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Pa R T One the Foundations of W Estern Civilization in the Ancient W Orld

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Pa R T One the Foundations of W Estern Civilization in the Ancient W Orld KAGATLCMC01_xxxii-031v2 12/14/05 4:04 PM Page xxxii 1,000,000–2200 b.c.e. 2200–1600 b.c.e. POLITICS & ca. 3100– Egyptian Early Dynastic Period; 2200–2052 B.C.E. Egyptian First Intermediate Period 2700 B.C.E. unification of Upper and Lower 2052–1786 B.C.E. Egyptian Middle Kingdom Egypt GOVERNMENT 1792–1750 B.C.E. Reign of Hammurabi; ca. 2800–2340 B.C.E. Sumerian city-states’ Early Dynastic height of Old Babylonian Kingdom; period publication of Code of Hammurabi 2700–2200 B.C.E. Egyptian Old Kingdom 1786–1575 B.C.E. Egyptian Second Intermediate Period ca. 2370 B.C.E. Sargon established Akkadian Empire ca. 1700 B.C.E. Hyksos’ Invasion of Egypt ̆ Stele of Hammurabi ̇ Head of Sargon the Great SOCIETY & ca. 1,000,000– Paleolithic Age ca. 2000 B.C.E. Hittites arrive in Asia Minor 10,000 B.C.E. ca. 1900 B.C.E. Amorites in Babylonia ECONOMY ca. 8,000 B.C.E. Earliest Neolithic settlements ca. 3500 B.C.E. Earliest Sumerian settlements ca. 3000 B.C.E. First urban settlements in Egypt and Mesopotamia; Bronze Age begins in Mesopotamia and Egypt ̇ Venus ca. 2900– Bronze Age Minoan society of 1150 B.C.E. on Crete; Helladic society Willendorf on Greek mainland RELIGION & ca. 30,000– Paleolithic art 6000 B.C.E. ca. 3000 B.C.E. CULTURE Invention of writing 2200–1786 B.C.E. Rise of Amon-Re as chief Egyptian god ca. 3000 B.C.E. Temples to gods in Mesopotamia; ca. 1900 B.C.E. Traditional date for Hebrew patriarch development of ziggurat temple Abraham architecture 2700–2200 B.C.E. Building of pyramids for Egyptian god-kings, development of hieroglyphic writing in Egypt ̇ Chauvet cave painting the foundations of Western Civilization in the Ancient World Civilization of Western the foundations panel with horses ̆ Sumerian clay tablet part one part KAGATLCMC01_xxxii-031v2 12/14/05 4:05 PM Page 1 1600–1100 b.c.e. 1100–500 b.c.e. ca. 1600 B.C.E. Fall of Old Babylonian Kingdom ca. 1000–961 B.C.E. Reign of King David in Israel 1575–1087 B.C.E. Egyptian New Kingdom (or Empire) ca. 961–922 Reign of King Solomon in ca. 1400–1200 B.C.E. Height of Hittite Empire Israel ca. 1400–1200 B.C.E. Height of Mycenaean power ca. 1100–615 B.C.E. Assyrian Empire 1367–1350 B.C.E. Amunhotep IV (Akhenaten) in Egypt ca. 800–400 B.C.E. Height of Etruscan culture in Italy ca. 1250 B.C.E. Sack of Troy (?) ca. 650 B.C.E. Spartan constitution formed 1087–1030 B.C.E. Egyptian Post-Empire Period 722 B.C.E. Israel (northern kingdom) falls to Assyrians ca. 700–500 B.C.E. Rise and decline of tyranny in Greece 621 B.C.E. First written law code in Athens 612–539 B.C.E. Neo-Babylonian (Chaldean) Empire Pharaoh Sety I ̈ 594 B.C.E. Solon’s constitutional reforms, Athens ̆ The Capitoline Wolf 586 B.C.E. Destruction of Jerusalem; fall of Judah (southern kingdom); Babylonian Captivity ca. 560–550 B.C.E. Peloponnesian League begins 559–530 B.C.E. Reign of Cyrus the Great in Persia 546 B.C.E. Persia conquers Lydian Empire of Croesus, including Greek cities of Asia Minor 539 B.C.E. Persia conquers Babylonia; temple at Jerusalem restored; exiles return from Babylonia 521–485 B.C.E. Reign of Darius in Persia 509 B.C.E. Kings expelled from Rome; Republic founded 508 B.C.E. Clisthenes founds Athenian democracy ̇ Queen Nefertiti ̆ Darius and Xerxes, detail, south wall of the treasury, Persepolis, Iran ca. 1100–750 B.C.E. Greek “Dark Ages” ca. 1000 B.C.E. Italic peoples enter Italy ca. 800 B.C.E. Etruscans enter Italy ca. 1200 B.C.E. Hebrews ca. 750–700 B.C.E. Rise of Polis in Greece arrive in Palestine ca. 750–600 B.C.E. Great age of Greek colonization ca. 700 B.C.E. Invention of hoplite phalanx ca. 600–550 B.C.E. Spartans adopt new communitarian social system ca. 600–500 B.C.E. Athens develops commerce and a mixed economy Female athlete ̈ Homer, detail of statue ̈ of Sparta 1367–1360 B.C.E. Religious revolution led by ca. 750 B.C.E. Hebrew prophets teach monotheism Akhenaten makes Aton chief ca. 750 B.C.E. Traditional date for Homer Egyptian god ca. 750 B.C.E. Greeks adapt Semitic script and invent the 1347–1339 B.C.E. Tutankhamun restores worship Greek alphabet of Amon-Re ca. 750–600 B.C.E. Panhellenic shrines established at Olympia, Delphi, Corinth, and Nemea; athletic festivals attached to them ̇ Tutankamun ca. 700 B.C.E. Traditional date for Hesiod and his queen ca. 675–500 B.C.E. Development of Greek lyric and elegiac poetry ca. 570 B.C.E. Birth of Greek philosophy in Ionia ca. 550 B.C.E. Oracle of Apollo at Delphi grows to great influence ca. 550 B.C.E. Cult of Dionysus introduced to Athens 539 B.C.E. Restoration of temple in Jerusalem; return of exiles Hercules taming ̈ Cerberus, Greek, 530 B.C.E. KAGATLCMC01_xxxii-031v2 12/14/05 4:05 PM Page 2 500–336 b.c.e. 336–31 b.c.e. POLITICS & 490 B.C.E. Battle of Marathon 336–323 B.C.E. Reign of Alexander III (the Great) 485–465 B.C.E. Reign of Xerxes in Persia 334 B.C.E. Alexander invades Asia GOVERNMENT 480–479 B.C.E. Xerxes invades Greece 330 B.C.E. Fall of Persepolis; end Achaemenid 478–477 B.C.E. Delian League founded rule in Persia ca. 460–445 B.C.E. First Peloponnesian War 323–301 B.C.E. Ptolemaic Kingdom (Egypt), Seleucid Kingdom (Syria), and 450–449 B.C.E. Laws of the Twelve Tables, Rome Antigonid Dynasty (Macedon) 431–404 B.C.E. Great Peloponnesian War founded 404–403 B.C.E. Thirty Tyrants rule at Athens 287 B.C.E. Laws passed by Plebeian Assembly 400–387 B.C.E. Spartan war against Persia made binding on all Romans; end of 398–360 B.C.E. Reign of Agesilaus at Sparta Struggle of the Orders 395–387 B.C.E. Corinthian War 264–241 B.C.E. First Punic War 392 B.C.E. Romans defeat Etruscans 218–202 B.C.E. Second Punic 378 B.C.E. Second Athenian Confederation War 371 B.C.E. Thebans end Spartan hegemony 215–168 B.C.E. Rome establishes 362 B.C.E. Battle of Mantinea; end of Theban rule over hegemony Hellenistic world 338 B.C.E. Philip of Macedon conquers Greece 154–133 B.C.E. Roman wars in Spain 133 B.C.E. Tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus 123–122 B.C.E. Tribunate of Gaius Gracchus ̆ Painted relief from 82 B.C.E. Sulla assumes Ptolemaic temple dictatorship Ancient Greek Athenian coin ̈ 60 B.C.E. First Triumvirate 46–44 B.C.E. Caesar’s dictatorship 43 B.C.E. Second Triumvirate SOCIETY & ca. 500–350 B.C.E. Spartan population shrinks ca. 300 B.C.E.– Growth of international trade ca. 500–350 B.C.E. Rapid growth in overseas trade 150 C.E. and development of large cities in Hellenistic/Roman world ECONOMY 477–431 B.C.E. Vast growth in Athenian wealth ca. 218–135 B.C.E. Decline of family farm in Italy; 431–400 B.C.E. Peloponnesian War casualties growth of tenant farming and cattle cause decline in size of lower ranching class in Athens, with relative increase in importance of upper ca. 150 B.C.E. Growth of slavery and middle classes as basis of economy in Roman Republic ̇ Alexander the Great The Roman Forum ̈ & Darius III RELIGION & ca. 500–400 B.C.E. Great age of Athenian tragedy 342–271 B.C.E. Life of Epicurus 469–399 B.C.E. Life of Socrates 335–263 B.C.E. Life of Zeno the CULTURE ca. 450–400 B.C.E. Great influence of Sophists in Stoic Athens ca. 287–212 B.C.E. Life of Archimedes of Syracuse ca. 450–385 B.C.E. Great age of Athenian comedy ca. 275 B.C.E. Foundation of museum and library 448–432 B.C.E. Periclean building program on make Alexandria the center of Greek Athenian acropolis intellectual life 429–347 B.C.E. Life of Plato ca. 250 B.C.E. Livius Andronicus translates the Odyssey into Latin ca. 425 B.C.E. Herodotus’ history of the Persian Wars 106–43 B.C.E. Life of Cicero ca. 400 B.C.E. Thucydides’ history of the ca. 99–55 B.C.E. Life of Lucretius Peloponnesian War 86–35 B.C.E. Life of Sallust the foundations of Western Civilization in the Ancient World Civilization of Western the foundations ca. 400–325 B.C.E. Life of Diogenes the Cynic ca. 84–54 B.C.E. Life of Catullus 386 B.C.E. Foundation of Plato’s Academy 70–19 B.C.E. Life of Vergil 384–322 B.C.E. Life of Aristotle 65–8 B.C.E. Life of Horace 336 B.C.E. Foundation of Aristotle’s Lyceum 59 B.C.E.–17 C.E. Life of Livy 43 B.C.E.–18 C.E. Life of Ovid Odysseus ̈ ̇ Double bust of the Greek historians Herodotus and Thucydides and Cyclops part one part KAGATLCMC01_xxxii-031v2 12/14/05 4:05 PM Page 3 31 b.c.e.–400 c.e.
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