneficial to the students and staff who utilise them (Maller et al. 2005). The responsibility to provide local policies and Biodiversity Action Plans further assists in the monitoring and protection of these areas. A Biodiversity Action Plan was created specifically for the University of Glasgow which includes SMART targets aimed at the specific issues that require improvement across the University campuses. (A full copy of the University of Glasgow Biodiversity Policy January 2015 is available on request). It is the University’s obligation to ensure the conservation of biodiversity on the grounds which they are responsible for. These efforts allow a balance of flora and fauna to be maintained across the University grounds and ensure their impact on the surroundings areas is monitored and reduced. Each year, new opportunities for enhancement may arise. Thus by keeping updated records and revising potential biodiversity aims, the University can plan and act accordingly to meet the legislation requirements to a high standard. In accordance with enhancing biodiversity, the discussed projects in this report aim to: - Assess Gilmorehill Campus, Garscube Estate and the River Kelvin flowing through the Garscube Estate - Record and collate a Phase 1 survey for each area to provide a reference baseline for what is currently present - Suggest recommendations for enhancing biodiversity in each of the three areas

2. Methodology 2.1 Introducing Phase 1 Phase 1 habitat survey is a technique for obtaining a baseline assessment of the ecology of a site. It allows for relatively rapid surveying, generating an overview of a mapped area according to habitat classification. This survey will identify the types of habitat present, using vegetation as the key determinant. A Phase 1 survey is valuable in planning and can greatly contribute to nature conservation by the records it provides. In this project, a Phase 1 survey approach was adopted to compile a measure of the existing biodiversity on 3 campus. The relevance of this was to obtain a current record of biodiversity and to build a set of recommendations for enhancement.

2.2 Urban Phase 1 As the University grounds are situated in an urban environment, it was important to consider all relative habitats. An urban survey will typically produce a disjointed matrix of habitats due to the built up landscape as opposed to broader ranging habitats found in rural surveys. Similarly, high levels of management and diverse land use further disrupts an urban landscape. Within cities small isolated areas can still provide a viable and valuable habitat.

2.3 Components of Phase 1 The area of interest is divided into the relevant habitat classifications and accurately imposed onto a map. The use of colour alpha-numeric coding allows different habitats to be recognised effectively, where each habitat type coordinates with an assigned colour or design. Within each section, the vegetation is recorded and any points of interest can be highlighted by using target notes.

The full detailed methodology for any Phase 1 survey can be accessed at: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/PDF/pub10_handbookforphase1habitatsurvey.pdf

2.4 Phase ONE Habitat Survey Toolkit Phase ONE introduces a digital solution to manual Phase 1 surveying where the survey can be carried out through the Phase ONE app (Version 1.1.0) on an iPad. This allows a survey to be conducted more rapidly. For this project the app was used. It follows the same mapping procedures as a manual survey where a site can be digitally accessed through satellite imagery. Habitats are mapped using polygons and lines, where area and length are automatically calculated. These habitats are identified according to full habitat descriptions and colour coding. Target notes of interest can easily be added for any feature and species present can be selected from a list. In addition, species occurrence can be recorded according to DAFOR scaling (Dominant >75%, Abundant 51-75%, Frequent 26-50%, Occasional 11-25%, Rare 1-10%). Photographs can also be incorporated into the survey. On completion of the survey, the file can be exported and stored as an electronic summary.

3.1 Gilmorehill Campus – Results (A full electronic Phase 1 survey is available for this project)

3.1.1 Site Description

The Gillmorehill University of Glasgow campus is a semi urban environment which covers a total of 30.18 hectares within the west end of Glasgow city. The campus is mainly dominated by buildings and roads although also contains many different green spaces which provide varied habitats for a vast array of flora and fauna. In particular there are large areas well maintained amenity grassland and a large variety of different shrub and tree species, many of which are not native.

Figure 1. final habitat map of Gilmorehill Campus

Figure 2. habitat key for Gilmorehill Campus

3.1.2 Habitat Summaries

Amenity Grassland: J1.2 The Gillmorehill campus is mainly dominated by amenity grassland habitat covering a total of 3.39 ha. The dominant species is annual meadow grass (Poa annua) found in all areas of amenity grass land. Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) and White clover (Trifolium repens) are also found scattered across the majority of amenity grassland areas. Across the campus >75% of the amenity grassland areas are accompanied by scattered trees such as Common Lime Tree (Tilia x europaea) and Whitebream (Sorbus aria) mostly found around the edges of the amenity grassland areas. The amenity grassland found around campus is intensively managed and the trees provide canopy cover. Across the campus there are also several areas of amenity grassland in the form of wildflower meadows which are dominated by California Poppies (Eschscholzia californica) and Chamomile (Matricaria recutita).

Broadleaved Parkland/scattered trees: A3.1 The Gillmorehill campus also contains large areas of parkland with scattered trees over totalling 2.33 ha. This habitat consists of intensively managed annual meadow grass (Pao annua) with tree cover of <30%. There is a large variety of trees found across campus, although the dominant species of broadleaved trees are Common Lime (Tilia x europaea) and Whitebeam (Sorbus aris). Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), Beech (Fagus sylvatica), Silver Birch (Betula pendula) and Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) are also found frequently across the campus and again provide canopy cover for the intensively managed annual meadow grass (Poa annua).

Introduced shrub: J1.4 The Gillmorehill campus contains beds which are mainly dominated by introduced shrub and cover a total of 0.26ha. These beds are found in the gardens which border many of the University Buildings. The main two introduced shrub areas are north of the library, Bute gardens, Lillybank Terrace and the Queen Margaret Union. The dominant species found within these beds include Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla), Japanese Spurge (Pachysandra terminalis), Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) and Butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii). Across these planted beds Japanese Purple Maple (Acer palmatum) and Shadbush (Amalanchier bartramiana) are also frequently found, they provide a small amount of canopy cover.

Scrub – dense/continuous: A2.1 The Gillmorehill campus contains 0.13ha of dense scrub area. The main areas of dense scrub are located towards the back of the Zoology building. This area is dominated by native and non native shrubs and is no more than 5m tall, containing a few scattered trees. The dominant species present include Spurge (Euphorbia stenoclada), Nettles () with the occasional scattered Field Maple (Acer campestre) and Ash (Fraxinus excelsior). Peony (Paeonia ludlowii) and Buttercups (Ranunculus spp.) are also frequently found.

Intact Hedge native species-rich: J2.1.1 Across the Gillmorehill campus there is also 0.1 ha of native intact hedge habitat. The hedges often border areas of amenity grassland and scattered parkland, as well as occasionally surrounding the found and side of university buildings. The dominant species of hedge found across campus are Box (Buxus sempervirens), Yew (Taxus baccata) and Wild Privet (Ligustrum vulgare). There is also a large hedge running along the north side of the medical building on University Avenue which is dominated by Birch (Betula spp.).

Habitat coverage 70

20 Area Coverage(%) 10

Buildings Bare ground Other habitat Scrub scattered Introduced shrub

Scrub-dense/continuous Intact hedge- species poor Defunct hedge - species poor Mixed Parkland/scattered trees Intact hedge - native species-rich Broadleaved woodlamd plantation Coniferous Parkland/scattered trees Broadleaved parkland/scattered trees Hedge with trees - native species rich

Cultivated/disturbed land - amenity grassland Habitat Type

Figure 3. shows graph highlighting the percentage of coverage each habitat type occupies.

Habitat Type Alphanumeric Code Area of Coverage (Ha) Buildings J3.6 12.54 Cultivated/disturbed – amenity grassland J1.2 3.39 Broadleaved Parkland/scattered trees A3.1 2.18 Other habitat J5 0,98 Intact hedge – species poor J2.1.2 0.6 Introduced shrub J1.4 0.2 Broadleaved woodland plantation A3.4 0.15 Scrub-dense/continuous A2.1 0.13 Hedge with trees-native species rich J2.3.1 0.11 Intact hedge-native species rich J2.1.1 0.1 Scrub scattered A2.2 0.07 Defunct hedge – species poor J2.2.2 0.02 Mixed parkland/scattered trees A3.3 0.01 Coniferous parkland/scattered trees A3.2 0 Bare ground J4 0 Table 1. displaying the recorded area in hectares for each habitat, as a measure of coverage for the Gillmorehill campus.

3.1.3 Target Notes of Interest

• Chilean Holly (Desphtania spinosa) – D. spinosa is native to the mountains and slopes of Central America. It’s used in medicine and has hallucinogenic properties. The plant has a slow growth rate and can take 10-20 years to reach maximum height of 4m. D. spinosa is quite a rare plant and there’s only one found on the Gillmorehill campus, which is located in the gardens on Lillybank Terrace. D. spinosa is pollinated by bees and therefore provides a good source of pollen for native bee species.

Figure 4. European Honey Bee Apis mellifera on the D. spinosa plant

• Small Pond – There is a small pond located to the North of the Queen Margaret Union. The pond is part of the student run wildlife garden and is maintained by a small number of Glasgow University students. The pond provides an excellent habitat for the common frog (Rana temporaria) and contains a population of young tadpoles. The Wildlife garden could benefit from further work being carried out, so an effort to increase student interest in the project could increase the biodiversity value of the garden. Such work could include, increasing the size of the pond, perhaps replanting more wildflowers in the rockery area. A general increase of activity in the area may also deter future vandalism of the garden.

• Monkshood (Aconitum napellus) - A. napellus is found within a bed of mainly introduced shrubs east of the Queen Margaret Union building. It’s a herbaceous perennial flower and is native to mountainous regions of the Northern hemisphere. A. napellus is extremely toxic and indeed is the most toxic flower found on the Gillmorehill campus. It contains large quantities of the alkaloid pseudaconitine, which is a deadly poison. The poison can be easily absorbed through skin and can cause vomiting, diarrhea and cardiovascular problems. If A. napellus is ingested then the symptoms can become fatal. Perhaps as a safety precaution this plant could be removed from the University campus.

• Chile Lantern Plant (Crinodendron hookeranum) – C. hookerianum is an evergreen ornamental tree native to Chile. The shrub can grow up to 8 meters and prefers shady areas. This shrub is quite rare and Scotland is the most northern country it is grown. It was named to honour William Jackson Hooker, a botanist Professor who studied Chilean plants at the University of Glasgow in 1820. C. hookerianum is located in the Bute Gardens area of the Gillmorehill campus.

Figure 5. Chile Lantern Plant (Crinodendron hookeranum) 9

• Wollemia (Wollemia nobilis)- W. nobilis is classified as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Redlist. The species was only known through the fossil record until it was discovered in Australia in 1994. There is a small W. nobilis tree found bordering University Avenue in an area or long grass to the west of the University Main Building. This rare tree provides a possible research opportunity into the nature of its seeding behaviour within an urban setting, as well as potential possibility of planting more of this species and increasing the global population of this critically endangered tree.

3.2 Garscube Campus - Results (A full electronic Phase 1 survey is available for this project)

3.2.1 Site Description

The Garscube Estate is situated 4 miles from the University of Glasgow main campus, located on the north- west boundary of Glasgow. The campus is best defined as parkland and it is traversed by the River Kelvin. Scattered trees and shrubbery are frequent and most commonly surrounding buildings and the main road usage areas. More covered areas of woodland are found around the boundaries of the area, as well as bordering the River Kelvin. The campus supports a range of facilities including the Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, the Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, the School of Veterinary Medicine and Garscube Sports Complex. This area is frequented by students, staff and researchers as well as public visitors and dog walkers. The grounds are tended to and maintained by a dedicated team of grounds staff. The variety of purpose the campus provides supports the matrix of habitats it exhibits. Overall, the campus offers a vast green space within an urban environment, giving scope for potential biodiversity enhancements. The management scheme further permits amenity grasslands, such as sports pitches, to be well-kept whilst other areas such as the semi-natural woodlands are able to provide a greater environmental benefit. Due to space availability, the area policy aims to maintain large trees which adds visual benefit but can also help support the surrounding environment. However, trees on the campus can age up to hundreds of years old, thus appropriate management is required to maintain healthy growth and control dead wood and tree fall.

Figure 6. Displays the final habitat map of Garscube Estate with habitat reference key.

3.2.2 Habitat Summaries

Amenity Grassland: J1.2 A total area of 65.08Ha of habitat was mapped for Garscube, of which amenity grassland represents 15.44Ha. This was found to be the most dominant habitat type. As Garscube provides a sports complex, areas of the estate are dedicated to recreation including football pitches, which amateur and professional teams utilise. Consequently large areas were assigned amenity grassland classification. These areas are dominated by annual meadow grass (Poa spp.) and are intensively managed to suit training conditions. As a result, few other grassland species have the opportunity to grow. Other sports pitches are offered on campus with artificial grass bases, such as tennis courts. Accordingly these habitats were assigned “Other Habitat (J5)” classification as they offer no ecological benefit. Finally, a large area of the Acre Road site off Maryhill Road has been assigned amenity grassland as this represents the allotment gardens.

Broadleaved Woodland – Semi-Natural: A1.1.1 Garscube represents a diverse rich campus for a city setting, where semi-natural woodland has been inherited some of which is long standing. Broadleaved woodlands are more prominent than coniferous, covering 7.03Ha. These woodlands are located mainly at the estate boundaries and along sections of the River Kelvin. The main tree species found in the broadleaved semi-natural woodlands included sycamore (Acer pseudoplantanus) and Beech (Fagus sylvatica), which were commonly assigned “dominant” or “abundant” DAFOR classifications. Additionally, species such as Oak (Quercus spp.), Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), Elm (Ulmus spp.), Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) and Birch (Betula spp.) were frequently recorded. The understory of significant woodlands was also noted where species such as Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum), Brambles (Rubus fruticosus agg.) and Common Nettle (Urtica dioica) were often present.

Broadleaved Parkland/Scattered Trees: A3.1 Garscube campus is well maintained aesthetically and accordingly, scattered tree arrangements – often accompanied by shrub plantation – contribute to the scenery of the area. Of the 6.84Ha parkland habitats, tree species such as Common Lime (Tilia x europaea), Large-Leaved Lime (Tilia platyphyllos), Japanese Maple (Acer palmatum), Cherry trees (Prunus spp.), Magnolia (Magnoliaceae), Katsura (Cercidiphyllum japonicum) and Tulip trees (Liriodendron tulipifera), were present. The unusual and striking appearance of some of these species adds to the visual enhancement of the campus.

Mixed Woodland – Semi-Natural: A1.3.1 In addition to broadleaved woodland, some areas are mixed in with coniferous growth, with coverage of 5.94Ha. Two main areas represent this; one borders the left hand side of the River Kelvin and the other neighbours the broadleaved woodland at the south boundary to the right hand side of the water. Similar dominant broadleaved were found in mixed woodlands. Coniferous growth recorded included Yew (Taxus baccata), Cypresses (Cupressaceae) and Firs (Pinaceae). The understory of these woodlands contained large areas of Rhododendron and Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera), both problem species, the latter of which is associated with riparian corridors where it can easily spread. Additionally, Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) as another invasive species, was recorded in the southern woodland.

Marsh/Marshy Grassland: B5 An area of 1.27Ha marsh/marsh grassland was recorded and has been highlighted for its potential for pond habitat creation. This land lies behind the Garscube Sports complex and is dominated by Soft Rush (Juncus effusus) and White Clover (Trifolium repens). Meadow buttercups (Ranunculus acris) featured abundantly and both Ribwort Plantain (Plantago lanceolate) and Docks & Sorrels (Rumex spp.) featured frequently.

Flower Beds: The campus features several flower beds and one small section of wildflower seed growth. These habitats were not assigned habitats as they did not adhere to any of the habitat descriptions. Instead each flower bed was target noted and the species present recorded. Although each bed represented a diversity of species, a few were often recorded across the campus including Hydrangeas (Hydrangea), False Goat’s Beard (Astilbe spp.), Hosta (Hosta) and Coneflower (Rudbeckia ligularia). The wildflower seed was composed of Cornflowers (Centaurea cyanus), Wild Candytuft (Iberis umbellata), Common Poppy (Papaver rhoeas) and Moroccan Toadflax (Linaria maroccana), among others. This was planted in May 2015 and appears to be doing well.

Polygon Habitat coverage 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

Area Coverage in Hectares (Ha) 0

Buildings Refuse-tip Dry ditch Other Habitat Bare Ground Scrub - scattered Introduced shrub

Marsh/marshy grasslandScrub - dense/continuous Intact hedge - species poor Running water - oligotrophic Mixed woodland - plantation MixedMixed woodland Parkland/scattered - semi-natural trees Other tall herb andConiferous fern - ruderal woodland - plantation Cultivated/disturbed land - amenity…Broadleaved woodland - plantation Coniferous woodland - semi-natural BroadleavedBroadleaved woodland parkland/scattered - semi-natural trees Cultivated/disturbed land - ephemeral Other tall herb and fern - non ruderal Habitat Type Figure 7. highlights the coverage in hectares of each assigned habitat classification for Garscube Estate.

Habitat Type Alpha-Numeric Area of Code Coverage (Ha) Cultivated/disturbed land - amenity grassland J1.2 15.44 Buildings J3.6 13.56 Broadleaved woodland - semi-natural A1.1.1 7.03 Broadleaved parkland/scattered trees A3.1 6.84 Mixed woodland - semi-natural A1.2.1 5.94 Mixed Parkland/scattered trees A3.3 3 Broadleaved woodland - plantation A1.1.2 2.64 Running water - oligotrophic G2.3 2.32 Other Habitat J5 2.31 Other tall herb and fern - ruderal C3.1 1.96 Marsh/marshy grassland B5 1.27 Scrub - scattered A2.2 0.82 Coniferous woodland - plantation A1.2.2 0.58 Cultivated/disturbed land - ephemeral J1.3 0.55 Scrub - dense/continuous A2.1 0.42 Refuse-tip I2.4 0.11 Coniferous woodland - semi-natural A1.2.1 0.09 Introduced shrub J1.4 0.09 Bare Ground J4 0.03 Mixed woodland - plantation A1.3.2 0.02 Other tall herb and fern - non ruderal C3.2 0.02 Intact hedge - species poor J2.1.2 0.01 Dry ditch J2.6 0 Table 2. displaying the recorded area in hectares for each habitat, as a measure of coverage for the campus.

3.2.3 Target Notes of Specific Interest

• Tree Fall Throughout the woodland areas, there were numerous instances of tree fall either by natural causes or by human management. This leaves a collection of stumps, branches and trunks which will soften and rot in damp conditions or dry out and harden in sun exposed areas. A white willow tree (Salix alba) has fallen to the left of the River Kelvin close to the North Lodge by the river’s edge. This has occurred next to a waterlogged area of mud and undergrowth thus represents a wet habitat. The protocol for wood removal is varied, with some tree fall being cleared and others being left. In the instance of the white willow, it is to be left. Dead wood which is disregarded provides an opportunity for manipulation into simple habitat creation where coarse woody debris is an important habitat for decomposers, fungi and other species. A site of fungi colonisation on dead wood stumps was recorded alongside the river mixed semi natural woodland towards the south boundary. The instance of the fungi and the white willow tree are single representations of which multiple similar cases exist across the campus woodlands.

Figure 8. an indication of areas of tree fall and damage which could be exploited for biodiversity benefit.

• Scouting Sites for Ponds In order for a pond to be established successfully, an area with little shade would be required. This will avoid build-up of leaf litter and allow sunlight to reach the water for photosynthetic purposes. Marginal vegetation would need to surround the pond to blend between habitats and it would need to be situated within a reasonable distance from a main freshwater source. As a public access space, it would be necessary for health and safety requirements to avoid main public routes or to enclose the feature. A few possible sites at Garscube have been considered. The area of marsh/marsh grassland (B5), shaded orange with purple diagonal stripes in Figure 5, is a possibility for pond creation.

Figure 9. illustrates the potential land to create a pond site.

• Flowers, Butterflies and Bees The numerous flower beds on the campus are mainly restricted to the left hand side of the River Kelvin. These beds provide a diverse display of flowers, some of which have key benefits to different species of butterflies, moths, bees and other insects. This in turn connects the food chain to providing adequate food for bird and bat pollutions. Beneficial plant species in the flower beds included Butterfly Bush, Lavender (Lavandula), Marjoram (Origanum vulgare) and Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) amongst others. Around ten colonies of honey bees (Apis mellifera) are expected to be introduced to the estate in October of this year.

• Overgrowing and Invasive Vegetation Some of the large growing trees of campus with a high density canopy such as Sycamore are casting vast areas of shade within wooded areas. In addition, invasive plant species such as Rhododendron, 15

Himalayan balsam and Japanese knotweed, thrive and spread rapidly. Consequently they are dominating understory vegetation and out-competing native species. A combination of decreased canopy light penetration and reduced understory space could be preventing natural species establishment and growth.

3.3 Garscube – River Kelvin – Results (A full electronic Phase 1 survey is available for this project)

3.3.1 Site Description

The River Kelvin flows from north to south through the University of Glasgow Garscube Campus. The river is host to a variety of plant and animal life; including a variety of bird species – for example, grey heron, dipper and kingfisher – and a range of fish species – for example, trout and salmon, which make the river a popular fishing spot.

Through the Garscube Estate the riverbank is, for the most part, bordered with habitats consisting of tall herb and fern, or woodland habitat – all largely comprised of native species. However, several non-native species have been observed through the course of surveying. Much of the riverbank is built-up with a stone wall – reducing the presence of a natural river embankment habitat. The built-up riverbank acts to improve the aesthetic value of much of the site, and also reduces flooding of the bordering habitats and parkland. The riverbank does not exhibit a more natural state until farther downstream, towards the southern boundary of Garscube Campus.

Figure 10. Displays the final habitat map of the River Kelvin within the Garscube Estate habitat reference key.

Figure 11. Displays the habitat colour code breakdown for reference to Figure 10. 18

3.3.2 Habitat Summaries

Running Water – Oligotrophic: G2.3 The River Kelvin, as it passes through garscube estate, is an oligotrophic body of water, covering an area of roughly 4ha. There is little evidence of algal growth within its waters, and the river largely lies upon a muddy and rocky substrate. The river itself has little inundation vegetation, and riparian and marginal habitat is relatively disjointed and scattered throughout this section of the river Kelvin.

Tall Herb and Fern: C3.1 The banks of the River Kelvin, within the University of Glasgow Garscube Estate, are partially dominated by habitats of tall herb and fern; covering 0.47ha of the surveyed area. The species composition of this habitat was seen to vary throughout the sites; however, the majority identified were native species. In many areas, abundant species tended to include Filipendula ulmaria (meadowsweet), Urtica dioica (common nettle), Athyrium filix-femina (lady fern) and Rumex spp. (docks and sorrels). Other areas showed a greater variety of species; including regularly recorded species such as Epilobium montanum (broad-leaved willowherb), Myosotis scorpioides (water forget-me-not), Valeriana officinal (common valerian), and many others. However, Himalayan balsam, a large non-native annual plant, is common throughout the majority of the tell herb and fern habitat, and is often found in large clustered growths.

Several of the tall herb and fern habitats recorded also comprise scattered trees along the riverbank. The composition of tree species was seen to vary; however, Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore), Salix alba (white willow) and Alnus glutinosa (alder) trees were amongst the most commonly observed.

Broadleaved Woodland – Semi-Natural: A1.1.1 Semi-natural broadleaved woodland was found to be another of the dominant habitats along the banks of the river Kelvin within the Garscube campus, with the surveyed area being roughly 0.65ha. This habitat largely dominated the southern half of the surveyed area, and it was within this area that the riverbank appeared most natural. The woodland itself was dominated by different species in different areas; with common lime appearing most dominant in a stretch of woodland on the west bank, and the opposite bank being a greater mix of species – including Salix spp. (willow), Alnus glutinosa (alder), Fagus sylvatica (beech), as well as several others.

The understory of the woodland habitat was again variable, depending on the different habitat areas. However, the most commonly observed species across the board were lady fern and creeping buttercup. Several species species of moss and liverwort were also recorded on the surface of rocks and tree stumps of the woodland floor; for example, Atrichum undulatum (common smoothcap), Plagiomnium undulatum (hart’s-tongue thyme-moss) and Pellia epiphyla (overleaf pellia).

Marginal Vegetation: F2.1 Areas of marginal vegetation were relatively fragmented along the surveyed section of the river Kelvin. For the majority of marginal habitat recorded, Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass) tended to be the most dominant species, but was often accompanied by Rumex spp. (docks and sorrels), Epilobium hirsutum (great willowherb), Athyrium filix-femina (lady fern), Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) and, occasionally, other species such as Myosotis scorpioides (water forget-me-not) and Juncus acutiflorus (sharp-flowered rush). 19

Earth Bank: J2.8 There are several earth bank habitats scattered along the length of the river Kelvin, within the Garscube campus. The majority of these habitats were identified further downstream, towards the southern boundary of the campus, where the riverbank can be seen to be in a more natural state. In general, these habitats were sparsely populated with herbaceous plants; particularly Ranunculus repens (creeping buttercup), Athyrium filix-femina (lady fern) and Rumex spp. (docks and sorrels). However, a few of these habitats have become colonised by a greater range of species; including Epilobium spp. (willowherbs), Filipendula ulmaria (meadowsweet), Urtica dioica (common nettle) and Persicaria maculosa (redshank). Unfortunately, however, several of these areas were seen to collect rubbish – particularly habitats further downstream, on the edge of the woodland habitat, towards the southern boundary of the site. This rubbish may have been left on site, or may have been brought down river from further upstream – particularly after periods of high water level.

Cover of Habitat Bordering the River Kelvin 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Area of Coverage (ha)

Earth Bank Other Habitat

Amenity Grassland Neutral Grassland -… Marginal Vegetation Tall Herb and Fern - Tall… Inundation Vegetation Boad-leavedMixed Woodland WoodlandScrub -… - Dense/continuous - Semi-… Tall Herb and Fern - Non-… Habitat Type

Figure 12. Area of coverage (ha) of each habitat bordering or associated with the River Kelvin, within the Garscube Estate

Habitat Type Alphanumeric Code Area of Coverage (Ha) Broad-leaved Woodland - Semi-natural A1.1.1 0.65 Mixed Woodland - Semi-natural A1.3.1 0.02 Scrub - Dense/continuous A2.1 0.07 Neutral Grassland - Unimproved B2.1 0.01 Tall Herb and Fern - Tall Ruderal C3.1 0.47 Tall Herb and Fern - Non-ruderal C3.2 0.01 Marginal Vegetation F2.1 0.00 Inundation Vegetation F2.2 0.01 Amenity Grassland J1.2 0.12 Earth Bank J2.8 0.03 Other Habitat J5 0.01 Running Water - Oligotrophic G2.3 4.00 Table 3. Displaying the recorded area in hectares for each habitat, as a measure of coverage for the surveyed section of the River Kelvin 20

3.3.3 Invasive and Non-native Species

Surveying of the Garscube – River Kelvin site revealed several non-native plants to present on this stretch of the river Kelvin. The most extensive growth observed was of Himalayan balsam, which was found to be present almost throughout the entirety of the site; however, several specifically dense growths were identified (see ‘Target Notes’). Moreover, extensive growth of Broad-leaved Bamboo (Sasa palmata) was observed at two points on the site. One of which can be observed on a relatively large island of vegetation within the river Kelvin itself (see ‘Target Notes’). Other non-native species recorded on site included Japanese knotweed, of which a large growth was observed on the east riverbank, close to the north boundary (NS552704). Giant rhubarb was also noted on site, at an area of damp and shaded riverbank (NS550699). Non-native flowering plants such as Siberian Pink Beauty (originating from Siberia and Western North America, but introduced to the UK in the 18th century) and Common Yellow Monkeyflower (originating from North America) were also identified.

3.3.4 Target Notes of Interest

• Non-native species – Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) - NS550700, NS556698 Although Himalayan balsam is present throughout the site. Particularly large growth of this plant can be observed at the two specified points on the riverbank (NS550700 and NS556698). At each of these, Himalayan balsam is the dominant species, and appears to have out-competed all other native species, with the exception of a few individuals, belonging to species such as common nettle.

• Non-native species – Sasa palmata (Broad-leaved bamboo) – NS554698 An extensive growth of Sasa palmata can be observed on the eastern bank of the river Kelvin, amongst an area of deciduous woodland. The area of growth extends for, roughly, 10-15m along the length of the bank. It is an extremely dense area of growth – with the only other observable species amongst it being several shoots of rhododendron. A second area of dense growth of Sasa palmata is observable on a large island of vegetation within the river, further upstream (NS5501701).

Figure 13. Image of large growth of Sasa palmata (broad-leaved bamboo) on the eatern riverbank 21

• Non-native species – Mimulus guttatus (Common yellow monkeyflower) – NS554706, NS551699 Individuals of Mimulus guttatus were observed at both specified points, both on mud banks at the river’s edge. M. guttatus is a herbaceous wildflower native to North America. In its natural range it is found on the banks of rivers and streams, similar to the habitat in which it has been identified in the Garscube campus.

Figure 14. Individual of Mimulus guttatus (common yellow monkeyflower) identified close to the northern site boundary

• Wet Ditch – NS552703 Wet ditch habitat is observable on the eastern bank of the river Kelvin, just south of the footbridge. The ditch stretches roughly 3m in from the riverbank and has a width of roughly 1.5m. It has been created due to a small water outlet at this point, and so the walls of the ditch are built- up, similarly to the banks of the river at this point. There are several small ditch inlets similar to this along the banks of the river. These ditches create a good habitat for a variety of plant species, as well as for a number of small animal species – such as invertebrates, and perhaps amphibians and small mammals.

Species observed here include: -Phalaris arundinacea (Reed Canary Grass) - Figure 15. Example of a wet ditch habit on the banks of the DAFOR: Abundant river Kelvin -Poa spp. (Meadow Grasses/Blue Grasses) - DAFOR: Abundant -Myosotis scorpioides (Water Forget-me-not) - DAFOR: Frequent -Filipendula ulmaria (Meadowsweet) - DAFOR: Occasional -Heracleum sphondylium (Common Hogweed) - DAFOR: Occasional -Rumex spp. (Docks and Sorrels) - DAFOR: Occasional -Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan Balsam)

• Inundation Vegetation – NS553706 Three small ‘islands’ of reeds can be observed in the river, just south of the Maryhill Road Bridge. These are three of the few habitats of inundation vegetation which can be observed within the site. Two of the tree growths of vegetation are estimated to be 3-6 meters in length and 2-4 meters in width, and the third is forms a considerably longer narrow strip of vegetation through the middle of the river. Each appears to be largely dominated by Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass). A grey heron has been observed amongst these islands of vegetation regularly, often appearing to use the masses of vegetation as a point from which to fish.

4.1 Gilmorehill Campus – Discussion & Recommendations

The Gillmorehill campus provides many different habitats that are occupied by many different species, but to further increase the biodiversity of the area a few recommendations can be made. Larger areas of perennials could introduced across the campus and perhaps replace some of the annual flowering flora that presently exist. Annual flora requires replanting every year, whereas perennials will live for more than one season. This allows an ecosystem to become more permanently established. There are also many areas of intensively managed grass across the Gillmorehill campus, particularly the large area south of the University main building. If the grass on the slopes was left to grow longer then it would produce a habitat for more organisms and would provide more biodiversity value. Allowing the grass to grow longer would produce more variety of colours so would be more aesthetically pleasing as well as providing much needed ecosystems for insects, bird and small mammals.

Around the Gillmorehill campus there are many different memorial trees which were planted for past students and members of staff. An issue has arisen as there is now a lack of space for future memorial trees. A solution to this problem could be found with the installation of a memorial garden to honour past students and staff. Often the memorial trees that are chosen are non-native species. The introduction of a memorial garden would reduce the impact these non-native trees have on the surrounding area. It would also provide a more private area for family and friends to remember their loved ones. A successful example of a memorial garden can be seen at Bristol University. Wooden birdboxes are also seen frequently around campus to honour past staff. These wooden bird boxes are often placed quite low to the ground and since they are made of wood they are vulnerable to cats and squirrels. Several of these wooden boxes have been destroyed and broken into by predators therefore this poses an issue. Perhaps this issue could be solved by replacing the wooden birdboxes with more durable cement boxes. There are several cement birdboxes found around the campus already as they are used for scientific research on blue tit activity.

Another area which could be improved is the small area of Astroturf found next to the main entrance to the library. This area provides no biodiversity value and could be replaced with a small built up wildflower garden. The area receives a lot of foot traffic and the astroturf has damage from discarded cigarettes. Building a raised bed of wildflowers would stop the area being trampled as well as increasing the biodiversity value and providing an ecosystem for insects and birds. This area of wildflowers would also be much more aesthetically pleasing and further benefit the appearance of the campus.

There is a small student run wildlife garden found behind the Queen Margaret union which allows students to get involved in gardening and benefiting local wildlife. At the present time the garden is quite run down as there are no students around during the summer months and the wildflower bed they planted hasn’t grown. Student interest in the garden has decreased lately, so more promotion and student engagement through posters, social media, open days and fresher’s fairs. More student interest would increase the work done on the garden as well as providing students with an opportunity to get involved in an exciting project. One recommendation for the garden could be to introduce a herb garden as presently the herb garden on campus is found within the principles garden and is quite small in size. Another suggestion could be to increase the sunlight available to the garden by trimming some of the surrounding vegetation such as the Rhododendron (Rhododendron crassifolium).

One last suggestion is that more of the roof space around campus could be utilised and made into roof top gardens. Using this space to plant wildflowers and other insect friendly plants would further increase the 24 biodiversity across campus by providing more ecosystems for insects and birds. Perhaps this space could also be used to house a bee hive. The bee populations across the country are dwindling and the using the roof top areas to house a hive would provide an excellent opportunity to increase the population of bees across campus without causing disruption to any students or staff members.

4.2 Garscube Campus – Discussion & Recommendations

Overall, the time taken to compile this survey has been a valuable effort to take note of what currently resides on the Garscube Campus and what suggestions can be made to ensure the campus is operating at a level which can benefit biodiversity to an optimum. Whilst the time during survey was dedicated to flora mapping, various sightings of animal species were noted. This included a sighting of an individual otter swimming upstream close to the wall, moving between hanging vegetation by the Lady Campbell Bridge on the left side of the water. This sighting was recorded at 8:15am. Another sighting to highlight was the emergence of a bat in the mixed semi-natural woodland which borders the river towards the south boundary. Despite its daytime appearance at around 2pm, it continued to forage in the woodland clearing. A variety of bird species were recorded during the survey including blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), tree creepers (Certhia familiaris), kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) and gold finches (Carduelis carduelis). A female mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) was sighted on a waterlogged area of amenity grassland close to the Lady Campbell Bridge also. A limitation to this study includes the surveyor identification ability. Although the surveyor had a sound knowledge of tree and plant recognition by the end of the survey, excess time was taken at the start to identify unfamiliar species. This is to be expected in this field of work however it meant areas which were surveyed at the beginning had more time dedicated to them than areas surveyed towards the end of the project. This represents an uneven sampling effort and could have been improved by improving personal knowledge of what species were common on the estate to begin with. It is a possible recommendation to other individuals using the Phase ONE app to complete a survey that time is taken to select good quality flora identification apps to preload onto your device before the survey commences. This means that all the identification reference is electronic including the species list on the software and consequently there is no need to carry book reference guides. Generally, the weather of the four week period was manageable and did not impede on fieldwork to any noteworthy extent.

Recommendations for Biodiversity Enhancement:

• Tree Fall Whilst the living trees on campus provide a key habitat for nesting birds as well as providing fruit, seeds and berries for wildlife, a log pile or woody heap can equally provide for a range of animal species. Dead wood which is left will naturally be colonised by various invertebrates which will provide food for birds and mammals. Additionally, vegetation will become established around and over the wood creating a more sheltered and protective habitat. Amphibian species which hibernate on land will often select habitats which are partially underground. If the log pile were to be slightly dug into the ground ensuring plenty of gaps are left for entry, this would create an ideal habitat, especially since numerous tree falls are located along the River Kelvin woodland. The soil from which the hole is dug could be sown with wildflower seed to cover any unsightly features, heighten the biodiversity and enhance coverage. Even if amphibian species are not targeted, a 25

damp log pile will attract invertebrates such as earthworms which are environmentally important in earth bioturbation and aeration. This can be beneficial to the productivity of soil and also aid drainage issues. By leaving dead wood which has fallen, the physical costs of removal are avoided and biodiversity is favoured.

• Ponds The marshland behind the Garscube Sport Complex is a site worth considering for a pond setting. This will encourage the colonisation of aquatic invertebrates and amphibians in an environment which is already currently waterlogged. This habitat is abundant in soft rushes and low levels of management allow the vegetation to gain height freely. There are no trees present to cast shade on this location, also avoiding the issue of leaf litter. This marshland is located on a gradual gradient ~20m from the River Kelvin. This area of land is often avoided by the public due to the waterlogging and vegetation growth, with no individuals seen to be accessing this area during the time of the survey. If this site is unsuitable, other options would be possible, such as behind the Weipers Centre Equine Hospital. This site provides an area of low intensity management which is fenced off from public access; however this is located further from a water source than the marshland proposal.

• Flowers There are various areas on the campus which could be used to plant flower species of specific benefit to flying insect pollinators such as butterflies, moths and bees. A soil patch is situated opposite the current wildflower seed patch at the substation, by the pedestrian entrance off Ilay Road. This is located next to the nitrogen gas container where the ground cannot have any impenetrable permanent cover as the water pipes beneath need to be accessible in case of emergency. Consequently, rather than leaving a bare soil patch, the earth could be sown with the wildflower seed which the neighbouring land displays. This will provide numerous floral species which could be exploited for pollen and nectar. Another area to consider for wildflower seeding would be the slope in front of the glass windows to the small animal hospital if plans for rooftop seeding are not to be continued. Providing there is enough sunlight, this will provide an aesthetic feature to the animal hospital but in addition it will generate higher species diversity in grassland which is otherwise species poor. The flower bed next to the Weipers Centre Equire Hospital displays flowers which benefit pollinators such as Butterfly Bush, Cranesbill (Geranium spp.) and Lavender. It would be highly beneficial for these plants to be wider grown across the campus alongside others. Lists of plants which are most nourishing to pollinators can easily be accessed online with hundreds of options for planting. Furthermore, plants should also be considered for their habitat providence such as the Common Nettle which butterflies use to lay their eggs, thus nettle patches should not be disregarded for their value or removed as weeds. The estate is looking to regain their bee colonies around October time. They were removed for healthy and safety reasoning for whilst major construction to demolish the current Food Farm and build a new version is underway. Wildflower planting could be targeted for their return to ensure their success and survival. Garscube has experience of bee keeping and uses the bee colonies for educational purposes in the Veterinarian School.

• Vegetation Control A combination of vegetation control and removal plans will help benefit wider diversity. Areas overrun by Himalayan balsam are being targeted for controlled burning for removal. This has particularly been considered for the woodland which borders the River Kelvin, off the Main Drive. This is primarily to clear areas of the invasive species. However it will also benefit the aesthetic value by creating a visual pathway, from the top of the woodland slope down to the river, as well as opening up a wildlife corridor up from the river. In other areas such as the shrubbery bordering the Main Drive or in areas of woodland, the removal of large established Rhododendron will allow more surrounding species to flourish, enhancing the biodiversity of a given area. Furthermore, canopy trimming will prevent single species such as Sycamore dominating an area of woodland and will allow natural sunlight through to the ground floor to benefit vegetation at all height levels. By freeing up space in wooded areas, animals will also be able to utilise them more easily as wildlife corridors. Flying foragers such as bats will benefits from vegetation cover which is not dense. Overly dense coverage acts as a physical barrier to bats in flight as well as causing interruption to echolocation signals.

• General Options This report presents set recommendations to be considered to support biodiversity improvement. The scale of the Garscube campus provides a broad scope for various enhancements. Features such as hedgerow replacements, for example replacing Beech with Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), demonstrates a swap in order to improve the biodiversity impact of a specific element. Hawthorn hedgerows are well utilised by bird species and can be foraged by wildlife. Moreover, small scale projects such as assembling bat boxes in the woodlands bordering the river, will provide a resting habitat for bats where they can forage close by in the woodland and along the river.

Overall, the Garscube Estate has measures in place to cater for biodiversity; such are bird and bat box placement, flower beds and fruit bearing trees. However with such a vast green space, with a natural water way feature, there is scope to explore new ways to enhance the existing biodiversity and perhaps encourage new species into the grounds.

4.3 Garscube Campus – River Kelvin – Discussion & Recommendations

The stretch of the river Kelvin passing through the University of Glasgow Garscube campus was found to provide habitat for a variety of species. The majority of the riverbank was bordered with habitats of tall herb and fern and woodland, both of which comprised of a good variety of native species; however, non- native and invasive species were found to be common throughout. Moreover, a number of animal species were recorded during the survey period (see Appendix B.iii – Species List), including vertebrate species such as kingfisher (Alcedines), grey heron (Ardea cinerea) and European otter (Lutra lutra). The presence of these species suggests that the river system is of relatively good health, as it is able to support a sufficiently complex ecosystem which can meet the ecological requirements of these animals.

Much of the riverbank is built-up with a stone wall – reducing the presence of a natural river embankment habitat. However, as well as acting to improve the aesthetic value for much of the estate and to reduce flooding, the built-up riverbank may provide habitat for a variety organisms; for example, invertebrate 27 species or small amphibians, as well as mosses and liverworts which thrive in wet habitats. The tall herb and fern habitats which border the river often create a tunnel of overhanging vegetation along the riverbank. This overhang habitat is, again, likely beneficial to a variety of aquatic and semi-aquatic animals. However, there is generally a lack of connectivity between habitats of marginal and riparian vegetation throughout this stretch of the river Kelvin.

There is a large abundance of non-native species along the banks of the river Kelvin, within the Garscube campus. The most abundant and prominent of these non-native species was found to be Himalayan balsam, which was found to be present throughout the entirety of the river Kelvin site – often in particularly large growths. Although this species does not pose any particular threat to other animal or plant species, it often will outcompete native plants, and so can significantly reduce the abundance of native wildflower and herb species which may be capable of colonising the same habitat. Moreover, as Himalayan balsam is an annual plant, it dies back during the winter-time. In areas where this plant is highly abundant, this may leave the riverbank very exposed during winter months and, as such, susceptible to a greater level of erosion at this time of year.

Overall, surveying of the Garscube – River Kelvin site proved to be successful, and a good understanding of the baseline ecology of the site was gained. There were, however, certain downfalls in the survey approach used. For instance, it was often difficult to map the site in sufficient detail, as many of the habitat areas were particularly small in size and it was not possible to zoom-in close enough to add these to the electronic map.

There are certain aspects of the Garscube - River Kelvin site which could perhaps be improved so to provide a better habitat for a greater variety of species; the following recommendations have been made for this.

• Improve the connectivity of riparian and marginal habitats The abundance and connectivity of riparian and marginal habitats could be improved through expansion of current habitats. This might involve habitat works to create a sloping bank, on which reeds, rushes, grasses and herbaceous plants are able to seed and become established.

Creating a greater abundance of, as well as improving the connectivity of, marginal habitat may act to improve the habitat quality for a variety of plant and animal species. For instance, it may provide habitat for a greater number of invertebrate species – particularly those such as dragonflies, damselflies and mayflies which rely heavily upon marginal vegetation for one or more stages of their lifecycle. A greater abundance of invertebrate species may then, in turn, act to support a greater biomass of vertebrate species, such as fish and bird species, which rely upon invertebrates as a food source. Furthermore, an increase in marginal and riparian habitat may increase the area of habitat available for otter and water vole – both of which are known to inhabit the site. As such, improving the connectivity of marginal habitats, which these animals currently occupy, may allow their populations to become further established throughout the site.

Reed beds and marginal habitats are also highly effective in acting as a natural filtration system, and, so, can act to improve water quality. Moreover, reed beds are effective in reducing riverbank erosion. As such, it can be seen that increasing marginal and riparian habitats throughout the site 28

would be beneficial for both biodiversity enhancement and physical enhancement of habitats within the site.

• Control of non-native species Greater control of non-native species, particularly Himalayan balsam, could free-up habitat for native species, and perhaps increase biodiversity of vegetation on the riverbank. Reduction of areas of extensive growth of Himalayan balsam may also work to reduce, and prevent, riverbank erosion. Himalayan balsam can be treated in several different ways, including methods of both physical and chemical control. Physical control can be time consuming, and requires each plant to be fully pulled from the soil or, if cutting, the pant must be cut below the lowest node to prevent regrowth. Chemical spraying or chemical injecting (with glyphosate, or other known chemical treatments) is an alternative to physical control. However, extreme care must be taken if using this approach in close proximity to waterbodies.

• Reduction of litter on the riverbank Towards the southern boundary of the campus, several of the mud banks along the river edge were seen to collect litter, and this may pose a risk to many of the organisms inhabiting the area. In order to reduce this, placement of several bins may be advisable – in order to lessen the quantity of litter dropped.

References Maller, C., Townsend, M., Pryor, A., P., B. & St Leger, L. (2005) Healthy nature healthy people: ‘contact with nature’ as an upstream health promotion intervention for populations. Health Promotion International,21, 45-54.

Acknowledgements Dr Stewart Miller, Dr Stewart White & Dr Steven Gillespie – for your support and advise throughout the survey. James Watkins – for the use of Phase ONE software. Andy Riddell – for all your help and knowledge during the project as well as enthusiasm in leaf and flower identification. Patrick Pollock – for your insight into bee life at Garscube. 29

Appendix A – Species List

A.i Gilmorehill Campus – Species List

Latin Common Abies spp. Medeteranian Fir Acer campestre Field Maple Acer capillipes Snakebark Maple Acer palmatum Japanese Purple Maple Tree Acer platanoides Norway Maple Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Acesulus carnea Red Horse Chestnut Aconitum lycoctonum Monkshood Aesculus hippocastanum Horse Chestnut Alcea grossheimii Hollyhocks Allium ursinum Ramsons Amalanchier bartramiana Shadebush Amalanchier lamarckii Shadebush Aquilegia Granny’s Bonnet Aralia cordata Japanese Spiknard Araucaria araucana Monkey Puzzle Tree Aster tripolium Sea Aster Asteraceae Chamomile Betulla pendula Silver Birch Betula spp. Birch Buddleja davidii Butterfly Bush Buxus sempervirens Box Camellia Camellia Camellia euphorbia Camellia Carpinus betulus Hornbeam Castanea sativa Sweet Chestnut Ceanothus Lilac Cedrus brevifolia Cedar Wood Cenaurea cyanus Cornflower Cercidiphyllum jsponicum Katsura Choisya ternate Mexican Orange Blossom Cistus x cyprius Common gum cistus Corylus avellana Hazel Cotinus coggygria Smoke Tree Cotoneaster spp. Cotoneaster Cotylus avellana Corkscrew Hazel Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn Crinodendron hookerianum Chilean Lantern Tree Crocosmia aurea Crocosmia Dactylorhiza fuchsia Spotted Orchid Daphne striata Fairy Garland Flower Desphontania spinose Chilean Holly Digitalis purpurea Foxglove Echinacea Tomato Soup Plant Echinops bannaticus Taplow Blue Globe Thistle Escallonia iveyi Apple Blossom Eschscholzia californica Californian Poppy Fagus sylvatica Purpurea Fagus sylvatica Beech 30

Festuca rubra Red Fescue Fragaria vesca Wild Strawbery Fraxinus excelsior Ash Fuchsia campii Fuchsia Geranium pratense Meadow Cranesbill Geranium robertianum Herb Robert Hamamelis x intermedia Witch Hazel Hedera helix Ivy Helenium amarum Sunflower Helleborus Hellebores Hemerocallis Daylily Hosta Plantain lilies Hosta minor Lilies Hydrangea macrophylla Hydrangea Hydrangea quercifolia Oakleaf Hydrangea Hypericum perforatum Perforate St John’s-Wort Hyssopus officinalis Hyssop Iberis sempervirens Candy Tuft Ilex aquifolium Holly Ipomoea Morning Glory Iris pseudacorus Yellow Iris Laurus nobilis Bay Ligustrum vulgare Wild Privet Limonium vulgare Common Sea Lavender Lineria maroccana Toadflax Linaria maroccana Fairy Toadflax Linum grandiflorum Red Flax Linum lewisii Blue Flax Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum Liriodendron Tulip Tree Lonicera periclymenum Honeysuckle Lupinus brevicaulis Lupine Magnolia sprengeri Magnolia Mahonia Mahonia Mahonia x media Oregon Grape Malus domestica Apple Metasequoia Dawn Redwood Monarda didyma Bergamot Narcissus poeticus Daffodil Nepeta sibirica Nepta Nigella damascene Love in Mist Osmanthus americanus Wild Olive Pachysandra terminalis Japanese Spurge Paeonia ludlowii Peony Papaver rhoeas Shirley Poppy Parrotia persica Persian Ironwood Pelophylax lessonae Pool Frog Penstemon laevigatus Beardtongues Persicaria longiseta Knotweed family Philadelphus microphyllus Littleleaf Mock Orange Phormium colensoi Mountain Flax Photinia glansmispel Red Robin Picea spp. Spruces Pinus spp. Pines 31

Pinus sylvestris Scots Pine Pittosporum Cheesewoods Olatanus orientalis Oriental Plane Potentilla fruticose Potentilla Primula viola Pansy Violet Prunus Prunus Prunus avium Wild Cherry Prunus avium/padus Wild Cherry/Bird Cherry Pseudosasa japonica Arrow Bamboo Quercus robur Penduculate Oak Quercus spp. Oak Ranunculus spp. Buttercups Rhododendron ponticum Rhododendron Ricinus communis Castor Oil Plant Rosa mmoyesii Geranium Rosa spp. Rose Salvia candelabrum Sage Sarcococca confusa Sweet Box Sedrum cauticola Stonecrops Sorbus aria Common Whitebeam Sorbus aucuparia Rowan Sorbus intermedia Swedish Whitebeam Syringa vulgaris Lilac Taxus baccata Yew Thalictrum dipterocarpum Chinese Meadow Rue Tilia cordata Small-leaved Lime Tilia Vulgaris Common Lime Tilia x europaea Lime Tree Toxicodendron striatum Sumac Trifolium repens White Clover Ulmus procera English Elm Urtica dioica Common Nettle Verbascum bombyciferum Silver Mullien Veronica Veronica Vibernum tinus Gwenllian Viburnum lantana Wayfaring Tree Viburnum opulus Guelder Rose Viola hirta Hairy Violet Weigela florida Weigela Wollemia nobilis Wollemia Pine

A.ii Garscube Campus – Species List

Latin Name Common Name Abies procera Noble Fir Acer campestre Field Maple Acer opalus Italian Maple Acer palmatum Japanese Maple Acer palmatum dissectum Japanese Maple Acer plantanoides - drummondii Norway Maple – Drummondii Variant Acer pseudoplantanus Sycamore Acer rubrum Red Maple Acer saccharinum Silver Maple Achillea millefolium Yarrow 32

Aesculus hippocastanum Horse Chestnut Agrostis capillaris (A.tenuis) Common Bent Alnus glutinosa Alder Anemone hupehensis Chinese Anemone Anthriscus slyvestris Cow Parsley Araucaria araucana Monkey Puzzle Astilbe spp. False Goat’s Beard Astrantia major Great Masterwort Athyrium filix-femina Lady Fern Atriplex hortensis Red Orache Atropurpureum Purple Japanese Maple Azalea Azalea Begoniaceae Begonia Bellis perennis Common Daisy Betula papyrifera Paper-bark Birch Betula pendula Silver Birch Betula pubescens Downy Birch Betula spp. Birch Blechnum spicant Hard-Fern Buddleja Butterfly Bush Calluna vulgaris Heather Calocedrus decurrens Incense Cedar Carex otrubae False Fox-Sedge Carex spp. Sedges Carpinus betulus Hornbeam Castanea sativa Sweet Chestnut Centaurea cyanus Cornflower Centaurea nigra Common Knapweed Cercidiphyllum japonicum Katsura Chamaecyparis lawsonians Lawson Cypress Chamaecyparis obtusa Hinoki Cypress Chamaerion (Chamaenerion) angustifolium Rosebay Willowherb Cirsium arvense Creeping Thistle Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle Conifer spp. Dwarf Conifer Coreopsis tinctoria Plains Coreopsis Cornus sanguinea (Thelycrania sangiunea) Dogwood Corylus avellana Hazel Corylus colurna Turkish Hazel Cotoneaster Spp. Cotoneaster Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn Crocosmia Montbretia Cupressaceae Cypress Conifer Dactylorhiza fuchsii Common Spotted Orchid Delphinium ajacis Larkspur Digitalis purpurea Foxglove Dryopteris dilatata Broad Buckler Fern Epilobrium hirsutum Great Willowherb Erigeron Fleablane Erysimum Bowles Mauve Eschschilzia californica California Poppy Eupatorium cannabinum Hemp Agrimony Fagus purpurea Copper Beech Fagus sylvatica Beech 33

Festuca pratensis Meadow Fescue Fraxinus excelsior Ash Fuchsia hybrid Fuchsia Gaelobdolon luteum Yellow Archangel Geranium sanguineum Bloody Cranesbill Gernanium spp. Pink Cranesbill Ginkgo biloba Maidenhair Tree Gunneraceae Gunnera Hedera helix Ivy Heracleum sphondylium Common Hogweed Holcus lanatus Yorkshire Fog Hosta Hosta Hydrangea Hydrangea Hypericum Hypericum Shrub Hypochaeris radicata Common Catsear Iberis umbellata Wild Candytuft Ilex aquifolium Holly Impatiens glandulifera Himalayan Balsam Juglans regia Walnut Juncus effusus Soft Rush Kniphofia Red Hot Poker Larix decidua European Larch Lathyrus pratensis Meadow Vetchling Latris spicata Dense Blazing Star Lavandula Lavender Leontodon hispidus Rough Hawkbit Leucanthemum vulgare (Chysanthemum leucanthemum) Ox-Eye Daisy Ligularia Bottle Rocket Linaria maroccana Moroccan Toadflax Linum grandiflorum rubrum Red Flax Linum usitatissimum Common Flax Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Tree Lolium perenne Perennial Rye Grass Lonicera nitida Baggensens Gold Lotus corniculatus Common Birds-foot-trefoil Luchnis coronaria Rose Campion Magnoliaceae Magnolia Mahonia aquifolium Oregon Grape Malus domestica Apple Meconopsis sheldonii Blue Himalayan Poppy Milium effusum Wood Millet Molinia caerulea Purple Moor-Grass Nigella damascena Love In Mist Oenethera Evening Primrose Origanum vulgare Marjoram Papaver rhoeas Common Poppy Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia Creepers Phacelia tanacetifolia Lucy Phacelia Phleum pratense agg. Timothy Picea Spruce Conifer Picea sitchensis Sitka Spruce Pieris spp. Andromedas Pinaceae Fir Conifer Pinus nigra spp. laricio Corsican Pine 34

Pinus strobus Weymouth Pine Pinus sylvestris Scots Pine Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain Poa spp. Meadow Grasses/Blue Grasses Polygonum Polygonum Populus canescens Grey Poplar Populus spp. Poplar, Aspen and Cottonwoods Populus tremula Aspen Potentilla erecta Tormentil Primula beesiana Candelabra Primrose Primula florindae Tibetan Cowslip Prunella vulgaris Selfheal Prunis lusitanica Portugal Laurel Prunus avium Wild Cherry Prunus laurocerasus Cherry Laurel Prunus spp. Cherry Tree Prunus spp. Japanese Cherry Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pyrus spp. Pear Quercus petraea Sessile Oak Quercus spp. Oak Ranunculus acris Meadow Buttercup Ranunculus repens Creeping Buttercup Reynoutria (Fallopia) japonica Japanese Knotweed Rhododendron ponticum Rhododendron Rogersia Rogersia Rosa rugosa Japanese Rose Rosa spp. Rose Rubus fruticosus agg. Brambles Rudbeckia ligularia Coneflowers Rumex acetosa Common Sorrel Rumex spp. Docks and Sorrels Salix alba White Willow Salix caprea Goat Willow Salix pentandra Bay Willow Salix spp. Willow Salvia spp. Salvia Sambucus nigra Elder Sasa palmata Broad Leaved Bamboo Senecio jacobaea Common Ragwort Sequoioideae Sequoia Redwood Silene dioica Red Campion Sorbus aria Common Whitebeam Sorbus aucuparia Rowan Sorbus intermedia Swedish Whitebeam Sorbus spp. Service Tree Stachy byzantina Lamb’s Ear Stachys germanica Downy Woundwort Stachys sylvatica Hedge Woundwort Stellaria gramenia Lesser Stitchwort Symphoricarpos Snowberry Taxus baccata Yew Tilia platyphyllos Large-Leaved-Lime Tilia vulgaris (Tilia europaea) Common Lime 35

Trifolium dubium Lesser Trefoil Trifolium pratense Red Clover Trifolium repens White Clover Ulmus glabra – camperdownii Weeping Elm Ulmus spp. Elms Urtica diocia Common Nettle Veronica chamaedrys Germander Speedwell Viburnum davidii Viburnum Davidii Vinca Periwinkle

A.iii Garscube Campus – River Kelvin – Species List

Latin Common Ranunculus repens Creeping buttercup Tilia Vulagaris Common lime Cirsium arvense Creeping thistle Filipendula ulmaria Meadowsweet Hedera helix Ivy Heracleum sphondylium Common hogweed Pellia epiphyla Overleaf pellia Anthriscus sylvestris Cow parsley Athyrium filix-femina Lady fern Atrichum undulatum Common smoothcap Campanula trachelium Nettle-leaved bellflower Chemerium angustifolium Rosebay willowherb Cirsium spp. Thistles Lunularia cruciata Crescent-cup liverwort Lysimachia nummularia Creeping jenny Phalaris arunndinacea Reed canary grass Plagiomnium undulatum Hart’s-tongue thyme-moss Rubus fruticosus agg. Brambles Urtica dioica Common nettle Valeriana officinalis Common valerian Vicia cracca Tufted vetch Angelica sylvestris Wild angelica Arrhenatherum elatius False oat-grass Carex nigra Common knapweed Circaea lutetiana Enchanter’s nightshade Dactylis glomerata Cock’s-foot Epilobium montanum Broad-leaved willowherb Geranium pratense Meadow cranesbill Glyceria maxima Reed sweet-grass Hypericum perforatum Perforate St John’s Wort Leucanthemum vulgare Ox-eye daisy Lolium perenne Perennial rye grass Lotus corniculatus Common bird’s-foot trefoil Luzula sylvatica Great wood rush Myosotis scorpioides Water forget-me-not Poa spp. Meadow grasses/blue grasses Poa trivialis Rough meadow-grass Quercus spp. Oak Rumex spp. Docks and sorrels Senecio jacobaea Common ragwort Sorbus aucuparia Rowan 36

Stachys sylvatica Hedge woundwort Taxus baccata Yew Ulmus procera English elm Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Achillea millefolium Yarrow Agrostis capillaris Common bent Alchemilla vulgaris Lady’s-mantle Artemisia vulgaris Mugwort Berberis spp. Caltha palustris Marsh marigold Calystegia sepium Hedge bindweed Cardamine pratensis Cuckooflower Claytonia sibirica Pink purslane Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn Digitalis purpurea Foxglove Epilobium hirsutum Great willowherb Fagus sylvatica Beech Fraxinus excelsior Ash Galium aparine Cleavers Geum urbanum Herb bennet Hesperis matronalis Dame’s-violet Juncus acutiflorus Sharp-flowered rush Lapsana communis Nipplewort Lathyrus pratensis Meadow vetchling Lysimachia nemorum Yellow pimpernel Persicaria maculosa Redshank Plantago major Greater plantain Populus nigra Black popular Potenilla erecta Tormentil Prunella vulgaris Selfheal Quercus petraea Sessile oak Ranunculus spp. Buttercups Rhododendron ponticum Rhododendron Silene dioica Red campion Stachys palustris Marsh woundwort Stellaria holostea Greater stitchwort Stellaria palustris Marsh stitchwort Ulmus spp. Elms Viola riviniana Common dog-violet Betula pendula Silver birch Galium verum Lady’s bedstraw Populus tremula Aspen Salix alba White willow Prunus avium Wild cherry Sorbus aria Whitebeam

Non-native/Invasive Species

Latin Common Gunnera tinctoria Giant rhubarb Impatiens glandulifera Himalayan balsam Reynoutria japonica Japanese knotweed Sasa palmate Broad-leaved bamboo 37

Mimulus guttatus Common yellow monkeyflower

Animal Species

Common Latin Ardea cinerea Grey heron Cinclus Dipper Turdus viscivorus Mistle thrush Alcedines Kingfisher Anas platyrhynchos Mallard Ephmeroptera Mayfly Lutra lutra Otter

Appendix B – Full List of Target Notes

B.i Gilmorehill Campus – Target Notes

Target Note - Name Coordinates Notes Buddleja davidii Unassigned Good feeding plant for Lepidoptera. Rhododendron 55.870563, -4.293475 Rhododendron ponticum (Rhododendron) - DAFOR: Dominant Fagus sylvatica 55.871382, -4.287987 Fagus sylvatica (Beech) - DAFOR: Dominant

Common lime 55.870587, -4.293433 Tilia vulgaris (Tilia europaea) (Common Lime) - DAFOR: Dominant Common lime 55.871262, -4.294375 Tilia vulgaris (Tilia europaea) (Common Lime) - DAFOR: Dominant Pine 55.871002, -4.292928 Pinus spp. (Pines) - DAFOR: Dominant

Common lime 55.873357, -4.286779 Tilia vulgaris (Tilia europaea) (Common Lime) - DAFOR: Dominant Silver birch 55.872239, -4.285506 Betula pendula (Silver Birch) - DAFOR: Dominant

Common lime 55.870985, -4.293748 Tilia vulgaris (Tilia europaea) (Common Lime) - DAFOR: Dominant Beech 55.870865, -4.293417 Fagus sylvatica (Beech) - DAFOR: Dominan

Holly 55.870129, -4.295849 Ilex aquifolium (Holly) - DAFOR: Dominant

Small-leaved lime 55.869995, -4.295157 Tilia cordata (Small-Leaved Lime) - DAFOR: Dominant Malus 55.871535, -4.289016 Malus domestica (Apple) - DAFOR: Dominant

Fagus sylvatica 55.871176, -4.290323 Fagus sylvatica "Purpurea" () - DAFOR: Dominant

Building work 55.873436, -4.290172 Area fenced off for building work.

Willemite 55.872443, -4.290469 Ancient species which is critically endangered and legally protected. Buddleja davidii 55.871518, -4.292249 Buddleja davidii (Butterfly Bush) - DAFOR: Dominant

Wildlife garden with pond 55.874132, -4.291081 Pond containing tadpoles

Unsuccessfully seeded wildflower bed Redwood 55.870934, -4.290082 Metasequoia (Dawm Redwood) - DAFOR: Dominant

Whitebeam 55.873678, -4.287786 Sorbus aria (Common Whitebeam) - DAFOR: Dominant Chilen lantern 55.874260, -4.289298 Crinodendron hookerianum (Chilean Lantern) - DAFOR: Rare

Named after Glasgow university botanist William Jackson Hooker. Chilean holly 55.874248, -4.291911 Desphontania spinosa (Chilean Holly) - DAFOR: Rare

Only Chilean holly plant found on campus 39

55.871956, -4.279017 Rhododendron ponticum (Rhododendron) - DAFOR: Frequent Sorbus aucuparia (Rowan) - DAFOR: Frequent Betula pendula (Silver Birch) - DAFOR: Occasional

B.ii Garscube Campus – Target Notes

Name Coordinates Notes Bamboo 55.900199, -4.313822 Dense broad leaved bamboo Sasa palmata.

Banking erosion 55.899890, -4.307120 -

Bat sighting 55.900203, -4.316602 -

Conifer fall 55.900717, -4.312553 Conifer tree fall creating canopy clearing.

Construction fencing 55.901056, -4.320620 -

Dead tree 55.900318, -4.312242 Dead wood.

Drainage Issue 55.903877, -4.316255 Waterlogging and drainage issues. Female mallard duck sighted swimming and foraging. Exposed ground 55.906102, -4.314325 Bare mud - ground space for log store possibility. Close to water for amphibian colonisation. Flower bed 55.901338, -4.311877 Rose bed.

Flower bed 1 55.899396, -4.319155 Plant Species Begoniaceae (Begonia) Geranium sanguineum (Bloody Cranesbill) Hydrangea (Hydrangea) Rudbeckia ligularia (Coneflowers) Flower bed 2 55.900086, -4.320876 Plant Species Anemone hupehensis (Chinese Anemone) Astilbe spp. (False Goat's Beard) Astrantia major (Great Masterwort) Geranium spp. (Pink Cranesbill) Hosta (Hosta) Ligularia (Bottle Rocket) Lychnis coronaria (Rose Campion) Origanum vulgare (Marjoram) Polygonum (Polygonum) Flower bed 3 55.902653, -4.321618 Plant Species Anemone hupehensis (Chinese Anemone) Astilbe spp. (False Goat's Beard) Buddleja (Butterfly Bush) Centaurea cyanus (Cornflower) Gunneraceae (Gunnera) Hosta (Hosta) Hydrangea (Hydrangea) Lavandula (Lavender ) Ligularia (Bottle Rocket ) Lychnis coronaria (Rose Campion) Rudbeckia ligularia (Coneflowers) Flower bed 4 55.906003, -4.323537 Plant Species Athyrium filix-femina (Lady Fern) 40

Crocosmia (Montbretia) Erysimum (Bowles Mauve) Geranium sanguineum (Bloody Cranesbill) Hosta (Hosta) Stachys byzantina (Lamb's Ear) Flower bed 5 55.905889, -4.323521 Plant Species Astrantia major (Great Masterwort) Athyrium filix-femina (Lady Fern) Erigeron (Fleablane ) Geranium sanguineum (Bloody Cranesbill) Hosta (Hosta) Polygonum (Polygonum) Flower bed 6 55.905783, -4.323516 Plant Species Athyrium filix-femina (Lady Fern) Crocosmia (Montbretia) Geranium sanguineum (Bloody Cranesbill) Senecio jacobaea (Common Ragwort) Stachys byzantina (Lamb's Ear) Flower bed 7 Wall (line) Plant Species Astilbe spp. (False Goat's Beard) Coreopsis tinctoria (Plains Coreopsis) Crocosmia (Montbretia) Fuchsia hybrida (Fuchsia) Geranium spp. (Pink Cranesbill) Hosta (Hosta) Hydrangea (Hydrangea) Kniphofia (Red Hot Poker) Mahonia aquifolium (Oregon Grape) Prunus avium (Wild Cherry) Prunus laurocerasus (Cherry Laurel) Rudbeckia ligularia (Coneflowers ) Flower bed 8 55.905325, -4.321891 Plant Species Acer palmatum (Japanese Maple) Astrantia major (Great Masterwort) Begoniaceae (Begonia) Geranium spp. (Pink Cranesbill) Hydrangea (Hydrangea ) Latris spicata (Dense Blazing Star) Ligularia (Bottle Rocket) Pieris (Andromedas ) Rudbeckia ligularia (Coneflowers) Salvia spp. (Salvia) Flower Bed 9 55.904634, -4.317738 Plant Species Astilbe spp. (False Goat's Beard) Astrantia major (Great Masterwort) Digitalis purpurea (Foxglove) Geranium spp. (Pink Cranesbill) Hosta (Hosta) Hydrangea (Hydrangea) Ligularia (Bottle Rocket) Lychnis coronaria (Rose Campion) Oenethera (Evening Primrose) Polygonum (Polygonum) Rudbeckia ligularia (Coneflowers) Rumex spp. (Docks and Sorrels) Urtica dioica (Common Nettle) 41

Flower boxes 55.905577, -4.322894 Bordering path entrance to the Beatson institute.

Fungus 55.900312, -4.316932 Fungus colonising dead wood.

Grass compost 55.904803, -4.323480 Grass compost deposit heap – environmental benefit. Ground clearance 55.904746, -4.319599 Bare of vegetation.

Hole 55.902810, -4.307068 Concrete slab covering hole in ground. 1x1m

Inaccessible 55.902400, -4.309053 Area inaccessible due to 6ft metal slat boundary fencing and Maryhill Road wall/fence boundary. Landscaping 55.905868, -4.318390 Landscaping levels feature.

Large oak tree 55.904194, -4.322338 Insect eggs on underside of leaves. Very tall. Areas of dead wood - plans for cherry tree bark chipping to be placed at cleared trunk based for improving nutrients. Also see surrounding areas for more oak trees. Nettle patch 55.900847, -4.309550 Nettle patches should be preserved to encourage butterfly species to lay their larva. Orchids 55.903215, -4.318434 Common Spotted Orchid (Dactylorhiza fuchsii).

Otter sighting 55.904147, -4.317971 Otter sighted swimming upstream under hanging vegetation. 8:15am

Overgrown 55.901598, -4.318472 Two unkempt patches of grasses.

Overgrown stump 55.903405, -4.311374 Overgrown stump and raised ground - possibility for overwintering habitat for amphibians and insects if vegetation is kept in check to allow entrance and exit between dead wood. Sandstone 55.900518, -4.310872 Sandstone banking with trees rooted into top soil. Soil erosion - hazard Vegetation growth on damp stone. Satellite 55.902335, -4.307456 Satellite dish.

Small animal hospital roof 55.904087, -4.321432 Grass seeded rooftop landscaping. Current discussions for wildflower seed sowing over rooftop. Complications of soil quality after soil compaction from heavy machinery during construction.

Possibility of sowing wildflower seed as rooftop compromise on slope facing the small animal hospital windows. Stone pillars for gate 55.906509, -4.321611 -

Tree down 55.906614, -4.315800 White willow tree fell over standing water, ivy growth established. Tree being left by grounds staff. Tree management 55.900634, -4.317527 Management.

Tree stumps 55.905583, -4.316564 Tree stump pile next to rivers edge. Possibility for amphibian habitat creation due to close proximity to the river. Log piling within a ditch can create a cool damp habitat for amphibian hibernation. Wildflower 42

seeding could be used for improving the appearance of the set up whilst benefiting other animals such as bees and butterflies which could exploit the pollen and nectar stores.

Alternatively, the stump collection could be improved by adding logs to make a pile which can be colonised by climber vegetation or provide shelter and habitat for insects. Additionally, dry hard wood can be used by wasps who harvest it to build nests. Tree trunk 55.906621, -4.323937 Tree trunks discarded – possibility for habitat creation: amphibians, invertebrates, mammals. Trees planted 55.900266, -4.320992 Plantation of young trees to replace removed rhododendron growth. Planned to grow and add to neighbouring woodland.

Understory belt 55.900347, -4.318132 Ground cover of projecting woodland section. Plant Species Cirsium arvense (Creeping thistle) Senecio jacobaea (Common Ragwort) Vet education 55.899934, -4.320223 Left unmanaged as area contains poisonous plants for education purposes linked to the vet school.

Vet school rescue practice 55.903341, -4.322557 Deep excavation 10x2x1.5m. Used to simulate horse rescue for the vet school. Surrounding grass vegetation left unkempt to resemble wild setting. Waterlogged area 55.904848, -4.323759 -

Wildflower seed 55.899320, -4.319524 Annual mix standard 60cm Annual short mix 30-40cm Planted in May 2015 and progressing well.

Plant Species Atriplex hortensis (Red Orache) Centaurea cyanus (Cornflower) Coreopsis tinctoria (Plains Coreopsis ) Delphinium ajacis (Larkspur) Eschschilzia californica (California Poppy) Iberis umbellata (Wild Candytuft) Linaria maroccana (Moroccan Toadflax) Linum grandiflorum rubrum (Red Flax) Linum usitatissimum (Common Flax) Nigella damascena (Love In Mist) Papaver rhoeas (Common Poppy) Phacelia tanacetifolia (Lucy Phacelia) Wind turbine 55.902769, -4.311322 Twin blade wind turbine – flight path issues?

Woodland clearing 55.906531, -4.314786 Large beech tree on banking. Rubbish left at logs. Possibility for log habitat creation if able to be left any disturbed and unpolluted.

Young trees 55.903781, -4.309333 Plant Species Acer pseudoplatanus (Sycamore) 43

Aesculus hippocastanum (Horse Chestnut) Alnus glutinosa (Alder) Tilia vulgaris (Tilia europaea) (Common Lime)

B.iii Garscube Campus – River Kelvin Target Notes

Target Note - Name Coordinates Notes White Willow 55.904361, -4.317803 Overhanging willow tree habitat Himalayan Balsam 55.901412, -4.320389 Large growth of non-native species

Alder trees 55.903133, -4.319739 Two alder trees - both rooted right at edge of river bank Broad-leaved bamboo 55.900154, -4.313982 Large growth of non-native species

Japanese knotweed 55.905199, -4.316557 Large growth of non-native species

Beech tree 55.906620, -4.314832 Large beech tree at the top of a mud bank, causing a shaded habitat at the river edge Inundation vegetation 55.906801, -4.314821 Three small 'islands' of reed canary grass in the middle of the river Yew 55.904523, -4.317582 Large overhanging Yew tree at river edge, beside bridge

Yew trees have been seen with large counts of mistle thrush (up to 20 individuals) Dry ditch 55.904217, -4.317445 Dry ditch - roughly 1.5m in from river bank and 0.5m width Wet ditch 55.904233, -4.317423 Wet ditch habitat, roughly 3m in from river bank and 1.5m width Riverside – Tall herb ad hern 55.899564, -4.306519 Large area of tall herb and fern and marginal vegetation extending into river Heron sighting 55.906849, -4.314728 Grey heron regularly observed fishing at this point

Dipper sighting – 31/07/15 55.902018, -4.320243 Dipper sighted, perching on emergent rocks and then diving into the river Riverbank 55.903058, -4.319816 Riverbank built-up with large logs and branches, creating habitat for growth of fungi Pipe output 55.900963, -4.318750 Walled inlet of riverbank - water pipe

Alder tree 55.906445, -4.315935 Alder tree on river bank, with branches overhanging into the river Giant rhubarb 55.901166, -4.319914 Area of spread of giant rhubard (Gunnera tinctoria) at river bank Wet ditch 55.903962, -4.318463 Wet ditch - dominated by fern, reed canary grass, ivy

Fallen/dead tree 55.902141, -4.319962 New shoot growth from fallen/dead tree on river bank

Large mass of suckers at base has created a series of damp cracks and nooks for growth of fungi etc Beech trees 55.900157, -4.313635 Three large beech trees on raised (upper level) of mud bank

One fallen large beech tree, extending into river Himalayan balsam 55.900435, -4.310371 Large spread of Himalayan balsam on river bank - 44 several willows dispersed between